某生活垃圾填埋场周边地下水饮水途径健康风险评价

地下水受到污染会对人体健康产生危害,而垃圾填埋场产生的渗漏液对地下水具有污染风险,研究垃圾填埋场周边地下水的污染情况具有实际意义.以阜新市生活垃圾填埋场周边地下水为研究对象,在该区域设置6个采样点,于2018—2019年按不同季节对地下水样品进行了采集,分析地下水中Fe、Mn、Cu、As、Cr、NH3-N、F、NO2-...     

淮河流域某地区地下水污染健康风险评价

为研究淮河流域下游某地区地下水中污染物对人体产生的潜在健康危害风险,对该地区的水质进行了监测分析,并采用美国环境保护署（U.S.EPA）推荐的健康风险评价模型对该地区地下水中污染物所引起的健康风险进行了评价.结果表明,所监测的污染物浓度都在生活饮用水卫生标准（GB 5749—2006）和地下水质量标准（GB/T 148...     

常州市浅层地下水重金属污染对城区、城郊居民健康风险评价

采用美国EPA推荐的风险评价模型,同时考虑研究区人群基本情况和生活习惯等,进行推荐模型的参数优化,建立适合研究区人群的风险评价方法,并对城区、城郊不同暴露途径下地下水污染进行健康风险评价.结果表明,常州城区饮水暴露途径与皮肤暴露途径致癌风险男性分别为2.79×10-3和2.81×10-5,女性分别为1.87×10-3和2.45×10-5;非致癌风险男性分别为3.48×10-6和3.79×10-5,女性分别为2.27×10-6和3.01×10-5.城郊饮水暴露途径与皮肤暴露途径致癌风险男性分别为1.26×10-3和1.32×10-5,女性分别为9.77×10-4和1.18×10-5;非致癌风险男性分别为4.07×10-6和3.43×10-5,女性分别为2.14×10-6和9.71×10-6,风险水平均处于可接受范围内.敏感性分析表明饮水暴露途径下各因子的敏感性在-19.8%—20.1%之间,皮肤暴露途径下各因子的敏感性在-14.8%—16.1%之间,对研究区人群暴露参数进行调查实测,降低了评价结果的不确定性.研究浅层地下水的健康风险评价,对合理开发该区域地下水资源具有重要参考价值.     

太原市某垃圾填埋场渗滤液及周边环境重金属污染及健康风险评估

探讨垃圾渗滤液、填埋场周围土壤和地下水中的重金属污染特征及其对生态环境和人体健康的影响.采集山西省太原市某垃圾填埋场和中转站冬夏季渗滤液、填埋场周边土壤和地下水样本,测定其中重金属含量;分析渗滤液中金属污染的季节性变化;利用健康风险评估模型,估计不同暴露途径下填埋场附近重金属污染对成人和儿童的健康风险.结果表明:(1)夏季填埋场渗滤液(陈年渗滤液)中重金属检出的种类较冬季多.夏季中转站渗滤液(新鲜渗滤液)中检出重金属种类比填埋场中的少,但其金属浓度(除Cr外)较高.(2)土壤重金属平均浓度的顺序为Cu>Cr>Zn>Pb>Ni>As>Hg,地下水中重金属平均含量顺序为Zn>Ni>Cu>Cr>Pb.(3)重金属污染对成人的非致癌总风险在安全阈值内,但对儿童的非致癌总风险接近安全阈值.重金属污染非致癌风险的主要暴露途径为经饮水摄入.有潜在健康风险的重金属主要是As、Pb和Cr.(4)重金属污染对人群的致癌总风险在安全阈值内,主要暴露途径为土壤口食摄入和呼吸吸入.垃圾填埋场和中转站渗滤液中重金属的种类和浓度不同;填埋场附近土壤和地下水中重金属的种类和浓度也有差异.填埋场附近环境的重金属污染对成人和儿童没有健康风险,但有潜在安全隐患.     

广州市某生活垃圾填埋场空气及地下水污染状况分析

本文以广州市某生活垃圾填埋场为实例,通过监测场区、周边敏感点的空气和地下水的相关指标,依据现行生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准,以及环境空气和地下水质量标准,分析了空气和地下水的污染状况.监测结果表明,风向是影响周边空气污染状况的主要因素,下风向监测点硫化氢和臭气指标超标状况比上风向监测点严重,温度高、湿度大、风速小的季节空气污染较严重;渗滤液及地下水流向是周边地下水污染状况的最主要影响因素,地下水上游位置的监测井地下水相关指标未超标,布置于地下水下游的4个监测井的总大肠杆菌、氨氮、锰、亚硝酸盐、耗氧量均超出《地下水质量标准》Ⅲ类限值,已达到重度污染的程度,且各污染监测井之间高度相关,相关系数均达0.99以上,而与背景井相关性很小,说明监测井的污染由渗滤液造成.主成分分析表明,污染因子主要来自3种不同的污染源,铅和锰、亚硝酸盐和大肠杆菌、氨氮和耗氧量分别来自不同的污染源,地下水污染因子超标特点可能与填埋垃圾成分有关.     

