臭氧处理天津市纪庄子污水处理厂二级出水的深度处理试验

本文研究了臭氧投量对去除浊度，ＣＯＤ和色度的关系，在静态试验下确定了最佳臭氧与絮凝剂投量。研究了水质的ＰＨ值和臭氧与处理水的接触时间对处理效果的影响，最后讨论了臭氧在污水处理当中的作用机理。     

超滤膜污染和清洗方法的研究

本文以牛血清蛋白为料液,用酸、碱和表面活性剂作为清洗剂,对聚砜、聚丙烯腈等四种不同材质的超滤膜进行了污染和清洗实验,同时还研究了不同ＰＨ值对膜清洗效果的影响,结果表明,对于季铵化聚砚膜,用ＮａＯＨ清洗效果较好,丙烯腈膜以ＨＣｌ清洗效果为好;Ｐ天等电点附近,容易引起吸附     

La~(3+)和Fe~(3+)共掺杂TiO_2/浮石的制备及光催化矿化二级出水的效果

采用溶胶-凝胶法和浸涂法制备了以浮石为载体、La~(3+)和Fe~(3+)为共掺杂离子的TiO_2光催化剂,并用其光催化矿化城市污水处理厂二级出水.La~(3+)、Fe~(3+)改性TiO_2/浮石催化剂用X射线衍射、电镜扫描进行了表征和分析,探讨了La~(3+)、Fe~(3+)掺杂量对TiO_2光催化性能的影响,以及浮石粒径、涂膜层数、催化剂投加量对TiO_2/浮石光催化矿化二级出水效果的影响.结果显示,所制备的TiO_2以混晶形式存在,锐钛矿的含量为78.1%,平均粒径为36nm;TiO_2薄膜在浮石上负载良好,当La~(3+)、Fe~(3+)掺杂量分别为0.5%和0.05%、浮石粒径为20-40目、涂膜层数为4层、催化剂投加量为15 g·L~(-1),光催化反应时间为200min时,二级出水中TOC的去除率为51.6%,La~(3+)、Fe~(3+)改性TiO_2/浮石光催化是一种有效的污水深度处理方法.     

荷电超滤膜的研究——Ⅱ.季铵化聚砜超滤膜的研究

将氯甲基化聚砜(CMPS)超滤膜浸泡于三甲胺水溶液中制得季铵化聚砜(QMPS)超滤膜。本文就一些反应条件对季铵化聚砜超滤膜性能的影响进行了探讨,同时对季铵化聚砜超滤膜和氯甲基化聚砜超滤膜的形态结构作了对比,并研究了它们的亲水性能和电性能等方面的差异。     

聚丙烯腈卷式超滤膜组件的污染及其清洗方法

以牛奶为料液 ,用聚丙烯腈卷式起滤膜组件进行了污染规律和清洗方法的研究 .实验结果表明 :负压抽洗的效果比低压高流速和反冲洗效果好 ;采用物理方法和化学方法结合 ,可明显提高清洗效果 .     

长江三角洲典型地区土壤中重金属的污染评价

以长江三角洲典型地区张家港市为例,运用不同评价标准和方法评价土壤中Cd,Hg,Pb,Cu,As和Cr的污染现状,探讨了不同评价标准和方法评价结果的异同.结果表明,以国家土壤环境质量二级标准为标准,Hg,Cu和Cd出现超标,但超标率都很小.以环境背景值为标准,六种元素超标的样点数明显增加.以环境背景值为标准,元素污染指数比地积累指数更能反映外源污染物导致的土壤中重金属的富集状况,而元素潜在生态风险指数则能反映Cd和Hg等对生态系统的危害风险.在六种元素综合污染评价上,内梅罗综合污染指数(P综)和多金属综合生态风险指数(RI)对土壤的污染评价总体趋势反映一致.     

