湘江衡阳段沉积物中铊等重金属的污染特征及其生态风险评估

湘江是我国重金属污染最重的河流之一。为了更全面了解湘江衡阳段表层沉积物重金属污染现状及其潜在生态风险,在前期相关研究基础上,分析了重金属Tl及其他4种重金属(Mn、Co、Ni和V)的含量水平和分布特征,并采用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对沉积物中重金属污染现状和潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,湘江衡阳段表层沉积物中Tl和Mn有一定程度的累积和污染,其含量分别为0.12～2.09mg·kg-1和234～4580mg·kg-1。由于Tl具有较强的毒性响应,其潜在生态风险不容忽视。综合前期相关研究结果,研究区域中10种重金属总潜在生态风险指数(RI)为27.8～6266,约70%采样点具有重度生态风险,其主要风险来源于Cd和Tl。     

舂陵水衡阳段沉积物重金属污染变化趋势及风险评价

根据2010—2019年舂陵水衡阳段表层沉积物中9种重金属含量,采用地累积指数法及潜在生态危害指数法对沉积物中重金属污染变化趋势及生态风险进行了评价.地累积指数法评价结果表明:沉积物重金属污染程度表现为砷(As)>铜(Cu)>镉(Cd)>锌(Zn)>铅(Pb)>锰(Mn)>汞(Hg)>铬(Cr)>钒(V),As为强污染...     

南京主要湖泊表层沉积物中重金属污染潜在生态风险评价

为掌握南京城市湖泊表层沉积物中重金属的污染概况及其潜在生态风险,选取玄武湖、月牙湖、紫霞湖、琵琶湖和前湖5个主要湖泊为研究对象,应用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法( ICP - AES)分析表层沉积物中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn含量,并采用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对重金属污染风险和潜在生态危害进行评价.结果表明,湖泊表层沉积物中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn含量分别为0.8～5.1、10.3 ～67.6、6.2 ～70.5、未检出～53.2、12.9 ～ 55.9和40.6 ～456.3 mg·kg -1.地累积指数法评价结果显示,6种重金属元素累积程度由高到低依次为Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu、Ni和Cr,其中Cd处于偏中等累积到重累积水平.潜在生态风险指数法评价结果显示,表层沉积物重金属污染最严重的是月牙湖,其次是前湖和紫霞湖,这3个湖泊都处于中等潜在生态风险状态,琵琶湖和玄武湖处于低潜在生态风险状态.     

镇江市老城区不同功能区地表灰尘重金属污染评价

通过采集江苏省镇江市老城区的交通区、大市口广场、江滨公园、商业区、居民区、文教区等不同功能区地表灰尘共54个样品,对其Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Cr、Cd、Mn 7种重金属进行分析测定.结果表明,交通区Cu、Ni、Cr、Mn、Cd的平均含量要明显高于其它功能区,Zn的含量在文教区最高,Pb的含量在居民区最高.地累积指数评价表明交通区、文教区两个功能区中Cd达偏重度污染,文教区中Zn也达偏重度污染;潜在生态风险评价结果表明,交通区、大市口广场、文教区3个功能区的潜在生态风险指数均为中等生态危害;江滨公园、商业区、居民区3个功能区的潜在生态风险指数均为轻微生态危害.     

武汉南湖沉积物的重金属污染状况评价

采用原子吸收分光光度法对湖北武汉南湖柱状沉积物中的6种重金属(Cd,Cu,Cr,Mn,Pb和Zn)进行测定.结果表明,柱状沉积物中各种重金属的平均含量(w/mg kg-1,DM)分别为Cd 0.155,Cu 47.0,Cr 147.8,Mn 1 026.5,Pb 55.7,Zn 132.1.水平分布,重金属的最大含量出现在点Ⅳ和点Ⅰ,且平均含量也高于其他的点;垂直分布.最大含量出现0～5cm或5～10 cm的沉积层,随沉积深度的增加而降低.这些结果表明外源污染对沉积物的重金属负荷具有重要影响.应用地质累积指数Igeo值对重金属污染状况进行评价,结果表明,重金属的污染主要是Cr和Cd,其中Cr的最高含量(w/mgkg1,DM)为231.9,Cd为0.348;重金属的污染程度较轻.图2表1参20     

苏州河沉积物中重金属的污染特征及其评价

本研究通过对苏州河上海段13个采样断面的沉积物中重金属含量进行测定,揭示苏州河底泥重金属污染的空间分布特征,并运用生态危害指数等对底泥重金属含量进行了评价.     

