硅藻土基复合除磷剂的制备及其吸附性能

以硅藻土为原料,通过引入钢渣复合的方法制备硅藻土基复合除磷剂,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X-射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)对复合除磷剂进行表征,并研究投加浓度、吸附时间、pH值和温度对复合除磷剂吸附效果的影响.结果表明,与钢渣复合后,复合除磷剂中部分基团可能发生变化,晶体结构可能发生改变,出现新的晶相.静态除磷试验表明复合除磷剂的最佳反应条件:投加质量浓度2g·L-1,吸附时间1h,水样pH值为5,温度25℃.硅藻土基复合除磷剂对磷的吸附动力学行为符合准二级动力学模型;Freundlich、Langmuir和Redlich-Peterson吸附等温方程均能较好地描述复合除磷剂对磷的等温吸附特征.硅藻土基复合除磷剂对磷的理论饱和吸附量为1 428 mg·kg-1,是一种潜在的高效环保型吸附材料.     

石墨基复合材料负载零价纳米铁吸附重金属离子的研究进展

工业废水中重金属的存在威胁着环境和人类健康,有效去除环境中的重金属离子具有重要意义.论文简要介绍了近年来石墨基复合材料负载纳米零价铁(nZVI)去除废水中重金属离子的研究,探讨了多种石墨基负载nZVI复合材料对重金属离子的吸附特性和环境条件对吸附性能的影响因素,并对其未来的研究和应用进行了总结和展望.     

炭化秸秆吸磷剂的制备及吸附性能研究

以水稻秸秆为原料,经炭化、KMnO4预氧化和FeSO4溶液改性后,制备得到低成本的改性炭化水稻秸秆（modified carbonized rice straw,MCRS）.采用Zeta电位分析仪、扫描电镜、能谱仪、比表面积分析仪、红外光谱分析仪和X射线衍射分析仪多种手段,分析了炭化水稻秸秆和MCRS的理化性能.通过静态吸附试验研究了吸附剂投加量、pH值和温度对MCRS除磷效果的影响.结果表明：MCRS对磷的吸附是一个吸热过程,其吸附等温线可用Langmuir方程进行拟合.当投加量为4g·L^-1、pH值为7时,MCRS对水溶液中磷的去除率最高可达96％;依据Langmuir方程计算得到,30℃条件下,MCRS对磷的最大吸附量为5.49 mg·g^-1.     

硅基微/介孔材料吸附二硫化碳(CS2)的性能

以聚甲基含氢硅氧烷(PMHS)和正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为原料,在不同的PMHS:TEOS质量比条件下合成了一系列具有微/介孔硅基材料.N2吸/脱附表征显示该材料具有微/介孔双孔分布的结构特征和较高的比表面积,并且随着PMHS:TEOS质量比的变化而变化.其中,当PMHS:TEOS质量比为1:3时硅基微/介孔材料具有最大的比表面积,达到783m·2g-1.XRD表征结果显示,该材料是无定形材料.材料对二硫化碳(CS2)的吸附性能的研究结果表明,PMHS:TEOS质量比为1:3合成的硅基微/介孔材料对CS2的吸附量最大,静态吸附量达到762.76mg·g-1,动态吸附穿透时间达到35min.再生实验表明材料再生性良好,可重复使用。     

磷酸盐在土壤中吸附与解吸研究进展

就国内外有关磷酸盐在土壤中的吸附与解吸的研究进行了简要的综述,重点是关于磷酸盐的吸附研究包括磷酸盐在土壤中吸附的数学模拟、土壤吸附磷酸盐的机制、影响磷酸盐吸附的土壤组分、磷酸盐在土壤中解吸及其与吸附的关系以及有机无机土壤改良剂对磷酸盐吸附的影响,并提出了有待进一步研究的问题。     

Enhanced adsorption of phosphate by loading nanosized ferric oxyhydroxide on anion resin

Ferric oxyhydroxide loaded anion exchanger （FOAE） hybrid adsorbent was prepared by loading nanosized ferric oxyhydroxide （FO） on anion exchanger resin for the removal of phosphate from wastewater. TEM and XRD analysis confirmed the existence of FO on FOAE. After FO loading, the adsorption capacity of the hybrid adsorbent increased from 38.70 to 51.52mg.g-1. Adsorption processes for both FOAE and anion resin were better fit to the pseudo first order model. Batch adsorption experiments revealed that higher temperature （313K）, higher initial phosphate concentration （50 mg.L-1） and lower solution pH （pH value of 2） would be more propitious to phosphate adsorption. Competition effect of coexisting anions on phosphate removal can be concluded as sulfate 〉 nitrate 〉 chloride. Freundlich isotherm model can describe the adsorption of phosphate on FOAE more accurately, which indicated the heterogeneous adsorption occurred on the inner-surface of FOAE.     

