混合表面活性剂对菲和芘的增溶作用

比较了非离子表面活性剂 (Tween2 0 ,Tween40 ,Tween60 ,Tween80 ,Brij35和Brij5 8)与SDBS混合表面活性剂对菲和芘的增溶作用 .结果表明 ,在临界胶束浓度 (CMC)以上 ,表面活性剂对菲和芘有显著的增溶作用 ,菲的增溶顺序为 :Tween40 >Tween60 >Tween2 0 >Tween80 >Brij5 8>Brij35 ;芘的增溶顺序为 :Tween60 >Tween80 >Tween40 >Brij5 8>Tween2 0 >Brij35 .阴 非离子混合表面活性剂溶液的CMC值降低 ,胶束 水中溶质的分配系数Kmc增大 ,由此对菲和芘产生协同增溶作用 ,其顺序均为 :SDBS Tween60 >SDBS Tween80 >SDBS Tween40 >SDBS Brij5 8>SDBS Tween2 0 >SDBS Brij35 ,协同增溶程度在 1 1 7%— 65 8%之间 .     

鼠李糖脂生物表面活性剂对多环芳烃的增溶作用

考察了鼠李糖脂生物表面活性剂对多环芳烃类化合物(萘,菲和芘)的增溶特性以及温度、盐度、pH值等环境因子对增溶性能的影响,结果表明,鼠李糖脂浓度在临界胶束浓度(CMC)以上时,多环芳烃化合物在水相中的溶解度随表面活性剂浓度的增大而线性增大,摩尔增溶比(MSR)随被增溶物分子量的增大而减小,即萘＞菲＞芘;胶束/水分配系数(Km)随被增溶物疏水性增大而增大,即芘＞菲＞萘;IgKm与IgKow之间呈良好线性正相关性,鼠李糖脂对菲的增溶作用随温度升高略有增大,而随所添加NaCl浓度的增大显著增大,鼠李糖脂对菲的增溶作用在pH值为5.5时达到最大,然后随pH值的升高而不断下降,在pH值达7.5后基本保持不变.     

表面活性剂对苊的增溶作用及应用初探

比较研究了阴、阳、非离子表面活性剂及阴 非、阳 非离子混合表面活性剂对苊的增溶作用 .SDS ,CTMAB ,TritonX 1 0 0都能显著地增加苊在水中的溶解度 ,苊在SDS ,CTMAB ,TritonX 1 0 0单体上的分配系数Kmn分别为 1 3 0× 1 0 3,0 92× 1 0 3,1 3 0× 1 0 3,在胶束相的分配系数Kmc分别为 5 6 4× 1 0 3,1 5 0× 1 0 4 ,5 5 7× 1 0 3.阴 非离子混合表面活性剂和一定条件下的阳 非离子混合表面活性剂对苊具有协同增溶作用 ,这是由于混合表面活性剂对苊的胶束分配系数Kmc增大所致 .比较了CTMA 单体态、胶束态、膨润土吸附态对苊分配作用的大小 ,以及苊在表面活性剂单体、胶束和土壤上有机质标化的分配系数Kom的大小 ,为表面活性剂在有机污染环境修复中的应用提供参考     

不同类型表面活性剂对三氯乙烯的增溶作用

考察不同类型的表面活性剂对三氯乙烯(TCE)的增溶作用.选用阴离子型十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、非离子型聚氧乙烯辛基苯酚醚(TX100)、阳离子型十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)及生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂和脂肽,研究表面活性剂对三氯乙烯的增溶能力.结果表明,5种表面活性剂浓度在临界胶束浓度(CMC)以上时,TCE在水相中的表观溶解度随表面活性剂浓度的增大而线性增大.质量增溶比(WSR)和摩尔增溶比(MSR)为鼠李糖脂>脂肽>CTAB>TX100>SDS.在各表面活性剂溶液中,所用的各表面活性剂质量浓度顺序为SDS#TX100=CTAB#鼠李糖脂=脂肽,两种生物表面活性剂的质量浓度仅为SDS的1%,但生物表面活性剂对TCE的饱和增溶容量有更好的提高效果.因此,相比之下,生物表面活性剂对TCE的增溶能力较强,其中以鼠李糖脂为最佳,而在化学合成表面活性剂中阳离子表面活性剂CTAB增溶TCE的效果最优.     