蓝田县农村居民饮用地下水中硝态氮污染及健康风险评价

在对蓝田县西北地区农村居民饮用地下水硝态氮含量进行测定的基础上,应用健康风险评价模型对饮用地下水硝态氮污染的健康风险进行了分析。结果表明,枯水期(3月)和丰水期(9月)蓝田县居民饮用地下水中硝态氮平均质量浓度分别为12.00和15.81 mg.L-1,部分样品超过GB 5749—2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》中限量值(20 mg.L-1)。随井深的增加,地下水硝态氮含量明显减小,0～20 m井深硝态氮污染最为严重,>60 m深地下水硝态氮含量较低。健康风险评价表明,南部塬区的焦岱镇、史家寨乡以及河谷阶地的普化镇、玉山镇等区域儿童健康风险指数大于1,也有小部分区域成人健康风险指数大于1,属于不可接受范围;北部山区成人和儿童健康风险值均小于1,在可接受范围内。     

上海市居民暴露于多环芳烃的健康风险评价

为研究上海市多环芳烃类有机污染物对人体产生的潜在健康危害风险,结合上海市人群状况,采用多介质-多途径暴露模型,评价上海市居民暴露于多环芳烃的暴露量及由此导致的健康风险,分析不同环境介质、暴露介质及暴露途径的风险贡献率,并结合蒙特卡罗方法分析研究过程中的不确定性。在实际评价时,根据上海市的实际情况,我们选用了部分美国环保局推荐参数,剩余的评价参数根据国内的相关文献,我们进行了修正,以使暴露模型更较好的接近上海市真实暴露场景,提高模拟的准确度和精密度。结果表明：儿童、青少年和成人对16种PAH化合物（PAH16）的日均暴露量分别为1.27×10-3、8.90×10-4、7.49×10-4 mg·kg-1·d-1,主要暴露途径是膳食暴露,此外呼吸暴露也占有一定的比重,皮肤暴露作用很小。膳食暴露中对总暴露贡献最大的食品是粮食、肉类、鱼类。高环化合物主要来自肉类和鱼类。2环、3环、4环、5环和6环化合物对总暴露谱的贡献依次减少。健康风险评价结果表明,上海市儿童、青少年和成人由于 PAHs 暴露引起的平均致癌风险为7.20×10-6、6.13×10-6、4.44×10-6 a-1,上海市多环芳烃类污染物居民人体健康风险度高于可接受健康风险度标准。上海市女性对多环芳烃的暴露量高于男性,女性健康风险平均值亦高于EPA标准值。上海市多环芳烃人群暴露与天津、北京和兰州相比存在一定的差异。各项参数中,粮食、蔬菜摄食量和相应的多环芳烃（PAHs）残留浓度是影响暴露的重要因素。通过蒙特卡罗模拟得到各年龄段人群对多环芳烃（PAHs）的日均暴露量的分布特征,各输出变量均服从对数正态分布。     

有毒化学品的健康风险评价概论

本文介绍与有毒化学品健康风险评价有关的基本概念.阐明有毒化学品风险评价与风险管理的关系,概述健康风险评价的基本程序与方法,综述对健康风险评价进行管理的主要内容.     

广州市居民食品砷摄入的健康风险评价

从暴露途径来看,食物是人体砷暴露的主要途径之一。从饮食结构来看,广州市居民膳食主要来源于谷类食品,同时鱼虾类总体平均摄入量约为全国总体平均摄入量的2倍。因此,在分析广州市市场大米和海鲜这2种典型食品中砷含量的基础上对广州市居民食品砷摄入的健康风险进行了评价。分析了广州市场上的26种不同品牌的大米中的总砷含量,其含量范围为0.082～0.171μg·g~(-1),平均浓度为(0.127±0.027)μg·g~(-1),满足绿色食品大米标准(≤0.40μg·g~(-1))。在14种鱼虾蟹贝类海鲜中的砷含量分析基础上,计算得出广州市场上鱼类中总砷的平均含量为0.488μg·g~(-1),虾蟹贝类中总砷的平均含量为3.44μg·g~(-1),相比较国内外,广州市场鱼虾蟹中砷的含量整体处于中间水平。最后综合文献调研中其他主要食品中砷的含量,计算得出广州市成人通过食品每日摄入总砷的量为5.08μg·kg~(-1)BW·d~(-1)。建议日常饮食需要特别控制每日海鲜的摄入量,尤其是砷含量较高的濑尿虾、红虾及红蟹、花蟹。     

