黄铁矿活化过硫酸钠降解丁基黄药

利用黄铁矿活化过硫酸钠降解丁基黄药,并探讨了黄铁矿用量、pH、过硫酸钠浓度、共存离子等因素对丁基黄药降解的影响。结果表明:(1)黄铁矿可有效活化过硫酸钠实现丁基黄药的高效降解。(2)在丁基黄药初始质量浓度为140mg/L、黄铁矿用量为1.0g/L、过硫酸钠质量浓度为0.080g/L、pH=6.00、降解120min时,丁基黄药降解率高达98.50%。(3)黄铁矿活化过硫酸钠降解丁基黄药的进程中,硫酸根自由基(SO_4~-·)和羟基自由基(·OH)共同作用导致丁基黄药的降解,而SO_4~-·起主要作用。(4)丁基黄药降解率随黄铁矿用量、过硫酸钠浓度的增大而增大,随pH的增大而减小。(5)Cl~-和HCO_3~-对丁基黄药的降解有明显的抑制作用,并且HCO3-的抑制作用更强。     

碱热活化过硫酸盐降解柴油精制废水中的有机硫化合物

利用碱热活化过硫酸盐降解水中有机硫化合物。通过对比发现,碱热活化过硫酸钠对有机硫化合物的降解效果优于单一碱活化或热活化方式。废水的碱性特征为碱热活化提供了有利条件,可减少调节pH的药剂费用。此外,考察了过硫酸钠投加量、初始pH及温度对降解效果的影响,并通过监测过硫酸根残留率,分析了以上各因素对过硫酸钠利用率的影响。结果表明,在碱性条件下对有机硫化合物的降解效果优于中性、酸性条件,增加过硫酸钠投加量或提高温度均可提高其降解效果。在初始pH=9.0、50℃、过硫酸钠投加量60mg/L时,有机硫化合物降解率高于98%。     

硫酸亚铁铵活化过硫酸钠降解土壤吡虫啉的研究

为探究硫酸亚铁铵与过硫酸钠对土壤中吡虫啉降解率的影响,实验设定两种降解试剂添加量均为0.2、0.5、1.0 mmol,土壤中吡虫啉质量浓度为33.0、49.5、66.0μg/g,农作物土壤为水稻、玉米与茶叶土壤,温度为-4、25℃。结果表明：1.0 mmol过硫酸钠与0.2 mmol硫酸亚铁铵对水稻土壤中吡虫啉的降解率最佳,最高可达98.8%,且前120 min内降解速率较快。3种吡虫啉浓度的降解效果没有显著差异(p>0.05);温度对降解率的影响不显著(p>0.05)。土壤中有机碳与pH越低,越有利于过硫酸钠与硫酸亚铁铵降解土壤中吡虫啉。     

三维过电位电解处理罗丹明B废水

选用钛基RuO2-TiO2涂层电极作为三维过电位电解装置的阳极,紫铜作为阴极,活性炭作为第三极,研究了三维过电位电解处理罗丹明B废水的效果,并考察了外加电压、电解时间、初始浓度、pH值和搅拌方式等因素对其处理效果的影响。实验结果表明,外加电压、电解时间和初始浓度等因素均对罗丹明B的降解效果有影响,而pH值、搅拌方式等对罗丹明B的降解效果基本没有影响。与二维电解的对比研究表明,在罗丹明B溶液初始浓度为20mg／L,电解时间为1h,电解电压为20V时,采用二维电解的降解率为20％左右,而三维过电位电解的降解率接近80％。最终产物分析结果显示,经过处理的罗丹明B苯环开环变成直链烃类物质,或者饱和环状有机物,不再具有生物毒性,适合后续的生化处理。     

Fe~(2+)/过硫酸钠体系降解盐酸四环素的研究

采用Fe~(2+)/过硫酸钠体系降解水溶液中的盐酸四环素,探讨了盐酸四环素初始浓度、Fe~(2+)浓度、过硫酸钠浓度、温度、pH等因素对降解效果的影响。单因素实验结果表明,盐酸四环素去除率随着盐酸四环素的初始浓度、过硫酸钠浓度、温度的增大而增大;随着Fe~(2+)浓度的增加,盐酸四环素去除率先增大后减小;酸性条件有利于Fe~(2+)/过硫酸钠体系对盐酸四环素的降解。当盐酸四环素初始质量浓度为50mg/L、Fe~(2+)摩尔浓度为0.10mmol/L、过硫酸钠摩尔浓度为2.0mmol/L、反应温度为30℃、pH=3.0时,反应90min后盐酸四环素去除率可达87.6%。Fe~(2+)/过硫酸钠体系对盐酸四环素的降解用一级反应动力学方程进行拟合,得到该反应体系下盐酸四环素降解的活化能为5.173kJ/mol。     

