自由旋片除雾器脱水性能实验研究

提出一种新型除雾装置——自由旋片除雾器。在实验室条件下,从除雾效率、压力损失两方面研究了自由旋片除雾器的性能。实验结果表明,风速在11 m/s左右时,自由旋片除雾器的除雾效率达到最大值。对比实验发现,自由旋片除雾器的除雾效率远高于固定叶片除雾器的除雾效率,二者的除雾效率最大值相差约10%。自由旋片除雾器的除雾效率变化曲线在6~13 m/s的流速范围内相当平滑,说明自由旋片除雾器对含雾气流流速的波动有很好的适应性。另外,增加液气比和雾滴粒径会提高自由旋片除雾器的除雾效率。自由旋片除雾器压力损失系数仅为4.3,而固定叶片除雾器压力损失系数为6.6。所以,自由旋片除雾器的阻力特性远优于固定叶片除雾器。     

脱硫吸收塔除雾器性能的实验研究和数值模拟

实验研究了不同操作条件、板片型式及板间距对除雾器除雾效率及压降的影响规律,并采用计算流体力学（CFD）方法对除雾器内流场进行了数值模拟与分析。研究结果表明,操作条件对压降和流场影响较小,而板片型式特别是迎风面的几何结构是影响流场与压降的关键因素;随着气速的增大,除雾效率增高,但当气速增到某一临界值（4～5 m/s）后,除雾效率随着气速的增大而迅速减小;除雾器压降的数值模拟结果与实验值吻合良好;除雾器内存在2个回流区,回流区是产生除雾器临界气速的重要原因之一。研究结果可为除雾器优化设计提供指导。     

伞罩型除尘脱硫塔内除雾器性能研究

除雾器是湿法烟气脱硫(WFGD)系统内重要的设备之一,其性能对WFGD系统运行的可靠性有重要影响.利用Fluent6.2软件对新型伞罩型除尘脱硫塔内的三维两相流场进行数值模拟,气相采用RNG湍流模型,液相采用离散相模型,选择SIMPLE算法进行计算,分析塔内的折板除雾器和旋流板除雾器的速度场、压力场和液滴的分布情况.结果表明,烟气经过折板除雾器,产生了明显的压降,且在拐角区域湍流耗散强烈,是实现气液分离的关键区域;烟气经过旋流板除雾器,速度和压强分布具有良好的对称性,液滴被气流旋转抛向壁面实现气液分离.模拟结果对新型的WFGD除雾器的设计和运行具有一定的理论指导意义.     

纤维种类对纤维束过滤器除尘性能的影响

为了探究聚丙烯腈纤维、玻璃纤维和聚丙烯纤维3种纤维对纤维束过滤器除尘性能的影响,以路面扬尘为研究对象,在入口颗粒物浓度0.58 g·m~(-3)、风速1.0 m·s~(-1)、流量63.62 m~3·h~(-1)、纤维填充率0.67%的条件下,研究不同过滤单元材质(聚丙烯腈纤维、玻璃纤维和聚丙烯纤维)除尘效率和压降的变化情况。结果表明,3种材质中聚丙烯腈纤维束除尘性能最好,除尘效率为70%～80%,其除尘效率比聚丙烯纤维束整体高20%。通过过滤介质表面电荷密度测定发现,在实验过程中,3种纤维表面都存在电荷,且聚丙烯腈纤维电荷密度玻璃纤维电荷密度聚丙烯纤维电荷密度。通过SEM检测发现,粉尘颗粒以静电吸附和纤维间填充2种方式赋存于过滤器内部,这表明纤维束过滤器除尘机理为静电作用和机械拦截作用的联合。     

移动颗粒床除尘器的除尘性能

为进一步了解移动颗粒床除尘器的除尘性能,首先解决了除尘器中容易出现的流动静止区域的消除问题,并实验研究了除尘效率及压降与表观过滤风速和滤料质量流率之间的关系,结果表明当表观过滤风速为0.3 m·s~(-1),滤料质量流率为300 g·min~(-1)时,除尘效率高达99.8%,压降最大还不及180 Pa。另外,通过数值仿真得到了滤料床层内部气体的流场分布以及灰尘粒子在床层中的运行轨迹,发现除尘器结构部件对气体流场分布以及灰尘粒子轨迹有重要影响。对仿真过程中逃逸出滤料床层的灰尘粒子进行统计,并与实验数据相比较,验证了尘饼对增强细微灰尘捕集能力的重要性。     

基于数值模拟的电袋复合除尘器入口流速和管道结构优化

利用计算流体动力学(CFD)软件对电袋复合除尘器进行数值模拟,通过改变气流入口流速、调整电凝并区前水平管道长度和增设入口管道内导流板等方法进行优化。结果表明,气流入口流速对改善电袋复合除尘器的除尘效果影响不大,而入口管道增设导流板影响很大。当气流入口流速为18.00m/s、电凝并区前水平管道长度为0.50m、入口管道后一弯管处增设置3块导流板时,电凝并区入口断面、电除尘区入口断面气流分布均匀,相对均方根分别为0.17、0.14,涡流区域基本消失。     

