群体感应现象及其在生物膜法水处理中的应用

群体感应是指细菌通过感知分泌到环境中自诱导物浓度的变化来调整基因表达,增强其在复杂环境中的生存能力,是细菌行为社会化的体现.研究者对群体感应的微生态凋控机制进行了深入的探讨,包括自诱导物的合成、运输和对目的基因的表达调控,以及各信号通路之间的竞争关系对细菌适应环境的影响.本文分析了当前相关研究中的热点问题,提出了群体感应机制在生物法水处理领域中的潜在应用方式.图2参32     

阶段法与参考基准法联用在建材气味强度评价中的应用

本文利用气味强度的幂律模型,建立了五阶段法气味强度等级和参考基准法正丁醇溶液浓度的转化关系.计算出了五阶段法气味强度等级对应的正丁醇浓度,并将其应用于五阶段法评价气味等级的过程中.与传统阶段法相比,该方法具有更好的精密度和重复性,适用于评价建材产品的气味强度等级.     

响应面法在催化湿式氧化降解异佛尔酮中的应用

以Ru/TiZrO2为催化剂,采用催化湿式氧化法降解异佛尔酮废水,选择反应温度、氧气分压、反应时间、催化剂用量、初始pH为影响因素,以TOC去除率为响应值,采用响应面法研究影响因素及其交互作用对响应值的影响,建立二次多项式回归方程模型,并采用后退回归法进行模型精简.结果表明,反应时间和反应温度及其交互作用对TOC去除率影响极显著(P≤0.01);反应时间的二次项对TOC去除率影响显著(P≤0.05).随着反应温度的升高和反应时间的延长,TOC去除率逐渐提高.最后对模型进行验证,实验值与预测值具有很好的一致性,说明模型具有可靠的预测性,将该模型应用到催化湿式氧化中合理可行.质谱和离子色谱检测到异佛尔酮的降解产物主要为有机酮与小分子羧酸,由此提出对反应机理和降解途径的假设.     

分子生物学技术在菌根研究中的应用及其进展

近几年来,菌根分子生物学得到了较快发展;尤其是一些用于首根真菌ITS区域的特异引物先后设计并合成成功,进一步推动了菌根学在分子水平上的研究。分子生物学技术在留根真菌分类鉴定及亲缘关系研究上应用较多。在菌根菌竟争性和持续性研究上．DNA分析技术已成为最重要的研究手段之一。在这些研究中,专为菌根真菌ITS区域分析而设计的ITS1-F和ITS4-B两种特异引物应用最为普遍。本文对菌根DNA分析技术、PCR－RFLP技术做了简单介绍;综述了PCR、ITh－RFLP等分析技术在菌根菌分类、亲缘关系及菌种持续性等方面的研究和应用情况。     

代谢组学技术在环境毒理学研究中的应用

代谢组学作为系统生物学的一部分,通过考察机体受刺激后体液或组织中内源性代谢物的动态变化规律,并结合生物信息统计方法,可系统全面地揭示内因和外因作用于机体的毒性效应和机制。代谢组学技术具有快速、灵敏度高、选择性强的特点,逐渐在低剂量环境污染物长期暴露的毒性效应评估方面发挥出优势。本文综述了代谢组学技术的主要研究手段,在毒理学研究中的发展历程和优点,以及在环境毒理学研究中的应用及前景展望。重点讨论了代谢组学技术在重金属和持久性有机污染物(POPs)毒性评估以及环境胁迫耐受性评价中的应用。     

Review on research and application of mesoporous transitional metal oxides in water treatment

This paper reviews the application of meso- porous transitional metal oxides in water treatment on basis of the catalysis and adsorption. Mesoporous transitional metal oxides are characterized by their intrinsic features, such as a high surface area, a highly ordered array of unidimensional pores with a very narrow pore size distribution, and highly dispersed active sites. Finally, the suggestions of further study on application are proposed.     