多环芳烃生物修复中的表面活性剂

由于其致癌、致突变和致畸性，多环芳烃(PAHs)成为环境中一类重要的有机污染物。生物修复是一种经济和有效的修复污染土壤的方法。由于PAHs低的水溶性、强的吸附性，使其生物可利用性降低，不利于生物修复。添加表面活性剂是一种常见的加强PAHs生物利用性的方法。文章概述了近年来在多环芳烃生物修复中关于表面活性剂的研究进展。     

生物与化学表面活性剂对多氯联苯的协同增溶作用

采用室内序批试验比较研究了单一的生物/非离子化学表面活性剂(SAA)与生物-非离子混合表面活性剂对商业用多氯联苯(PCBs)Aroclor1242的增溶作用.结果表明,生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂(RL)对Aroclor1242的增溶作用要高于三种非离子SAA,三种非离子SAA对Aroclor1242的增溶作用顺序为POE(6)＞POE(10)＞Brij35,与其亲水亲油平衡值(HLB)呈负相关;鼠李糖脂与非离子SAA对Aroclor1242的增溶存在协同效应,混合表面活性剂溶液中Aroclor1242的摩尔增溶比(MSR)、胶束相/水相间的分配系数(Kmc)均大于对应的单一表面活性剂,其协同增溶作用顺序为RL-Brij35＞RL-POE(10)＞RL-POE(6),协同增溶作用的大小与其中的非离子表面活性剂的HLB值呈正相关.     

表面活性剂对菲的增溶动力学及质量增溶比（WSR）与亲水亲油平衡值（HLB）的关系

采用振荡实验方法,比较研究了2种非离子表面活性剂（Triton X-100和Tween80）和2种阴离子表面活性剂（SDS和SDBS）对菲的最佳增溶振荡时间及其对菲的增溶能力,同时也比较分析了表面活性剂对菲的质量增溶比（WSR）与其亲水亲油平衡值（HLB）的关系.结果表明,Triton X-100、Tween 80、S...     

重非水相液体性质对非离子表面活性剂增溶作用的影响

在油水比1:40的条件下,浓度为200-10000 mg·l-1的非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100(TX100)对三氯乙烯(TCE)、氯苯(CB)、1, 2-二氯苯(1, 2-DCB)、1, 3-二氯苯(1, 3-DCB)、四氯乙烯(PCE)和三氯乙烯-四氯乙烯混合物(TCE-PCE, 1:1,V:V)的增溶作用表明,TX100在试验浓度范围内,对TCE,CB和1, 2-DCB均无明显增溶作用,当TX100浓度分别大于6000,4000和800 mg·l-1时,对1, 3-DCB,TCE-PCE和PCE具有显著的增溶作用.TX100在TCE,CB,1, 2-DCB,1, 3-DCB,TCE-PCE及PCE有机相/水相间的分配系数(lgKd)分别为3.60,3.36,3.38,3.26,3.17和2.07,分配系数和分配损失的大小与油-水界面张力呈负相关.     

腐殖酸对蒽的增溶作用及其影响因素

对比研究了腐殖酸(HA)及3种非离子表面活性剂(Tween20,Tween80,TX100)对典型多环芳烃蒽的增溶性,并探讨了离子强度、共存有机物对HA增溶多环芳烃行为的影响,实验结果表明,当表面活性物质浓度大于临界胶束浓度(CMC)时,蒽的表观溶解度与表面活性物质浓度具有良好的线性关系,而且HA与非离子表面活性剂相比,其增溶效果明显优于非离子表面活性剂,增溶顺序为HA＞Tween20＞Tween80＞TX100;同时离子强度及共存有机物对HA增溶葸的程度均有较大的影响.     