Health risk assessment of groundwater arsenic pollution in southern Taiwan

Residents of the Pingtung Plain, Taiwan, use groundwater for drinking. However, monitoring results showed that a considerable portion of groundwater has an As concentration higher than the safe drinking water regulation of 10 μg/L. Considering residents of the Pingtung Plain continue to use groundwater for drinking, this study attempted to evaluate the exposure and health risk from drinking groundwater. The health risk from drinking groundwater was evaluated based on the hazard quotient (HQ) and target risk (TR) established by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The results showed that the 95th percentile of HQ exceeded 1 and TR was above the safe value of threshold value of 10^?6. To illustrate significant variability of the drinking water consumption rate and body weight of each individual, health risk assessments were also performed using a spectrum of daily water intake rate and body weight to reasonably and conservatively assess the exposure and health risk for the specific subgroups of population of the Pingtung Plain. The assessment results showed that 0.01–7.50 % of the population’s HQ levels are higher than 1 and as much as 77.7–93.3 % of the population being in high cancer risk category and having a TR value >10^?6. The TR estimation results implied that groundwater use for drinking purpose places people at risk of As exposure. The government must make great efforts to provide safe drinking water for residents of the Pingtung Plain.     

Health risk assessment maps for arsenic groundwater content: application of national geochemical databases

This investigation assesses the feasibility of calculating and visualizing health risk estimates from exposure to groundwater contaminated with arsenic (As) using data from national geochemical databases. The potential health risk associated with As-contaminated groundwater was assessed based on an elaboration of existing geochemical data in accordance with accepted methodological procedures established for human health risk assessment (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency methodology). A screening analysis approach was used for estimating the contribution of As to the total chronic health risk from exposure to groundwater contaminated with potentially toxic elements, including As, Ba, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Sb, Se and Zn, and the results indicate that As contributes significantly (>50%) to this total health chronic risk in about 10% of Slovak territory. Based on the calculation of the potential risk level by exposure modelling, increased chronic as well as carcinogenic risk levels (medium to high) were documented in approximately 0.2 and 11% of the total Slovak area, respectively. The areas characterized by high health risk levels are mainly those geogenically contaminated. High and very high carcinogenic risk was determined in 34 of 79 districts and in 528 of 2924 municipalities.     

生活垃圾填埋场地下水污染风险分级方法研究

在综合分析国内外不同行业、不同领域风险分级方法的基础上,初步建立了一种生活垃圾填埋场地下水污染风险分级方法。该方法利用由美国环保局（USEPA）开发的多介质、多路径、多受体风险评价模型（3MRA）中用于描述污染物在地下水迁移的EPACMTP模型和风险评估模型计算生活垃圾填埋场地下水污染风险指数I,利用地下水含水层脆弱性模型（DRASTIC模型）计算地下水含水层脆弱性指数DRASTIC。并以I和DRASTIC为风险分级指标,以MATLAB聚类分析为方法,对生活垃圾填埋场地下水污染风险进行分级。以北京市22个生活垃圾填埋场为例,利用建立的风险分级方法,可将这22个填埋场地下水污染风险从高到低分为4级,并且大部分填埋场属于风险级别较低的3、4级。表明该风险分级方法可行、有效,在一定程度上可以为生活垃圾填埋场地下水污染的风险管理提供依据。     

拉萨河流域重金属污染及健康风险评价

在分析拉萨河水体重金属污染现状以及水质理化参数的基础上,对重金属含量进行Pearson相关性分析,并运用水环境健康风险评价模型对其进行了健康风险的初步评价.结果表明Cd、Pb、Cu、Mn、Ni和Zn未超过我国生活饮用水卫生标准（GB 5749—2006）的限值,As和Fe严重超标.8种重金属含量与pH值间均不存在显著相关性,其中Zn、Ni与Pb污染存在一定的同源性,而Ni与Cd来源不同,As、Mn、Fe、Cu之间污染具有多源性.污染物通过皮肤接触途径所造成的危害要远小于饮水途径,致癌物风险比非致癌物高2—8个数量级.其中As对总风险贡献率为99.60%,成为主要的风险污染物.拉萨河水体中污染物引起的总健康风险高于EPA推荐的标准值,具有显著的风险,应引起环境监测和环境管理部门的关注.     