Ceramic water filter for point-of-use water treatment in developing countries: Principles,challenges and opportunities

• CWF is a sustainable POU water treatment method for developing areas. • CWF manufacturing process is critical for its filtration performance. • Simultaneous increase of flow rate and pathogen removal is a challenge. • Control of pore size distribution holds promises to improve CWF efficiency. • Novel coatings of CWFs are a promising method to improve contaminant removal. Drinking water source contamination poses a great threat to human health in developing countries. Point-of-use (POU) water treatment techniques, which improve drinking water quality at the household level, offer an affordable and convenient way to obtain safe drinking water and thus can reduce the outbreaks of waterborne diseases. Ceramic water filters (CWFs), fabricated from locally sourced materials and manufactured by local labor, are one of the most socially acceptable POU water treatment technologies because of their effectiveness, low-cost and ease of use. This review concisely summarizes the critical factors that influence the performance of CWFs, including (1) CWF manufacturing process (raw material selection, firing process, silver impregnation), and (2) source water quality. Then, an in-depth discussion is presented with emphasis on key research efforts to address two major challenges of conventional CWFs, including (1) simultaneous increase of filter flow rate and bacterial removal efficiency, and (2) removal of various concerning pollutants, such as viruses and metal(loid)s. To promote the application of CWFs, future research directions can focus on: (1) investigation of pore size distribution and pore structure to achieve higher flow rates and effective pathogen removal by elucidating pathogen transport in porous ceramic and adjusting manufacture parameters; and (2) exploration of new surface modification approaches with enhanced interaction between a variety of contaminants and ceramic surfaces.     

A technology for the treatment of olive-mill waste water in a continuously fed plant

A bench-scale pilot plant has been developed for the treatment of olive-mill water. The plant is fed in a continuous mode and implements a primary treatment (sand filtering and irradiation with UV-rays) and a secondary treatment (anoxic and aerobic biological treatment). Satisfactory results were obtained and the treated green water falls under the limits of the Italian legislation. Veratric and ferulic acid biodegradation were studied under anoxic conditions in order to verify the requirements for optimal biodegradation. Electronic Publication     

PM_(2.5)水溶性重金属元素在线监测技术的研究和初步应用

利用气体和气溶胶捕集系统(GAC),与伏安极谱分析仪(VA)的联用,自行研制了一套大气PM_(2.5)水溶性重金属元素在线监测系统(GAC—DPASV),实现了水溶性元素Zn、Cd、Pb、Cu的富集与检测,并对系统各部分的原理和结构进行了描述.该系统时间分辨率为0.5 h,采样时间为15 min,GAC捕集液进样量为5 m L,样品计量进样装置和DPASV检测装置分析时间为30 min.通过一系列参数优化,确定了系统最佳运行条件;混合标液的标定结果显示,Zn、Cd、Pb、Cu的线性相关系数(R2)均在0.987—0.999之间,大气质量浓度最低检出限分别为7.17、0.92、4.25、2.13 ng·m-3;Zn、Cd、Pb、Cu加标回收率分别为114%、103%、111%、96%,Cd测量准确度最高,测量精密度均小于8%,表明整个系统的重现性及准确度良好.在线应用结果表明联用系统能够连续在线自动监测,且Zn、Cd、Pb、Cu水溶性含量受到降雨冲刷影响较大.     

煤化工中焦化废水的污染、控制原理与技术应用

煤化工废水成分复杂,毒性大,以焦化废水最具代表性,研究废水中典型污染物的控制原理很有必要.从煤制气、煤制焦、煤制油及煤制甲醇4个方面介绍了煤化工过程在能源与经济方面上的地位与特点,分析了煤化工过程水污染特征与水污染控制的共性问题,对水质结构的描述及其变化过程的理解是水处理工艺选择的科学基础.固相微萃取(SPME)与GC-MS结合的分析手段能够快速、准确地获得废水水质的化学结构特征及浓度水平的信息,基于元素分析可以获知典型污染物的转化与归趋;结合废水组成、反应、降解与转移的定量考察,可以深入了解废水的生成机制及其处理过程的变化;根据污染物特征选择有效的化学原理如吸附与催化氧化的结合,根据惰性污染物的存在选择生物电化学催化分解,基于协同降解或共基质降解,培养功能微生物,构建基因工程菌,开发功能微生物的应用技术.上述可归纳为根据不同污染物的性质提出相适应的去除原理,系统考虑废水的成分特征、化学转化、生物转化以及相互协调优化,追求更高水平上实现污染物转化与降解的技术目标.最后,根据煤化工焦化废水处理目前暴露的缺陷,提出了未来需要加强研究的若干关键问题.     