三种表面活性剂对高浓度DDTs污染土壤的洗脱作用

以高浓度滴滴涕(DDTs)污染场地土壤为研究对象,采用表面活性剂洗脱试验,比较研究了聚氧乙烯山梨糖醇酐单硬脂酸酯(Tween60)、辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚(TritonX 100)、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)对污染土壤中DDTs的洗脱效率.试验结果表明,三种表面活性剂对污染土壤中DDTs均具有一定的洗脱作用,去离子水对DDTs几乎没有洗脱效果.随着洗脱液中Tween60和SDS质量浓度的逐渐升高,土壤中DDTs的总洗脱效率逐渐增大,一次性洗脱时最大洗脱效率分别为43.60%和34.62%.随着洗脱液中TritonX 100质量浓度的逐渐升高,土壤中DDTs的总洗脱效率出现先增大后降低再升高的变化现象,最大为15.46%.土壤中六种DDT组分的洗脱效率不完全一样,其中Tween60对2,4'-DDD的洗脱效率可达55.12%,对4,4'-DDD的洗脱效率为54.09%;SDS对2,4'-DDD的洗脱效率为59.99%,对4,4'-DDD的洗脱效率为57.10%.试验结果可为筛选适宜的表面活性剂及质量浓度,研发高浓度DDTs污染场地土壤表面活性剂洗脱修复技术的工程应用提供理论依据.     

Toxicity assessment of copper by electrochemically active bacteria in wastewater

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - A bioelectrochemical sensor (BES) was constructed for toxicity assessment of copper in contaminated domestic sewage. Electrochemically active bacteria (EAB),...     

表面活性剂及DOM对土壤中菲、芘解吸行为的影响因子初探

采用室内序批试验研究了土—水体系中非离子型表面活性剂(Tween80)和水溶性有机物(DOM)的投加次序、试验平衡时间及离子强度等环境因素对表面活性剂Tween80及DOM对污染土壤中菲、芘解吸行为的联合效应。结果表明,表面活性剂Tween80和DOM都可促进菲、芘的解吸,当两者同时加入体系时,菲、芘的解吸率是对照的2.55～3.12倍(菲)和7.61～9.61倍(芘),两者之间存在协同效应;与两者同时加入相比,振荡12h后加入Tween80,菲、芘的解吸率增加了1.81～3.3%(菲)和7.55～9.51%(芘),而振荡12h后加入DOM,菲、芘的解吸率基本无变化;试验还证实,随着离子强度的增加,体系中菲、芘解吸率呈下降趋势,但不同处理间无明显的差异性。     

Degradation of benzo[a]pyrene in an experimentally contaminated paddy soil by vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides)

A pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of growing vetiver grass on the biodegradation of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) under glasshouse conditions. Plant biomass, microbial biomass C and degradation of B[a]P were determined. B[a]P disappeared faster in the plant treatments than in unplanted controls. Disappearance of B[a]P was accompanied by an increase in soil microbial biomass C. Vetiver grass may promote the biodegradation of B[a]P under flooded conditions by plant roots by stimulating the microbial biomass. Microbial biomass was the main factor affecting dissipation of B[a]P under flooded conditions.     

Accumulation and phytoavailability of benzo[a]pyrene in an acid sandy soil

Effects of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) on ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) growth, plant accumulation and dissipiation of B[a]P in a red sandy soil (Hapli-Udic Argosol) were studied in a pot experiment. The plants were grown for 61 days in soil spiked with B[a]P at 0, 12.5, 25 and 50 mg kg⁻¹. Control pots without plants were also set up. Soil extractable B[a]P, plant shoot and root biomass, and concentrations of B[a]P in plant shoots and roots were determined. Ryegrass biomass was increased by addition of B[a]P and root B[a]P concentrations were significantly correlated with B[a]P application rate, but no such correlation was found for shoot B[a]P concentrations. This indicates that B[a]P enhanced the growth of the ryegrass. The extractable B[a]P concentration in the planted soil was significantly lower than that in the unplanted control soil at the rate of 50 mg B[a]P kg⁻¹. This indicates that ryegrass may help to dissipate B[a]P in soil at concentrations over 50 mg kg⁻¹ soil although the mechanism for this is not understood.     

Sorption of pyrene from water by oil shale ash and mineral particles

The aim of this work was to estimate the sorption of pyrene from water solutions on mineral substrates, e.g., alumina, silica, and oil shale ash, from the Estonian thermal plant. Results obtained from this study indicate that the sorption of pyrene on mineral oxides and oil shale ash particles from water can be described with a linear equation. The sorptive capacity per weight of oil shale ash in aqueous systems was significantly lower compared with mineral adsorbents. The distribution coefficient (K_d) for pyrene in the system with particles of oil shale ash was 10–12 times lower as than for mineral adsorbents.     