成都市河流表层沉积物重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

根据流经成都市内的三条河流（府河、南河、沙河）表层沉积物重金属数据，采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对重金属的潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明（1）重金属潜在的生态危害因子（Er^i）说明大多属于轻微生态危害范畴，产牛生态危害的主要重金属是Hg、Cd，Cu、Pb次之，As影响最小；（2）多种重金属的生态系统的潜在生态风险指数（RI）表明河流重金属污染属于轻微生态危害和接近中等生态危害，其受危害程度由强至弱的次序为：府河，南河，沙河。     

镇江市古运河河岸沉积物重金属分布特征及潜在生态风险评价

对镇江市古运河河岸7个表层沉积物中重金属As、Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr含量进行测定,并通过富集系数、地累积指数法、潜在生态风险评价以及主成分分析等对沉积物重金属的分布特征进行综合分析与评价.结果表明:(1)古运河河岸带沉积物Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Pb和Cd元素的含量平均值分别为45.07、41.70、254.06、19.67、45.88、0.75 mg·kg-1,p H平均值为7.98.对比《国家土壤环境质量标准》可知,沉积物中Cu、Zn、Pb、As属于超一级标准,而Cd属于超二级标准.(2)6种重金属的富集系数表现为:AsCdPbZnCuCr,且综合富集系数在空间上表现为:G2G5G1G4G3G7G6;(3)古运河河岸表层沉积物地累积指数表现为AsCdPbCuZnCr,6种重金属中As富集量最大,Cr的富集量最小.(4)单项潜在生态危害系数结果表明,Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb均为轻微生态危害程度,As和Cd处于中等生态危害程度.从RI值判断,古运河河岸沉积物总体处于轻微生态危害.(5)相关性和主成分分析结果表明,Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd是决定第一主成分的4个主要因子,且Cu与Pb、Cd以及Pb与Cd元素具有相同的污染源.As、Zn在第二主成分中具有较高的载荷值,且As与Zn之间的相关性较弱,表明这两种重金属并非来自同一污染源.     

莱州湾表层沉积物重金属分布特征及污染评价

莱州湾属半封闭海湾,水体交换能力较弱,受多条河流入海影响,污染日趋加重。根据区域特征,于2008年5月对莱州湾30个采样点表层沉积物中的Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、As、粒度和总有机碳进行测定,探讨了重金属含量和污染特征与粒度、总有机碳间的相关关系,利用污染评价法和潜在生态风险评价法进行污染和风险分析。结果表明：重金属平均含量较低,大部分低于国家海洋沉积物一类标准。Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和As在莱州湾中部区域出现高值区,同时Cd在小清河口、Hg在莱州湾东部出现高值区。Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、As重金属之间（除了Cd和As之间）及与沉积物粘土、有机碳含量之间显著正相关。莱州湾表层沉积物重金属单因子污染程度总体较轻,属于低污染水平,污染程度排序为CdPbZnCuAsHg,约30%的站位重金属综合污染指数大于5,达到中等污染水平,主要分布于小清河口、莱州湾中部和东部区域。莱州湾表层沉积物重金属潜在生态风险总体处于较低水平,风险排序为HgCdAsPbCuZn,风险指数高值区出现在莱州湾东部区域,主要受Hg的高风险水平影响。     

湘江底泥重金属污染特征与生态风险评价

本研究于湘江共采集了29个典型重金属污染断面底泥样品,测定了底泥中重金属Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu、Mn和Zn的含量及其有效态含量,并采用改进潜在生态风险指数法评价了底泥重金属的潜在生态风险.研究结果表明,湘江底泥存在主要由重金属Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu、Mn和Zn构成的复合污染,其含量范围依次为2.83—29.15 mg·kg-1、8—1784 mg·kg-1、10.00—4884.28 mg·kg-1、9—674 mg·kg-1、744.83—16246.22 mg·kg-1和61.50—3771.11 mg·kg-1;参考土壤环境质量Ⅲ级标准的断面超标率依次为100%、10.34%、6.90%、3.54%、100%和24.14%;有效态百分含量范围依次为25.04%—66.63%、8.75%—50.00%、1.14%—35.08%、3.70%—39.00%、1.99%—65.79%和7.48%—47.96%;生态风险评价结果表明,Cd的潜在生态风险最高,其次是Pb和Mn,潜在生态风险指数贡献率(MRI)依次为90.37%、4.17%、3.03%,干流的潜在生态风险高于支流的生态风险,达到极强危害水平的采样断面占72.41%,主要集中于永州、衡阳、株洲、湘潭、长沙和郴州.     