基于污泥流变学的射流搅拌混合特性

以市政污泥为研究对象,基于污泥流变学,考察了工业尺寸的液液喷嘴、气液喷嘴进行搅拌时射流的流动形态及喷嘴轴向速度分布,并考察了气液喷嘴不带气管进行液液混合时的情况。通过流变实验,确定实验污泥为屈服-胀塑性流体,有触变性,其稠度系数k=0.000 2,流动系数n=1.535 5,表明射流为紊流。且每种类型射流轴向速度衰减规律有一定的自相似性,气液喷嘴在安装气管时射流效果较好。对液液喷嘴、气液喷嘴进行流速场测定,分别考察了其全流场速度方差加权平均值、死区容积百分数随喷嘴安装高度、喷嘴入射流速的变化规律。结果表明,随着入射流速及喷嘴距池底安装高度的增加,搅拌槽内污泥流速均匀程度增加、污泥流动停滞区减少。并且喷嘴安装高度为2 m,入射流速4.95 m·s~(-1)时液液、气液喷嘴的混合效果最佳,2种喷嘴经济入射流速分别为4.95 m·s~(-1)和3.77 m·s~(-1)。     

粒径和底床地形对沉积物中有机磷释放的影响

主要研究了2种沉积物粒径(35μm和130μm)及底床微地形对沉积物中内源溶解性有机磷释放的影响。选取某浅水湖泊沉积物为研究对象,对其人工污染溶解性有机磷別用室内循环直流水槽顶盖驱动流模拟风生流,考察静态和风生流作用下不同粒径沉积物及底床微地形对溶解性有机磷释放的影响。实验结果表明:在20 cm·s~(-1)及38 cm·s~(-1)2种驱动流速条件下35μm粒径沉积物实验组中沉积物有机磷释放速率均大于130μm实验组。对于35μm粒径沉积物实验组在20 cm·s~(-1)驱动水流扰动下,沉积物有机磷的平衡释放量为0.44 mg·L~(-1),在38 cm·s~(-1)驱动水流扰动下为0.49 mg·L~(-1);对于130μm粒径沉积物实验组在20 cm·s~(-1),和38 cm·s~(-1)2种扰动下的沉积物有机磷平衡释放量分別为0.29 mg·L~(-1)、0.30 mg·L~(-1);驱动流速的提高促使达到平衡状态时的释放量提高小粒径沉积物提高驱动流速更利于平衡释放量的提高且高驱动流速缩短达到释放平衡所需的时间。在底床微地形(对地形的描述采用:y=O.1sin2πx)实验中发现,静态条件下波峰处上覆水有机磷浓度首先逐渐降低至0.18 mg·L~(-1),其后升高至0.40 mg·L~(-1)并达到平衡而波谷处则不断上升至极大值0.87 mg·L~(-1)其后下降至0.77 mg·L~(-1)并达到平衡;而在20 cm·s~(-1)的驱动水流扰动下,波峰波谷处上覆水有机磷浓度变化较为_致均逐渐增长至极大值0.39 mg·L~(-1)和0.45 mg·L~(-1)后达到平衡状态。此外,在静态和动态条件下,波谷处上覆水中有机磷含量始终高于波峰处。     

液-液射流搅拌提高热水解污泥混合性能分析

在厌氧消化反应器中,机械搅拌是广为应用的搅拌方式,但机械搅拌在运行过程中存在设备维修困难、能耗高等问题。基于前期的研究,利用Ansys 17.2软件平台,构建3 000 m~3液-液射流搅拌厌氧消化反应器1∶1仿真模型,为考察液液射流装置对热水解污泥在反应器内的搅拌混合效果,模拟得出速度云图、速度矢量图、剪切速率图以及死区分布图,并对搅拌性能、搅拌机理进行分析。结果表明:流场区域流速范围0~1.50 m·s~(-1),剪切速率范围0~200 s~(-1);依据斯托克斯定律计算出该流场中沉降速度阈值0.30 m·s~(-1),低于该速度值的部分形成死区,死区主要分布在流场中心区域,其体积为600.88 m~3,占总体积20.58%;相对于流场中心区域,流场内其他区域流速均值为0.60 m·s~(-1),得到较好的搅拌混合。     

新型离心式脱硫塔气液两相流数值模拟

利用FLUENT软件和SIMPLE算法对新型旋流脱硫塔的气液两相流场进行了数值模拟。计算中气相采用了RSM湍流模型,颗粒相采用了Lagrange坐标系下的随机轨道模型。分析结果表明,气相流场具有强旋流特性;喷射液滴的直径、喷淋量和烟气流速影响其在塔内的分布:喷射液滴粒径越大、喷射量越小、烟气流速越大,入口段降温越少;塔体上方截面平均浓度随液滴粒径的增加而降低,随液气比的增加而增加,随烟气流速的增加会先增加至最高值然后降低。喷淋液滴在其他运行参数不变时,平均粒径范围为0.5～1 mm,会对进口烟气起到较好的净化与降温的作用,并使塔体上方喷淋液滴在截面z=4.15 m处浓度分布均匀且覆盖率高;在保证液滴粒径较小时,通过降低烟气流速或增加喷淋量可提高液滴喷淋覆盖率,使得烟气与喷淋充分接触。计算得到的气相流场分布与实测值吻合较好,证明了数学模型的合理性,为进一步优化分离器结构提供了可靠依据。     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Spectrophotometric Determination of Atmospheric Acidity by means of the Displacement of the Equilibrium of Acid-Base Indicators

A method is described for determining acidity by means of the spectrophotometric determination of the displacement of the equilibrium of açid-base indicators. The method is simple, sensitive and free of known interferences. There is no dependence on costly or sophisticated equipment and the results obtained are reliable and reproducible.     

有机官能团对改性硅吸附微囊藻毒素的影响

考察了不同有机改性硅对微囊藻毒素LR(mLR)和LA(mLA)的等温吸附行为。结果表明,有机改性硅可有效吸附去除水体中<0.1×10-6(质量分数)的微囊藻毒素,并且吸附去除效果随表面改性官能团中碳原子数量的增加而增加;相同条件下,有机改性硅在微囊藻毒素异构体之间存在着一定的吸附选择性。