基于对接的植物激素3D-QSAR和分子动力学模拟

采用分子对接和分子动力学(MD)模拟方法研究植物雌激素类化合物与雌激素受体的相互作用机制,对接结果表明,雌激素受体活性位点的疏水和氢键作用是影响植物雌激素化合物活性的主要原因,植物雌激素类化合物主要与氨基酸残基GLU353、ARG394、HIS524和LEU525之间形成氢键.然后以对接后的分子构象进行分子结构叠合,结合比较分子力场分析(CoMFA)和比较分子相似性指数分析(CoMSIA)方法建立了3D-QSAR模型.CoMFA模型的交叉验证相关系数(Q2)和非交叉验证相关系数(R2)值分别为0.676和0.994,标准估计误差SEE和F统计量分别为0.143和342.115;CoMSIA模型的Q2=0.565,R2=0.972,SEE=0.286和F=111.480.结果表明,CoMFA和CoMSIA模型具有良好的稳定性和预测能力,可为植物雌激素的雌激素效应研究提供有力的支持.采用MD模拟研究了小分子和受体蛋白的动力学情况,为对接结果的合理性提供了验证.     

Pseudomonas fluorescens Z1999降解邻苯二甲酸酯的二级动力学特征

通过驯化富集培养,从处理焦化厂废水的活性污泥中分离获得一株可以在好氧条件下利用邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)作为唯一碳源和能源的荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonasfluorescens编号Z1999),研究了P.fluorescensZ1999对PAEs的降解条件,揭示了P.fluorescensZ1999降解PAEs的动力学特征.试验结果表明,P.fluorescensZ1999对PAEs降解的最佳条件为pH65—80,温度20—35℃,菌种量002—45%,富集驯化时间18—24h.P.fluorescensZ1999可有效降解邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DnBP).在初始浓度为100—750mg·ml-1范围内,DMP,DEP,DnBP的降解反应遵循二级反应动力学方程∶-dS/dt=K2S2 K1S K0,r2=09686—09997.随PAEs浓度和支链烷基碳数的增加,P.fluorescensZ1999对PAEs的最大降解速率p下降,半衰期T1/2增大,抑制作用增强.     

污染物环境界面行为的多尺度计算模拟

污染物的环境界面行为研究一直是环境科学领域的核心和热点内容之一.借助于计算方法能够突破实验方法分析水平的限制,提供从微观到介观的多尺度上的污染物界面行为的化学机制与结构特征.量子力学方法、全原子分子动力学模拟和基于粗粒化体系模型的分子动力学模拟及耗散粒子动力学模拟等不同分子间作用计算方法可依次从原子尺度、分子尺度到介观尺度实现污染物环境界面行为的模拟分析,提供丰富多样的污染物与环境表面相互作用信息.本文综述了典型分子间作用计算模拟方法在污染物的环境界面生成、吸附乃至催化转化等方面的应用进展,分析了现有研究存在的问题和不足,并对未来的研究重点提出了展望.     

膜表面形貌对厌氧膜生物反应器膜污染影响的试验研究

在厌氧膜生物反应器处理高浓度食品废水的试验中,借助原子力显微镜分析了四种表面形貌不同的聚醚砜超滤膜的通量衰减规律.结果表明,超滤膜表面形貌愈粗糙,膜通量的衰减速率愈快,且化学清洗后恢复愈困难.     

利用半透膜被动采样技术监测黄河兰州段典型有机污染物

利用半透膜被动采样技术(SPMD)和固相萃取技术(SPE)对黄河兰州段八盘峡、包兰桥等六个监测断面的几种典型多环芳烃(PAHs)和壬基酚类(NPs)物质进行了采集测定。结果显示所选取的几种目标污染物在各监测点均有不同程度的检出。其中,几种PAHs在监测点水样中SPE测定的浓度为0.04～21.57g·L-1,而在SPMD中的浓度为842～99139g·L-1,富集倍数达到了103～105;NPs在监测点水样中SPE测定的浓度为0.04～2.10g·L-1,在SPMD中的浓度为80-81394g·L-1,富集倍数达到了103～104。利用SPMD数学模型,根据污染物在SPMD类酯中浓度推算出的污染物在水体中的平均浓度值,和利用SPE测得的水样中污染物的实际浓度值具有较高的相关性。该实验研究为发展SPMD技术作为黄河中有机污染物的常规监测手段提供一定的理论依据。     