淹水还原作用下土壤镉的吸附与解吸特征的初步探讨

利用黄棕壤发育的水稻土(pH6.53),设置6个不同处理恒温(25±0.1)℃培养20d,初步探讨了3种还原强度土壤对Cd的吸附和解吸特征。试验数据显示:强度还原土壤,Eh和pH降低并稳定在-474mV和5.02水平,Cd吸附率由开始时的99.96%下降到94.70%,Cd解吸率平均为90.01%;中度还原土壤,Eh下降至-90mV左右,pH略有上升,Cd吸附率和解吸率平均分别为99.96%和66.09%;氧化态土壤的Eh、pH和Cd解吸率变化都比较小,平均分别为400.4mV、6.11和46.78%。此结果表明,处于不同还原状况下的土壤表面对Cd吸附和解吸有所差别;强度还原土壤对外源Cd的吸附率小于中度还原土壤对外源Cd的吸附率;土壤吸附外源Cd的解吸率,由大到小的次序依次为强度还原土壤,中度还原土壤,氧化状态土壤;还原程度越强,土壤对Cd的吸附率越低,Cd的解吸率也越高;还原条件下土壤Eh、pH、交换性亚铁和水溶性有机质含量是影响土壤Cd吸附和解吸的主要因素。     

Selective pseudosolubilization capability of Pseudomonas sp. DG17 on n-alkanes and uptake mechanisms analysis

Pseudosolubilized ability of Pseudomonas sp. DG17 on n-alkanes, role of biosurfactants in n-octadecane uptake and trans-membrane transport mechanism of n-octadecane were studied by analyzing amount of pseudosolubilized oil components in water phase, and the fraction of radiolabeled ¹⁴C n-octadecane in the broth and cell pellet. GC-MS results showed that pseudosolubilized oil components were mainly C₁₂ to C₂₈ of n-alkanes. In n-octadecane broth, pseudosolubilized n-octadecane could be accumulated as long as pseudosolubilized rate was faster than mineralization rate of substrate, and the maximum concentration of pseudosolubilized n-octadecane achieved to 45.37 mg·L^?1. All of these results showed that Pseudomonas sp. DG17 mainly utilized alkanes by directly contacting with pseudosolubilized small oil droplets in the water phase. Analysis of ¹⁴C amount in cell pellet revealed that an energy-dependent system mainly controlled the trans-membrane transport of n-octadecane.     

玄武岩砖红壤磷肥活化效果及其机理研究

应用不同活化剂处理不同性质的磷肥,并对其在玄武岩砖红壤中的生物效应及作用机理进行了研究.结果显示在玄武岩砖红壤上,活化剂处理磷肥均能显著提高蔬菜生物量,其中对磷矿粉无机活化剂处理后的生物效应最大;对磷铵则是有机2号活化剂的生物效应最大.玄武岩砖红壤中的铁、锰与磷素有效性关系密切,且在还原条件下的土壤锰对磷的固定作用更大;硅可促进土壤中磷的释放;供试活化剂不仅可促进难溶磷的释放,还可控释水溶性磷,使土壤供磷性能平稳.在体系中,活化剂对磷的促释和控释机理在于通过对土壤铁、锰、铝含量的调节而实现对磷的活化.     

低分子量有机酸对可变电荷土壤吸附铝的影响机制

通过吸附性铝的解吸实验研究了低分子量有机酸对三种可变电荷土壤(2种砖红壤和1种赤红壤)吸附铝的影响机制，结果表明，柠檬酸、苹果酸和酒石酸等带有3个及3个以上活性官能团的有机酸在低pH条件下可以通过形成土壤一有机酸一铝三元表面络合物和增加土壤的表面负电荷两种机制显著增加土壤对铝离子的吸附量，但以前一种影响机制为主。乳酸、水杨酸、草酸和丙二酸等带有2个活性官能团的有机酸仅通过改变土壤的表面负电荷影响铝的吸附。土壤氧化铁是土壤吸附有机酸的主要载体，当用化学方法将土壤中的氧化铁除去后，有机酸对铝吸附的影响变小。在pH5．0时有机酸主要通过形成可溶性有机铝络合物减小土壤对铝的吸附，但有机酸的存在增加了Al^3 在吸附性铝中所占的比例，导致铝的解吸率增加。土壤中大量氧化铁的存在使其即使在低pH下也能对铝离子发生专性吸附，导致吸附性铝的解吸率减小。     

The influence of chlorinated aromatics' structure on their adsorption characteristics on activated carbon to tackle chemical spills in drinking water source