Analysis and assessment of heavy metal contamination in surface water and sediments: a case study from Luan River,Northern China

Concentrations of the heavy metals Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cr were examined in surface water and sediment from the Luan River inChina,. With a decline in Cu and Ni concentration found in surface water at downstream stations. This finding suggests that water currents are a major explanatory factor in heavy metal contamination. The abundance of Cr, Pb, and Cd observed in the middle reaches of the river indicates heavy metal contamination in local areas, although there was an obvious decrease in concentrations in the water downstream of the Daheiting Reservoir. The significant rising trend in Cu, Pb, and Ni seen the sediment farther away from the river also suggests that anthropogenic activities contribute to heavy metal pollution Sediments were therefore used as environmental indicators, with sediment assessment was conducted using the geo-accumulation index (I_geo) and the potential ecological risk index (RI). The I_geo values revealed that Cd (3.13) and Cr (2.39) had accumulated significantly in the Luan River. The RI values for most (89%) of the sampling stations were higher than 300, suggesting that sediment from the Luan River poses a severe ecological risk, with the potential ecological risks downstream higher than that in the upper and middle streams. Good correlations among Pb/Ni, Pb/Cd, Cu/Pb, and Cu/Cd in the water and Cr/Ni in the sediment were observed. Cluster analysis suggested that Cd may have various origins, being derived from anthropogenic sources.     

Heavy metal contamination in river water and sediments of the Swarnamukhi River Basin,India: risk assessment and environmental implications

The concentration of heavy metals was analyzed each of 20 river water, suspended sediments and bed sediments along the stretch of Swarnamukhi River Basin. River water is not contaminated with heavy metals except Fe and Mn. Contamination factor in sediments shows considerable to very high degree contamination with Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn. The sources of these metals could be residential wastes, sewer outfall, fertilizers, pesticides (M-45 + carbondine) and traffic activities apart from natural weathering of granitic rocks present in the basin area. Principal component analyses indicate the interaction between metals in different media. The comparison of metals (Cu, Pb and Zn) in bed sediments of Swarnamukhi River with the Indian and world averages indicates that the values obtained in the basin are above the Indian averages and far below to the world averages. Average shale values and sediment quality guidelines point toward the enrichment and contamination of Cu, Cr, Pb and Zn to several fold leading to eco-toxicological risks in basin.     

Threat of heavy metal contamination in eight mangrove plants from the Futian mangrove forest,China

Mangrove plants play an important role in heavy metal maintenance in a mangrove ecosystem. To evaluate the characteristics of heavy metal contamination in the Futian mangrove forest, Shenzhen, China, eight heavy metals in mangrove sediments and plants were monitored, including essential elements such as Cu and Zn, and non-essential elements such as Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Pb and Hg. The results showed that the heavy metals exhibited the following scheme: Zn > As > Cu ≈ Cr > Pb > Ni > Cd ≈ Hg in sediment cores, among which Cd, As, Pb and Hg contents were nearly ten times higher than the background values. There was no significant difference in metal maintenance capability between native and exotic species. In mangrove plants’ leaves and stems, concentrations of Cu, Zn and As were higher than other heavy metals. The low bioconcentration factors for most heavy metals, except for Cr, implied the limited ability of heavy metal accumulation by the plants. Mangrove plants seem to develop some degree of tolerance to Cr. The factor analysis implies that anthropogenic influences have altered metal mobility and bioavailability.     

Fuzzy comprehensive assessment of metal contamination of water and sediments in Ondo Estuary,Nigeria

A more reliable methodology for evaluating metal contamination of coastal water and sediments using fuzzy comprehensive assessment (FCA) is presented by this study. Ten metals (As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn) were investigated in water and sediments from ten sampling sites and formulated into fuzzy matrix based on three contamination classifications of pristine, moderately enriched and extremely impacted categories using regulatory limits as criteria. The products of the matrices from membership function of the observed data and the weight matrices generate indices that classify the degree of metal impact on the sites. The results of the FCA show that the estuary is negatively impacted by metals in a range of 45.5–75.1% membership in the extremely impacted category with potential adverse effects on the ecosystem of the neighbouring Atlantic Ocean. The crude oil exploration activity at site 1 is the major source input of the metals beside Fe and Mn which are natural to the geological structure of the area while domestic waste discharges contribute notably to metal contamination in some sites.     