零价铁活化过硫酸钠降解含油废水

将零价铁活化过硫酸钠产生硫酸根自由基的高级氧化技术应用于处理含油废水。研究了过硫酸钠浓度、零价铁投加量、p H值对油降解率的影响,分析了反应过程中S2O2-8和Fe2+的浓度变化。通过投加柠檬酸强化了降解效率,并探讨了油降解的动力学过程。结果表明,零价铁活化产生硫酸根自由基是处理含油废水行之有效的手段。当过硫酸钠浓度119 mg·L~(-1)、Fe0投加量为50 mg·L~(-1)、p H=1.0,反应4 h后油降解率达到79.26%。Fe/Ps体系中,存在不同的主反应过程,其中Fe2+为主要活性物质,其浓度与降解速率正相关。适量投加柠檬酸可以优化控制Fe2+浓度,油降解率可提高20.64%。油降解动力学过程用准一级动力学方程描述。     

光/电Fenton牺牲阳极法降解有机污染物

采用Fe片为阳极和石墨为阴极,在可见光(λ450 nm)照射并外加电压条件下,以有机染料橙Ⅱ(orangeⅡ)及有机无色小分子2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-dichlorophenol,DCP)为目标化合物,探讨了光/电Fenton牺牲阳极法降解有机污染物的最佳反应条件,结果表明,在电压=3 V,pH=3.0,H2O2浓度为5×10-5mol/L时,orangeⅡ的降解效果最好,反应10 h矿化率可达到78%,210 min内2,4-DCP降解率为91.4%。通过对光/电Fenton体系原位循环伏安参数测定及过氧化物酶催化反应吸光光度法和苯甲酸荧光分析法检测光/电Fenton降解orange II过程中H2O2和羟基自由基(.OH)的变化,表明orangeⅡ降解过程涉及.OH历程。     

真空紫外光降解五氯酚钠以及过硫酸盐对反应的促进作用

研究了真空紫外光(VUV,185 am)对于水溶液中五氯酚钠的降解,反应2 h后,初始浓度为10 mg/L的五氯酚钠的去除率达到99%以上,有机氯的脱除率达到70%以上,有效地实现了五氯酚钠的脱毒.溶液初始pH值对五氯酚钠的真空紫外光解有很大影响,pH=10.9时的降解速率常数是pH=3.1时的3倍.表观一级反应速率常数随初始浓度的增加而线性下降.在反应溶液中加入过硫酸盐,可有效提高五氯酚钠的真空紫外光降解速率和矿化速率,过硫酸盐和五氯酚钠摩尔比为24时,降解速率提高3倍,反应4 h后TOC去除率达到95%.     

活化过硫酸钠去除长期污染土壤中的TPH

探讨了利用过硫酸钠氧化修复实际污染场地长期高浓度石油类(TPH)污染土壤的可行性。研究了过硫酸钠的活化方式、添加量、添加方式、土壤初始p H等因素对TPH降解效率的影响,并采用探针化合物研究了活化过硫酸钠对TPH的氧化去除机制。结果表明:Fe~(2+)活化方法对TPH去除效果最好,反应24 h最高去除率达40.8%;碱活化效果次之,去除率可达35.2%;过氧化氢活化效果一般,去除率为21%左右;热活化效果较差,去除率仅为15.6%。Fe~(2+)活化过硫酸钠去除土壤中TPH的反应在5 min内基本完成,最佳过硫酸钠用量为2.5 mmol·g-1土,过硫酸钠/硫酸亚铁/柠檬酸投加量之比为4∶1∶1,一次添加氧化剂的方式较多次添加效果好。实验场地土壤初始p H对TPH降解效果影响不大,自由基探针实验证实反应中硫酸根自由基、羟基自由基、还原性物质的存在。对于本场地污染土壤的修复,利用Fe~(2+)活化过硫酸钠修复是较为有效、快速的方法。     

可见光活化过硫酸盐降解双(2-氯乙基)醚

研究了不同活化方式下过硫酸盐对双(2-氯乙基)醚(BCEE)的降解效果,重点考察了可见光活化过硫酸盐降解BCEE体系中过硫酸钠投加量、BCEE初始浓度、初始pH以及无机阴离子和腐殖酸对反应的影响。结果表明,酸性条件下BCEE的降解效果较好,且随着过硫酸钠投加量增大或BCEE初始浓度减小,BCEE的降解率提高。反应最佳条件为BCEE质量浓度4mg/L、过硫酸钠投加量20mmol/L、溶液初始pH调至3,降解过程符合一级动力学方程。溶液中存在CO23-、HCO3-或Cl-均对BCEE的降解有抑制作用,加入腐殖质则会促进BCEE的降解。通过液-液萃取进行前处理,使用气相色谱/质谱分析检测出3种降解中间产物,分别为1,2-二氯丙烷、氯甲酸异丙酯和氯甲酸氯乙酯。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.