Applying chemical sedimentation process in drinking water treatment plant to address the emergent arsenic spills in water sources

Arsenic (As) spills occurred more frequently and sometimes polluted water sources in recent years in China. It is as urgent need to develop emergency treatment technologies to address the arsenic threat for large-scale water treatment plants. In response, we developed a chemical sedimentation technology to remove arsenic contaminants for water treatment plants. Bench-scale experiments were conducted to investigate the efficiency of arsenic removal and the influencing factors of the chemical sedimentation treatment process. The influencing factors included the choice and dosage of coagulants, the valence of arsenic and pH value of solution. The As(V) contaminants can be almost completely removed by ferric or alum coagulants. The As(III) contaminants are more recalcitrant to chemical sedimentation, 75% for ferric coagulant and 40% for alum coagulant. The quantitative results of arsenic removal load by different ferric or alum coagulants were presented to help determine the parameters for arsenic treatment technology. The dominant mechanism for arsenic removal is static combination, or adsorption of negative arsenic species onto positive ferric hydroxide or alum hydroxide flocs. The efficiency of this treatment technology has also been demonstrated by a real production test in one water treatment plant with arsenic-rich source water and one emergency response. This technology was verified to be quick to set-up, easy to operate and highly efficient even for high concentration of arsenic.     

固定化微生物技术在大气恶臭污染物处理中应用研究进展

恶臭污染物（Odor pollutants）是指一切刺激嗅觉器官引起人们不愉快感觉以及损害生活环境的恶臭气味物质的统称。文章首先简要地介绍了大气中恶臭污染物的来源、分类以及危害等,指出大气恶臭污染物的主要来源主要包括农牧业来源、工业生产过程来源和城市垃圾处理恶臭污染来源等;其次,文章对能够处理大气恶臭污染物的反应器类型及其应用现状进行了系统的总结,提出能够应用于大气恶臭污染物处理的固定化微生物技术主要包括生物过滤池、生物滴滤塔和生物膜反应器等;同时着重综述了处理大气中恶臭污染物的影响因素,如底物、微生物、填料、微生物固定化方法、pH值和温度等因素对大气中恶臭污染物净化效率的影响,并且对固定化微生物技术生物转化与生物降解恶臭污染物的微观机理进行了一定的归纳与总结;最后还对固定化微生物技术在处理恶臭污染物方面的应用和未来发展趋势进行了展望,指出如果要真正实现固定化微生物技术在大气恶臭污染物处理中的工业化应用,今后还需要加强以下几个方面的研究工作：优势微生物菌剂的培育、固定化载体的开发与改良、固定微生物反应器的构建与优化和固定化微生物技术与其它单元技术的联用等。     

Isolation and application of an ibuprofen-degrading bacterium to a biological aerated filter for the treatment of micro-polluted water

Ibuprofen (IBU) is widely used in the world as anti-inflammatory drug, which posed health risk to the environment. A bacterium capable of degrading IBU was isolated from activated sludge in a sewage treatment plant. According to its morphological, physiologic, and biochemical characteristics, as well as 16S rRNA sequence analysis, the strain was identified as Serratia marcescens BL1 (BL1). Degradation of IBU required the presence of primary substrate. After a five-day cultivation with yeast powder at 30°C and pH 7, the highest degradation (93.47%±2.37%) was achieved. The process of BL1 degrading IBU followed first-order reaction kinetics. The BL1 strain was applied to a small biological aerated filter (BAF) device to form a biofilm with activated sludge. IBU removal by the BAF was consistent with the results of static tests. The removal of IBU was 32.01% to 44.04% higher than for a BAF without BL1. The indigenous bacterial community was able to effectively remove COD_Mn (permanganate index) and ammonia nitrogen in the presence of BL1.

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Increasing significance of advanced physical/chemical processes in the development and application of sustainable wastewater treatment systems

The awareness of the problem of the scarcity of water of high quality has strongly changed the approach of wastewater treatment. Currently, there is an increasing need for the beneficial reuse of treated wastewater and to recover valuable products and energy from the wastewater. Because microbiological treatment methods are, only to a limited part, able to satisfy these needs, the role and significance of physical/chemical processes in wastewater treatment are gaining more and more interest. The specific future role and aim of the various physical/chemical treatment processes can be categorized in five groups: improvement of the performance of microbiological treatment processes, achievement of the high quality required for reuse of the effluent, recovery of valuable components and energy from the wastewater for beneficial reuse, desalination of brackish water and seawater, and treatment of concentrated liquid or solid waste residues produced in a wastewater treatment process. Development of more environmentally sustainable wastewater treatment chains in which physical/chemical processes play a crucial role, also requires application of process control and modeling strategies. This is briefly introduced by the elaboration of treatment scenarios for three specific wastewaters.