This study focused on evaluating the efficiency of powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption process and tackling chlorobenzenes and chlorophenols spill in drinking water source. The adsorption kinetics and PAC’s capacities for five chlorobenzenes and three chlorophenols at drinking water contamination levels were studied in order to determine the influence of different functional groups on the adsorption behavior. The results showed that PAC adsorption could be used as an effective emergency drinking water treatment process to remove these compounds. The adsorption kinetics took 30 min to achieve nearly equilibrium and could be described by both pseudo first-order and pseudo second-order models. A mathematic relationship was developed between the pseudo first-order adsorption rate constant, k₁, and the solutes’ properties including lgK_ow, polarizability and molecular weight. The Freundlich isotherm equation could well describe the adsorption equilibrium behaviors of chlorinated aromatics with r² from 0.920 to 0.999. The H-bond donor/acceptor group, hydrophobicity, solubility and molecular volume were identified as important solute properties that affect the PAC adsorption capacity. These results could assist water professionals in removing chlorinated aromatics during emergency drinking water treatment.     

Division of labor between scouts and recruits: genetic influence and mechanisms

Every recruitment system in social insects requires some individuals that serve as scouts, foragers that search independently for food sources. It is not well understood which factors influence whether an individual becomes a scout or a recruit, nor how the division of labor between the two forager groups is regulated. It is shown here for honeybees (Apis mellifera), using two different molecular techniques, that there is a genetically based difference in the probability that individuals will scout independently for food. In contrast to earlier suggestions, experimental tests showed that the age of a bee does not seem to influence its probability of becoming a scout or a recruit. Furthermore, scout bees do not search opportunistically for either pollen or nectar but, rather, individuals have preferences that are genetically based. These findings are discussed in the framework of foraging regulation by specialization in honeybees and the adaptive significance of polyandry. Received: 23 October 1997 / Accepted after revision: 10 April 1998     

产表面活性剂降解石油菌株产物性质及降解性能研究

微生物是组成生态系统的重要成员,在污染物去除中发挥着重要作用,是生物修复中的主力,然而在石油污染修复过程中,石油烃的疏水性会限制微生物对石油的降解,但一些微生物的细胞代谢物即生物表面活性剂,它是微生物在一定条件下代谢分泌产生的具有一定表面活性,集亲水基和疏水基结构于一分子的两亲性化合物,可以促进油的乳化,提高油的分散程度,增大菌株和油珠的接触机会,促进对石油烃的吸收和降解。在实验室分离得到了7株产表面活性剂石油降解菌株,经分子鉴定可知菌1和菌2都为粘质沙雷氏菌Serratia marcescens,菌3为居植物柔武氏菌Raoultella planticola,菌4,菌6和菌7都为克雷伯氏菌Klebsiella variicola,菌5为蜡状芽孢杆菌Bacillus cereus。主要研究了它们的生长与表面活性剂物质分泌状况的关系,发现随着时间增加,OD值随之增大,表面张力呈现下降趋势;并对菌株产物进行提取和薄层层析,离子型分析和红外光谱分析,初步判断其产物均为阴离子糖脂类;通过pH,初始油质量浓度,接种量和盐度4个单因素的变化研究菌1粘质沙雷氏菌,菌3居植物柔武士菌,菌5蜡状芽孢杆菌和菌6克雷伯氏菌对石油类物质降解能力,发现菌3居植物柔武氏菌和菌5蜡状芽孢杆菌降解性能较好;通过响应曲面法优化蜡状芽孢杆菌的降解条件,得出其最佳降解条件为pH为5.02,油质量浓度为3 g·L-1,接种量为1199.98μL,盐度为0.5 g·L-1时,在此条件下,菌株对石油的降解率为66.94%。     

砂页岩赤红壤磷肥活化效果及其机理研究

应用不同活化剂处理不同性质的磷肥，并对其在砂页岩赤红壤中的生物效应及作用机理进行了研究。结果表明，在砂页岩赤红壤上，施用供试的儿种经活化剂处理的磷肥均能显著提高蔬菜生物量。砂页岩赤红壤中的铁、锰质量分数与磷素的有效性有密切的关系，且在还原条件下，土壤铁、锰对磷的固定作用更大；硅、钙可促进土壤中磷的释放。供试活化剂不仅可促进难溶磷的释放，还可控制水溶性磷的释放，使土壤供磷性能平稳；有机活化剂的用量，用于难溶性磷促释时其质量分数为3％，用于水溶性磷控释时其质量分数约为14％。在土壤-植物体系中，活化剂对磷的促释和控释机理是它通过对土壤铁、锰、铝质量分数的调节而实现对磷的活化。