Membrane fouling control by ultrasound in an anaerobic membrane bioreactor

In this study, ultrasound was used to control the membrane fouling online in an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AMBR). Short-term running experiments were carried out under different operating conditions to explore feasible ultrasonic parameters. The experimental results indicated that when the crossflow velocity was more than 1.0 m/s, membrane fouling could be controlled effectively only by hydrodynamic methods without ultrasound. When ultrasound was applied, an ultrasonic power range of 60–150 W was suitable for the membrane fouling control in the experimental system. The experimental results showed that the membrane fouling was controlled so well that membrane filtration resistance (ΣR) could stay at 5 × 10¹¹ m^?1 for more than a week with the crossflow velocity of 0.75 m/s, which equaled the effect of crossflow velocity of more than 1.0 m/s without ultrasound.     

Relationship between sludge settleability and membrane fouling in a membrane bioreactor

The evolution of activated sludge settleability and its relationship to membrane fouling in a submerged membrane bioreactor were studied at a lab-scale equipment fed with synthetic wastewater. It was found that sludge volume index (SVI) gradually increased and the sludge settleability was reduced, which was caused by the propagation of filamentous bacteria. With increasing SVI, the average increasing rate of trans-membrane pressure increased, the stable filtration period was shortened, and the two stages (smooth stage and accelerating stage) of the trans-membrane pressure were more obvious. At the same time, the increasing rate of trans-membrane pressure at the smooth stage decreased and the rate at the accelerating stage increased with SVI, respectively. The observation by using scanning electronic microscopes showed the cake layer with loose structure and large thickness formed on the membrane surface due to the appearance of filamentous bacteria and high SVI in sludge. Influence of the sludge settleability on the trans-membrane pressure was related to the structure and thickness of the cake layer on the membrane.     

锰氧化物对有机污染物的转化机制研究进展

以土壤/沉积物中普遍存在且具有较强氧化活性的锰氧化物为研究对象,探讨了水-锰氧化物体系对医药品和个人护理用品等典型环境污染物的转化行为,并从污染物的分子结构出发,分别综述了锰氧化物对酚类、胺类、氮杂环、氮杂环N-氧化物、酸类等典型环境污染物的分子转化机制.为该类污染物环境行为及其潜在风险的科学评价、有效控制奠定理论基础.     

Aggravation of membrane fouling and methane leakage by a three-phase separator in an external anaerobic ceramic membrane bioreactor

The existence of three-phase separator did not affect COD removal in the EAnCMBR. The existence of three-phase separator aggravated methane leakage of EAnCMBR. The existence of three-phase separator aggravated membrane fouling rate of EAnCMBR. Start-up of EAnCMBR equipped three-phase separator was slightly delayed. The three-phase separator is a critical component of high-rate anaerobic bioreactors due to its significant contribution in separation of biomass, wastewater, and biogas. However, its role in an anaerobic membrane bioreactor is still not clear. In this study, the distinction between an external anaerobic ceramic membrane bioreactor (EAnCMBR) unequipped (R1) and equipped (R2) with a three-phase separator was investigated in terms of treatment performance, membrane fouling, extracellular polymers of sludge, and microbial community structure. The results indicate that the COD removal efficiencies of R1 and R2 were 98.2%±0.4% and 98.1%±0.4%, respectively, but the start-up period of R2 was slightly delayed. Moreover, the membrane fouling rate of R2 (0.4 kPa/d) was higher than that of R1 (0.2 kPa/d). Interestingly, the methane leakage from R2 (0.1 L/d) was 20 times higher than that from R1 (0.005 L/d). The results demonstrate that the three-phase separator aggravated the membrane fouling rate and methane leakage in the EAnCMBR. Therefore, this study provides a novel perspective on the effects of a three-phase separator in an EAnCMBR.     