复合固定化法固定微生物去除芘

通过"玉米秸秆吸附-包埋-交联"复合固定化方法固定多环芳烃降解菌GY2B和GP3B,提高对芘的降解性能,并对其作用过程进行初步研究.结果表明,游离态单细菌GY2B、GP3B和混合菌GY2B+GP3B的7 d降解率分别为14.0%、55.0%和73.6%,而固定化GY2B+GP3B秸秆小球在5 d内即达98.2%,去除率得到了显著的提高;对固定化微生物小球的比表面积、孔隙率和扫描电镜图分析,说明载体表面具有较高的比表面积,内部是具有大量孔隙的骨架结构,在内部生长的微生物和基质有充分的接触面积和机会;固定化GY2B+GP3B秸秆小球类似于一个吸附降解一体化的微型反应器.GY2B+GP3B混合菌芘代谢产物有菲-4-羧酸、二甲基酞酸、1-羟基-2-萘酸、1-萘酚和水杨酸,推测芘的降解是GY2B+GP3B混合菌集体代谢的综合作用的结果,GP3B的中间转化产物作为GY2B生长代谢的基质,使得芘得到更完全的降解.     

高铁酸钾降解荧蒽和苯并[a]芘的偏振荧光光谱研究

考察了高铁酸钾对荧蒽和苯并[a]芘两种PAHs(多环芳烃)的降解反应过程,并应用偏振荧光光谱技术研究了荧蒽和苯并[a]芘两种PAHsr降解体系反应过程及其差别的识别,着重探讨了两种PAHs降解体系反应过程中的多种荧光波长模式与偏振度、三维荧光(EEM)与偏振三维荧光(PEEM)变化规律,最后由时间扫描荧光模式直接获得反应动力学拟合方程式.实验结果表明,各荧光识别模式一致地显示出高铁酸钾对荧蒽和苯并[a]芘的显著性降解作用及其对应的各荧光强度变化规律,即反应时间大于40 s后,两种PAHs(多环芳烃)的降解反应均不明显,且降解过程中均无新的荧光发色团结构生成.在高铁酸钾与荧蒽/苯并[a]芘摩尔比为1∶1、1∶4、4∶1的各降解体系的反应过程均符合一级反应动力学规律.荧蒽降解曲线的线性关系更高,苯并芘降解速率更快,多种荧光光谱相结合能够实现对PAHs的降解过程的便捷而有效的追踪,其揭示的结果与分子机理一致,即苯并[a]芘分子较荧蒽分子具有更大的π电子密度,因而在Fe(Ⅵ)夺电子过程中,更易于失去电子而被Fe(Ⅵ)氧化降解.     

Preliminary evidence for the metabolism of benzo(a) pyrene by Plantago lanceolata

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have long been recognised as potential carcinogens in animals in which biotransformation into reactive metabolites can lead to DNA damage. In animals PAHs metabolism mainly occurs in hepatic microsomes and is associated with the cytochrome p-450 mediated mixed functional oxidase (MFO) system. PAH metabolism in plants has been shown to occur via a similar enzyme system, but has received relatively little attention. This study is looking at how the plant species Plantago lanceolata metabolises benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), which is one of the PAHs whose metabolism has been studied extensively in animals. The aim of the work is to establish firstly that the B(a)P is taken up and secondly that it is biotransformed by the plant to products possibly similar to those found in animals. This work is achieved by using C-14-B(a)P along with whole body autoradiography, scintillation analysis and chromatography techniques to locate the B(a)P and its metabolites.     

Chemopreventive effects of ellagic acid against genotoxicity induced by benzo(a)pyrene

Benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) is a commonly used indicator for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination. The use of certain phytochemicals and some polyphenolic compounds proved to be effective in blocking PAH-induced effects. The aim of the present study was to examine the possible inhibitory effects of ellagic acid (EA), present in berries and nuts, against B(a)P-mediated toxicity using in vitro and in vivo test systems. In vitro method included the Ames test, using Salmonella typhimurium tester strain TA100. In vivo experiments were based on mouse bone marrow micronucleus (MN) assay and immunoblotting. EA produced a decrease in the number of revertant colonies against B(a)P in the Ames assay. Further, there was a reduction in the mean number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in the presence of EA in the co-treatment protocol of the MN test. Western blotting results showed downregulation of CYP450 isoform CYP1A1 which prevented bioactivation of B(a)P. Thus, the present study demonstrates antimutagenic role played by EA against the mutagenic activity of B(a)P in both in vitro and in vivo systems.