垃圾渗滤液对土壤铁锰有效性及地下水质的影响

受垃圾渗滤液影响,垃圾场周边土壤有机物含量增加。试验结果显示,随着土壤有机物含量的增加,土壤中有效态铁锰含量增大。垃圾场周边土壤中渗滤液有机物和金属铁锰共存时,大量的有机物质能活化土壤中的铁锰,增加其有效性,增强其在土壤中的迁移能力。从而造成垃圾场地下水较严重的铁锰污染。     

Health risk assessment for arsenic contaminated soil

This paper describes risk assessment methods for two chronic exposure pathways involving arsenic contaminated soil, namely inhalation of fugitive dust emissions over a lifetime, and inadvertent soil/house dust ingestion. The endpoint in the first case is assumed to be lung cancer and in the second case skin cancer. In order to estimate exposures, inhalation rates and soil/dust ingestion rates are estimated for different age groups; indoor/outdoor time budgets for different age groups are developed; and indoor surface dust and air arsenic concentrations are estimated based on outdoor concentration measurements. Differences observed in indoor/outdoor ratios and arsenic containing dust particle size among different types of communities are noted, as well as possible relationship of particle size to bioavailability. Calculations of risk are presented using cancer potency factors developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and uncertainties in these toxicity estimates are described based on: (1) evidence that arsenic may be neither a cancer initiator nor promotor, but may act instead as a late stage carcinogen and (2) evidence that the arsenic dose-response relationship for ingestion may be nonlinear at low doses due to increasing methylation of inorganic arsenic. The first of these considerations influences the relative importance ascribed to arsenic doses in different age groups. The latter consideration indicates that the risk estimates described here are probably very conservative.     

Hydrogeochemistry study and groundwater quality assessment in the north of Isfahan,Iran

This study presents the groundwater quality assessment in the north of Isfahan, Iran. In the study area, assessment and measurement of groundwater hydrochemical parameters such as pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), total hardness, major cations (K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺) and major anions (Cl^?, \({\text{HCO}}_{ 3}^{ - } ,{\text{CO}}_{3}^{2 - }\) and \({\text{SO}}_{4}^{2 - }\)) concentrations were performed. Accordingly, the 66 water samples from different locations were collected during April and May 2015. Water samples collected in the field were analyzed in the laboratory for cations and anions using the standard methods. In this research, the analytical results of physiochemical parameters of groundwater were compared with the standard guideline values as recommended by the world health organization (WHO) for drinking and public health purposes. The pH values of groundwater samples varied from 7.05 to 8.95 with a mean of 7.78, indicating a neutral to slightly alkaline water. TDS values showed that 14% of the samples exceeds the desirable limit given by WHO. EC values varied from 213 to 4320 µS/cm, while 23% of the samples were more than the standard limit. Gibbs diagram had shown that 90% of the samples in the study area fall in the rock weathering zone, and this means that chemical weathering of rock-forming minerals is the main factor controlling the water chemistry in the study area. Irrigation suitability and risk assessment of groundwater are evaluated by measuring EC, %Na, SAR and RSC. According to the dominant cations and anions, five types of water were identified in the water samples: Ca-HCO₃, Ca-SO₄, Na-Cl, Na-HCO₃ and Na-SO₄. The results show that the majority of samples (30 samples, 45%) belongs to the mixed Na-SO₄ water type. Correlation analysis and principal component analysis was used to identify the relationship between ions and physicochemical parameters. Results indicated that 18 stations of the study area had the best quality and can be used for irrigation and drinking purposes in the future.     

A study on the landfill leachate and its impact on the groundwater quality of the greater area

Characterisation of the leachate originating from the Ano Liosia landfill (situated in Attica region, Greece) as well as assessment on the quality of the local aquifer were carried out. The experimental results showed that most of the parameters examined in the leachate samples such as colour, conductivity, TS, COD, NH₃–N, PO₄–P, SO₄ ^2–, Cl^–, K⁺, Fe and Pb were found in high levels. The organic load was quite high since the COD concentrations were in the range of 3250–6125mgL^–1. In addition, the low BOD/COD ratio (0.096–0.195), confirmed that the majority of this organic matter is not easily biodegradable. The groundwater near the landfill site was characterised as not potable and not suitable for irrigation water, since most of the physical and chemical parameters examined – such as colour, conductivity, DS, hardness, Cl^–, NH₃–N, COD, K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Fe, Ni and Pb exceeded the permissible limits given by EE, EPA and the Greek Ministry of Agriculture. Furthermore, this study presents the application of the hydrologic evaluation of landfill performance (HELP) model for the determination of the yearly leakage from the base of the landfill after the final capping.     

拉萨巴嘎雪湿地土壤重金属分布及生态风险评价

巴嘎雪湿地是西藏拉萨河流域的代表性湿地之一.文章为了解巴嘎雪湿地的重金属分布特征,在2018年10月采集了巴嘎雪湿地的表层土壤样品,对土壤中的Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni、Pb、Cd、As、Hg重金属的含量进行了检测.巴嘎雪湿地表层土壤的重金属污染评价采用的方法主要包括内梅罗综合污染指数法、地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法....