京津冀地区《大气污染防治行动计划》投资需求分析

京津冀地区是中国大气污染防治的重点区域,《大气污染防治行动计划》(以下简称《计划》)对京津冀地区的大气污染减排工作提出了巨大挑战。在对京津冀地区典型行业企业和政府有关部门实地调研的基础上,结合京津冀实施《计划》的投资需求核算方法体系,对京津冀地区实施《计划》所需的投资需求进行了测算,并对现有的投融资进展状况进行了评估。结果表明,京津冀地区实施《计划》直接投资共计需要2 490.29亿元。其中,能源结构优化、移动源污染防治、工业企业污染防治的投资需求分别为636.55亿、769.14亿、1 084.60亿元。从京津冀地区投融资实施进展来看,尚存在已有投资严重不足、融资渠道偏窄、过度依赖政府财政投入等问题,建议京津冀地区加大投入水平,加快完善投融资机制,并根据投资需求制定更为清晰的投融资路线图。     

长三角区域大气污染防治协作机制会议召开

正由沪苏浙皖长三角三省一市和国家八部委组成的"长三角区域大气污染防治协作机制",12月1日下午在上海召开第二次工作会议。中共中央政治局委员、上海市委书记韩正主持会议。会议在总结2014年工作的基础上,形成《长三角区域大气污染防治协作2015年重点工作建议》。韩正在会议总结时指出,2014年协作机制在联动治污上已迈出了坚实一步。2015年的工作,要坚持围绕一个总纲,即《长三角区域落实大气污染防治行动计划实施细则》;聚焦三项重点,即重点污染物治理、污染源头治理、共性问题研究。2014年是长三角区域大气污染防治协作的开局年,三省一市和国家八部委深入贯彻中央要求,以共识、共治、共赢     

污染物总量减排中存在的问题和对策

“十一五”全国主要污染物排放总量减少10％,已成为约束性指标。面对严峻的形势,尽管社会各界空前重视,但各地减排工作进展不平衡,仍存在着经济增长方式粗放、政策措施落实不到位等问题。针对存在问题,提出了以加大对产业结构调整力度、加大污染防治资金投入、实施严格的环境准入制度等政策措施;以完善减排体系、适时修改国家污染减排核算细则等技术措施;以加大对环境执法和环境监管的力度、对减排宣传的力度等保障措施。     

广西环境战略研究

本文概述了广西自治区经济发展和资源开发中出现的主要环境问题,发展趋势,并对其产生的原因及控制战略进行了分析.广西主要的环境问题是城市大气的严重污染及酸雨出现频率高,且呈逐年加重的趋势;地下水的有机污染和过量开采;城市环境噪声的普遍增高;生态环境的破坏等。排污强度大且集中,处理率和达标率低,加上不利的自然坏境因素,是造成环境污染的主要原因;而环境保护投资不足,环境管理跟不上,资源和能源利用率低等,促成了环境问题加重。建议采取重点突出,综合防治的环境战略,把主要力量放在解决城市大气污染的防治上。“七五”期间主要控制大气污染的进一步发展;至2000年使城市大气环境质量达到国家二级标准;把调整能源结构,逐步提高水电比例,降低煤的使用量作为远期目标;近期放在改善居民区的大气环境质量上.主要是供应居民低硫优质重煤,提高气化率等.而加强环境管理监督,完善地方环境法规,增加环境保护资金,提高全民族的环境意识,应是始终努力的目标.     

中石油:将再投入137亿元防范安全环保事故

2007年,中国石油天然气集团公司将再次投入137亿元左右,努力实现安全发展、清洁发展、节约发展。中石油近日公开发布了2006年度企业社会责任报告。其中透露,公司2006年投入治理资金175亿元,治理重特大安全环保隐患2781项,实施水环境污染三级防控项目123项,关停存在隐患的化工装     

浙江省大气污染造成的经济损失初步估算

根据1996年浙江省大气污染监测结果,应用有关环境经济学的价值计算方法,对浙江省大气污染造成的经济损失进行了初步估算,结果表明,1996年浙江省大气污染经济损失约为34.85亿元。     

《大气污染防治行动计划》已经修订结束

据《新京报》报道,《大气污染防治行动计划》已经修订结束,并且获得国务院原则通过,8月份将正式出台。据透露,与国务院此前已对外公布的大气污染治理"国十条"相比,上述行动计划包含的目标将更加详细,相对应的措施也更加严格。环保部将根据上述行动计划,部署一系列行动来治理大气污染,包括严惩环境违法行为,联合多部门建立并完善区域大气污染联防联控机制等。     