中国典型城市主要大气污染物的浓度水平及分布的比较研究

应用柱状图和箱线图对污染物分布情况进行对比分析,明确了2013上半年北京、沈阳、广州、上海和海口5个城市4项污染物（SO2、NO2、PM10、PM2.5）的日均浓度的分布范围。该组数据涉及的站点总计有49个,其中包含的数据量北京有1863个、沈阳有1670个、上海有1452个、广州有1574个、海口有780个。柱状图显示了这段时间每个城市各个站点4种污染物不同浓度的分布范围,北京的ρ（SO2）和ρ（NO2）分布较为集中,主要的质量浓度区间分别是0~40和40~80μg·m-3,分别占北京SO2和NO2总数据量的51.0%和49.7%,ρ（PM10）和ρ（PM2.5）则分布较为分散;沈阳分布较为集中的是ρ（NO2）和ρ（PM2.5）,主要的质量浓度区间分别是0~30和30~60μg·m-3,分别占沈阳NO2和PM2.5总数据量的52.2%和42.8%,ρ（SO2）和ρ（PM10）则分布较为分散;上海和广州分布较为集中的是低浓度下的ρ（SO2）,其他三项污染物分布较为分散。箱线图是利用每个城市所有站点得到的最大值、最小值、上四分位数、下四分位数和中位数的平均值绘制得到的,通过不同城市间的比较可见,同期ρ（SO2）的比较结果是ρ（沈阳）〉ρ（北京）〉ρ（广州）〉ρ（上海）〉ρ（海口）;ρ（NO2）较大的3个城市是北京、上海和广州;对于ρ（PM10）则只有广州和海口2个城市浓度较低,而对于ρ（PM2.5）高值集中在北京、广州和沈阳3个城市。通过谱图间的比较,并结合各个城市的气象条件及经济发展状况,从中可推测除背景点海口外,北京和沈阳主要的污染物是PM2.5和PM10,广州和上海主要的污染物是NO2和PM2.5;北京主要的污染来源是燃煤烟尘和机动车尾气,广州和上海主要的污染来源是机动车尾气,沈阳主要的污染来源是燃煤烟尘。研究结果可为典型城市的环境监管与大气污染控制提供科学依据。     

Enhanced cross-flow filtration with flat-sheet ceramic membranes by titanium-based coagulation for membrane fouling control

• Ceramic membrane filtration showed high performance for surface water treatment. • PTC pre-coagulation could enhance ceramic membrane filtration performance. • Ceramic membrane fouling was investigated by four varied mathematical models. • PTC pre-coagulation was high-effective for ceramic membrane fouling control. Application of ceramic membrane (CM) with outstanding characteristics, such as high flux and chemical-resistance, is inevitably restricted by membrane fouling. Coagulation was an economical and effective technology for membrane fouling control. This study investigated the filtration performance of ceramic membrane enhanced by the emerging titanium-based coagulant (polytitanium chloride, PTC). Particular attention was paid to the simulation of ceramic membrane fouling using four widely used mathematical models. Results show that filtration of the PTC-coagulated effluent using flat-sheet ceramic membrane achieved the removal of organic matter up to 78.0%. Permeate flux of ceramic membrane filtration reached 600 L/(m²·h), which was 10-fold higher than that observed with conventional polyaluminum chloride (PAC) case. For PTC, fouling of the ceramic membrane was attributed to the formation of cake layer, whereas for PAC, standard filtration/intermediate filtration (blocking of membrane pores) was also a key fouling mechanism. To sum up, cross-flow filtration with flat-sheet ceramic membranes could be significantly enhanced by titanium-based coagulation to produce both high-quality filtrate and high-permeation flux.     

苦咸水反渗透淡化中影响膜面的污染因素

由于苦咸水的化学组成和浓度分布在不同地区有着显著的差异,以及淡化工艺中普遍较高的浓缩因子(concentrate factor,CF)值(在4—10之间),苦咸水反渗透(brackish water reverse osmosis,BWRO)淡化过程中的膜污染现象、类型和程度较海水反渗透(seawater reverse osmosis,SWRO)淡化过程有明显的不同.目前,膜污染已成为BWRO大规模应用于苦咸水淡化领域的瓶颈之一,如何解决这一问题成为该领域的研究热点.本文详细综述了国内外BWRO淡化过程中影响膜面污染因素的应用研究进展,重点介绍了进水来源污染成分及污染倾向、进水水质优劣指标和进水物性对膜面污染的影响;按照分离技术的不同,分类讨论了常规预处理和膜法预处理工艺,指出后者不易受进水水质变化的影响,能够更好地降低膜面污染潜能,并针对目前的研究现状提出了建议.