Evaluation of heavy metal contamination in Phaeozem of northeast China

Surface and profile Phaeozem soil samples from 31 locations affected by various anthropogenic activities such as mining, chemical manufacturing, traffic emission and pesticide application were collected in Heilongjiang Province and Jilin Province, northeast China. The range of total concentrations of four heavy metals Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in the soil was 0.011–3.137, 10.31–62.34, 9.74–51.21 and 39.54–247.59 mg kg⁻¹, respectively, determined using the acidic digestion procedure. Four methods including single contamination evaluation, background concentration comparison, surface/subsurface concentration comparison and exchangeable fraction evaluation were used to evaluate the extent of metal contamination in Phaeozem. The results indicated that different activities increased the concentrations of the heavy metals in surface soils, where high concentrations of cadmium and lead were found close to chemical plants and in the suburbs of the investigated cities. The four methods showed a general trend of increased soil contamination with heavy metals. Cadmium was of the most concern compared with the other contaminated elements in the study area, due to the long-term phosphatic fertilizer utilization and industrial activities. The proper evaluation method for cadmium contamination was the background concentration comparison, while for zinc and copper was the single contaminative index evaluation. Cadmium and lead could be the potential environmental risk in the Phaeozem area based on the different evaluations.     

湖南省某矿遗址周围农业土壤重金属污染及风险评价

为了进一步了解湖南省某矿遗址周围农田土壤重金属的风险,在该矿遗址附近两个区域(Ⅰ区、Ⅱ区)采集125个农业土壤样品,分析其中重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb)的含量,运用综合污染评价法、潜在生态指数法和地积累指数法对其开展风险评估.结果表明,Ⅰ区农田土壤中As和Cd的含量比国家风险管控标准值高,属于中度污染土壤,存在着极高的潜在生态风险;地积累指数进一步指出Ⅰ区土壤中As污染属于二级污染、Cd污染属于四级污染.Ⅱ区农田土壤,除Cd的含量相对较高外,其它重金属含量均很低,该区域土壤重金属的综合污染评价值低于1.0.但是由于Ⅱ区土壤中Cd的地积累指数为1.92,表明Ⅱ区土壤受到Cd的轻度污染,存在一定的潜在风险.     

Geochemical speciation and risk assessment of metals in the river sediments from Dan River Drainage,China

This study investigates the partitioning of metals in surface sediments from the Dan River drainage basin, the source of drinking water for the South to North Water Transfer Project, China, to determine their bioavailability and associated levels of risk. Sediment samples were collected from 99 sites along the Dan River, and the concentration of each element fraction was determined using sequential extraction and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The residual fraction was the major phase for most metals sampled. Among the non-residual fractions, greater proportions of Zn, Mn and Cd were transported in in the available phase, whereas Ba, Sb, Pb and As were mainly found in the reducible phase. The oxidisable phase was important for the transport of Ni, Co, Cr and Cu in sediments. This analysis of sediments from the Dan River basin indicates a very high risk of pollution from Cd, Co, Mn, Sb and Zn. Combined with the sediments with extremely high concentrations, the Dan, Laoguan and Yinhua rivers, which have been affected by ore-mining activities, pose a very high risk to the surrounding areas and should be the subject of future studies.     

Ecological risk assessment from the perspective of soil heavy metal accumulations in Xiamen city,China

Contamination of soils by heavy metals is of rising concern in many cities in China undergoing rapid urbanization. Here, we evaluate the severity of soil contamination by four heavy metals (arsenic, chromium, copper, and lead) at 146 urban and suburban sites within the city of Xiamen, Fujian, China. A multivariate regression model was proposed and developed to simulate heavy metals accumulation in urban and suburban soils, to identify the concentration and spatial distribution of heavy metals in soils, and to assess ecological risks by 2020. Results showed that, overall, Xiamen soils should be subject to low ecological risks due to heavy metals contamination by 2020, the ecological risks for urban soils were greater than suburban soils, nearly half of Xiamen soils are at moderate ecological risks, and many suburban soils experience low ecological risks. The methods demonstrate the potential to predict future ecological risks from heavy metals contamination which could inform pollution prevention and control measures.