基于对数平均迪氏分解法的中国大气污染治理投资效果的影响因素探讨

识别大气污染治理投资效果的影响因素并分析其各自所带来的影响程度具有重要意义.以工业二氧化硫削减变化量表征大气污染治理投资效果,通过对数平均迪氏分解(LMDI)法,探讨了投资规模、地区分布结构和污染治理的技术效率等3个因素对中国大气污染投资效果的影响.结果表明,从全国层面来看,投资规模增加是大气污染治理投资效果提升的主要因素,而投资的地区分布结构和污染治理的技术效率对投资效果的提升作用均逐渐增强,中国大气污染治理投资的地区分布结构逐渐趋于合理,污染治理的技术效率有所提高;从区域层面来看,投资规模的增加是引起东部、中部、西部大气污染治理投资效果提升的主要因素,但东部地区投资规模增加对投资效果的提升作用在逐渐变小,中部地区的污染治理技术效率对投资效果存在负效应,而西部地区的污染治理技术效率带来的效应由负转正.     

污染地块再开发利用准入管理机制探讨

为有效降低污染地块的环境风险,各地政府积极探索污染地块再开发利用的准入管理机制。对地方污染地块再开发利用准入管理文件进行全面梳理的基础上,分析了各地准入管理机制的差异性,总结了准入管理在信息共享、联合监管环节以及资金和责任认定等方面的经验,提出地方准入管理机制存在的法律法规要求缺失、信息共享机制不完善、全流程监管尚未打通的问题,指出应尽快制定和出台部门间的联合监管政策、加快完善部门间的信息共享机制和强化保障措施,为国家建立污染地块再开发利用准入管理机制提供参考。     

对《中华人民共和国水污染防治法》的理性思考

2008年2月28日,第十届全国人大常委会通过了<中华人民共和国水污染防治法>.与1996年的<中华人民共和国水污染防治法>相比,修订后的<中华人民共和国水污染防治法>虽然在明确违法界限、规范企业排污行为、强化事故应急处置等诸多方面有新的突破,但其仍存在立法目标偏低、地方政府环境法律责任和地下水污染防治的监管责任规定不明确、对违法企业的惩处力度不彻底等值得深思的问题.究其原因.主要有水污染防治立法所涉及的相关领域技术含量过高、决策者对经济发展仍存在顾虑、地方保护主义等.建议这些问题一部分可在<水污染防治法实施细则>中加以解决,另一部分等待修订此法或其他法律时加以完善.     

Sources and fate of PCDD and PCDF

PCDD and PCDF were found in urban air particulates from St. Louis and Washington, D.C., and in sediments from the Great Lakes and Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale. The similarity between the PCDD and PCDF found in air particulates and sediment samples and the presence of PCDD and PCDF in sediment from Siskiwit Lake (a location which can receive only atmospheric inputs) suggest that these compounds are emitted to the atmosphere from combustion sources. The historical input of PCDD and PCDF to dated sediment cores shows a strong increase since 1940, and this suggests that the incineration of chlorinated organic compounds is an important source of PCDD and PCDF to the environment.     

Field and laboratory studies of the fate and enantiomeric enrichment of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

The stereoselectivity of R,S-venlafaxine and its metabolites R,S-O-desmethylvenlafaxine, N-desmethylvenlafaxine, O,N-didesmethylvenlafaxine, N,N-didesmethylvenlafaxine and tridesmethylvenlafaxine was studied in three processes: (i) anaerobic and aerobic laboratory scale tests; (ii) six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) operating under different conditions; and (iii) a variety of wastewater treatments including conventional activated sludge, natural attenuation along a receiving river stream and storage in operational and seasonal reservoirs. In the laboratory and field studies, the degradation of the venlafaxine yielded O-desmethylvenalfaxine as the dominant metabolite under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Venlafaxine was almost exclusively converted to O-desmethylvenlafaxine under anaerobic conditions, but only a fraction of the drug was transformed to O-desmethylvenlafaxine under aerobic conditions. Degradation of venlafaxine involved only small stereoisomeric selectivity. In contrast, the degradation of O-desmethylvenlafaxine yielded remarkable S to R enrichment under aerobic conditions but none under anaerobic conditions. Determination of venlafaxine and its metabolites in the WWTPs agreed well with the stereoselectivity observed in the laboratory studies. Our results suggest that the levels of the drug and its metabolites and the stereoisomeric enrichment of the metabolite and its parent drug can be used for source tracking and for discrimination between domestic and nondomestic wastewater pollution. This was indeed demonstrated in the investigations carried out at the Jerusalem WWTP.     

Meta-analysis of time-series studies of air pollution and mortality: effects of gases and particles and the influence of cause of death,age, and season

A comprehensive, systematic synthesis was conducted of daily time-series studies of air pollution and mortality from around the world. Estimates of effect sizes were extracted from 109 studies, from single- and multipollutant models, and by cause of death, age, and season. Random effects pooled estimates of excess all-cause mortality (single-pollutant models) associated with a change in pollutant concentration equal to the mean value among a representative group of cities were 2.0% (95% CI 1.5-2.4%) per 31.3 microg/m3 particulate matter (PM) of median diameter < or = 10 microm (PM10); 1.7% (1.2-2.2%) per 1.1 ppm CO; 2.8% (2.1-3.5%) per 24.0 ppb NO2; 1.6% (1.1-2.0%) per 31.2 ppb O3; and 0.9% (0.7-1.2%) per 9.4 ppb SO2 (daily maximum concentration for O3, daily average for others). Effect sizes were generally reduced in multipollutant models, but remained significantly different from zero for PM10 and SO2. Larger effect sizes were observed for respiratory mortality for all pollutants except O3. Heterogeneity among studies was partially accounted for by differences in variability of pollutant concentrations, and results were robust to alternative approaches to selecting estimates from the pool of available candidates. This synthesis leaves little doubt that acute air pollution exposure is a significant contributor to mortality.     

Sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by macroalgae and microalgae

The sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by two species of brown macroalgae and five species of microalgae were studied. The two brown macroalgae, Laminaria japonica and Sargassum kjellmanianum, were found to have high capacities at pHs between 4.0 and 5.0 while for microalgae, optimum pH lay at 6.7. The presence of other cations in solution was found to reduce the sorption of the target cation, suggesting a competition for sorption sites on organisms. Sorption isotherms obeyed the Freundlich equation, suggesting involvement of a multiplicity of mechanisms and sorption sites. For the microalgae tested, Spirulina platensis had the highest capacity for Cd, followed by Nannochloropsis oculata, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Platymonas cordifolia and Chaetoceros minutissimus. The reversibility of metal sorption by macroalgae was examined and the results show that both HCl and EDTA solutions were very effective in desorbing sorbed metal ions from macroalgae, with up to 99.5% of metals being recovered. The regenerated biomass showed undiminished sorption performance for the two metals studied, suggesting the potential of such material for use in water and wastewater treatment.     

Meta-Analysis of Time-Series Studies of Air Pollution and Mortality: Effects of Gases and Particles and the Influence of Cause of Death,Age, and Season

Abstract

A comprehensive, systematic synthesis was conducted of daily time-series studies of air pollution and mortality from around the world. Estimates of effect sizes were extracted from 109 studies, from single- and multipollutant models, and by cause of death, age, and season. Random effects pooled estimates of excess all-cause mortality (single-pollutant models) associated with a change in pollutant concentration equal to the mean value among a representative group of cities were 2.0% (95% CI 1.5-2.4%) per 31.3 μg/m³ particulate matter (PM) of median diameter <10 μm (PM₁₀); 1.7% (1.2-2.2%) per 1.1 ppm CO; 2.8% (2.1-3.5%) per 24.0 ppb NO₂; 1.6% (1.1-2.0%) per 31.2 ppb O₃; and 0.9% (0.7-1.2%) per 9.4 ppb SO₂ (daily maximum concentration for O₃, daily average for others). Effect sizes were generally reduced in multipollutant models, but remained significantly different from zero for PM₁₀ and SO₂. Larger effect sizes were observed for respiratory mortality for all pollutants except O₃. Heterogeneity among studies was partially accounted for by differences in variability of pollutant concentrations, and results were robust to alternative approaches to selecting estimates from the pool of available candidates. This synthesis leaves little doubt that acute air pollution exposure is a significant contributor to mortality.     

剩余污泥浓缩脱水投药量优化和模型建立

应用高分子阳离子絮凝剂（CPF-100）和聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）对污水厂剩余污泥进行浓缩脱水实验,研究表明：CPF-100的浓缩脱水效果优于PAM;当CPF-00投加量为1．16‰时,污泥沉降性能改善程度为37．51％;且在CPF-100投加量逐渐增大的初始阶段,污泥沉降性能改善程度随投加量的增加而增大,但CPF-100投加量也不宜过大,当CPF-100投加量超过1．16‰后,反而会使浓缩脱水效果变差。同时,建立了污泥沉降性能改善程度与絮凝剂CPF-100投加量、沉降时间之间的数学模型,其能较好地反映污水厂剩余污泥的浓缩脱水效果。     

骆马湖富营养化和生态状况调查与评价

为了了解骆马湖水质状况，在2005年对骆马湖富营养化状态和生态特性进行了调查，并结合“十五”期间的监测资料进行了分析。2005年骆马湖水体中总氮和总磷的平均值超《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838-2002）中Ⅲ类，超标情况分别为0．78倍和0．54倍，达到湖库特定项目Ⅳ类水标准，骆马湖处于轻度富营养化状态。对骆马湖生态特征分析表明，由于该湖泊的形态以及“藻型浊水状态”和“泥沙型浊水状态”交替出现，遏制了湖水从高营养盐含量向全面富营养化状态演变，保障了底栖动物的良好生长环境，从而形成了骆马湖独特的环境生态平衡。     

Experimental and statistical validation of SPME-GC-MS analysis of phenol and chlorophenols in raw and treated water

A procedure based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed and validated in order to analyse 10 phenols in water samples. The optimised conditions were obtained using polyacrylate fibre (PA), 20ml of sample volume, 10% NaCl, pH 4.0 and direct extraction at 35 degrees C and 1000rpm, for 40min. The linear range and quantification limits for these compounds by SPME-GC-MS were defined. An evaluation of the main uncertainty sources of this method is included, which allows expanded uncertainties in the 9.4-35% range for the majority of the compounds. The main source of uncertainty is associated with matrix effects. The validated method is suitable for monitoring the production and distribution of potable water and was used, in field trials, for the analysis of samples from main intakes of water (surface or underground) and from water supply system of a large area (Lisbon and neighbour municipalities).     

Copper-catalyzed chlorination and condensation of acetylene and dichloroacetylene

The chlorination and condensation of acetylene at low temperatures is demonstrated using copper chlorides as chlorinated agents coated to model borosilicate surfaces. Experiments with and without both a chlorine source and borosilicate surfaces indicate the absence of gas-phase and gas-surface reactions. Chlorination and condensation occur only in the presence of the copper catalyst. C₂ through C₈ organic products were observed in the effluent; PCDD/F were only observed from extraction of the borosilicate surfaces. A global reaction model is proposed that is consistent with the observed product distributions. Similar experiments with dichloroacetylene indicate greater reactivity in the absence of the copper catalyst. Reaction is observed in the gas-phase and in the presence of borosilicate surfaces at low temperatures. The formation of hexachlorobenzene is only observed in the presence of a copper catalyst. PCDD/F were only observed from extraction of the borosilicate surfaces. A global reaction model is proposed for the formation of hexachlorobenzene from dichloroacetylene.     

Aerobic and anaerobic degradation of profluralin and trifluralin

Abstract

The degradation of profluralin [N‐(cyclopropylmethyl)‐α,α,α‐trifluoro‐2,6‐dinitro‐N‐propyl‐]p‐toluidine] and trifluralin (α,α,α‐trifluoro‐2,6‐dinitro‐N,N‐dipropyl‐p‐toluidine) was studied under aerobic and anaerobic soil conditions. Three soils (Goldsboro loamy sand, Cecil loamy sand, Drummer clay loam) were each treated with 1 ppmw herbicide; anaerobic conditions were maintained by flooding. Soil samples were extracted monthly and subjected to TLC analysis. No degradation was detected in sterile controls. Aerobic degradation of both herbicides was greatest in the Cecil loamy sand soil over the entire incubation period. Degradation of profluralin in Cecil soil under aerobic conditions was 86 percent after 4 months with three products detected; 83 percent of the trifluralin was degraded with two products detected. Anaerobic degradation accounted for 72 percent of the profluralin and 78 percent of the trifluralin after 4 months. Degradation of both herbicides increased with incubation time for the first 3 months and decreased slightly thereafter. Generally there was more extensive degradation (percent and in number of products formed) of profluralin than trifluralin under the conditions tested. More degradation products were detected for both herbicides under aerobic conditions than under anaerobic conditions.