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液氨泄漏事故树分析及风险预测 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
对液氨泄漏的原因进行了系统的归类,依此绘制了液氨泄漏事故树。分析得出,管理问题的基本事件结构重要度均要大于设备故障的基本事件,对各基本事件提出了相应的防范措施。最后以甘肃某化肥厂液氨储罐为例,对事故树中管道破裂致液氨泄漏产生的危害范围进行了预测。 相似文献
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在不同经济社会发展情况下,危险废物的风险源危险性和风险受体脆弱性存在很大差异。因此,城市对危险废物采取的风险防控和应急措施应该因城市而异。然而,目前我国大部分城市对危险废物的管理仍然是全过程从严管理,并未建立基于风险评估的环境管理体系。本研究以城市为边界,从危险废物的风险源危险性、风险受体脆弱性和风险防控与应急能力3个维度构建评估指标体系,然后在层次分析法的基础上,采用等比例分配法对指标进行赋权,并运用线性加权法合成经过正向化处理的指标评分值,从而得出危险废物城市环境风险评估结果。通过计算3个维度评分值的耦合度,可以确定风险防控与应急能力维度与风险源危险性维度和风险受体脆弱性维度的匹配程度。运用该方法对深圳市开展案例研究,结果表明,深圳市在“无废城市”建设试点期间,主要通过提升风险防控与应急能力,将危险废物城市环境风险值降低了20.7%;并且风险防控与应急能力维度与风险源危险性维度和风险受体脆弱性维度的匹配度较高,属于高风险高能力城市。因此,建议深圳市在下一步工作中,继续完善涉危险废物项目环境准入审查,严格评估危险废物再利用安全,不断加强信息化手段在环境监管中的应用,避免涉危险废物突发环境事件的发生,全面降低危险废物对城市造成的环境风险。 相似文献
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针对近年来我国交通事故次生突发环境事件呈上升趋势,在分析总结我国近10年的交通事故次生突发环境事件基础上,聚焦目前危化品道路运输风险底数不清、缺乏环境风险防控工程体系和有效技术支撑以及部门联动协作等主要问题,为提高交通运输次生突发环境事件的防控能力,基于环境敏感受体等因素,提出了相关对策建议。具体对策建议包括:通过建立危化品运输道路环境风险评估体系,识别全国重大环境风险路段,摸清风险底数;推广“南阳实践”经验,消除或减轻事件影响;加强和完善部门沟通协作机制;建立健全危化品道路运输应急处置体系,提升应急处置能力。 相似文献
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基于目前国家建立环境污染责任保险制度的规划需求和河南省当前新发展形势需要,选择以河南省典型高污染、高风险行业(即煤化工行业)为研究对象.在对相关理论进行分析的基础上,识别影响河南省煤化工行业的环境风险因子,并确定指标的评估标准(权重及评分结果).遵照指标体系的建立原则,采用层次分析法,从内在性和外在性两方面因素构建煤化工行业环境风险等级划分指标体系,进一步将评分结果与环境风险等级比对,最终将煤化工行业的环境风险等级划分为5个等级,为河南省环境污染责任保险制度的建立奠定基础. 相似文献
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新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情对中国经济社会发展和生态环境保护都产生了深刻影响。为确保打赢污染防治攻坚战,切实保障生态环境安全,在全面分析疫情背景下生态环境问题新形势的基础上,根据疫情防控不同阶段的特点,提出生态环境监管对策:(1)疫情防控初期,加大对疫情防控行业的环保支持,加强医疗废物、医疗污水、城镇生活污水处理处置以及医疗机构辐射安全等监管;(2)疫情防控与复工复产叠加期,多措并举督促企业落实好相关污染防治主体责任,助力企业复工复产;(3)疫情结束后期,进一步健全环境健康风险应急管理决策机制、制度体系与能力建设。 相似文献
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深入分析碳捕集、利用与封存(CCUS)项目捕集、运输、利用与封存等环节的主要环境问题,并借鉴现行环境影响评价(简称环评)体系,提出中国CCUS项目环评技术建议,包括CCUS项目工程分析、区域环境现状调查与评价、项目环境影响预测与评价、跟踪监测方案制定等方面。最后分析了中国目前推行CCUS项目环评制度存在的障碍:超临界CO2管道运输泄漏的风险评价模型尚未建立、封存导致的CO2渗漏的概率和规模尚不清楚以及温室气体排放影响评价所需的基本数据缺乏等,旨在为环境管理部门决策提供参考。 相似文献
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Skaare JU Markussen NH Norheim G Haugen S Holt G 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》1990,66(4):309-324
Residue levels of the chlorinated hydrocarbons polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), total DDT, alpha-, beta- and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and oxychlordane in blubber, and the elements mercury, cadmium, copper, selenium, arsenic, and zinc in liver, of 82 harbour seals, Phoca vitulina, were determined. The seals were found dead or dying in Norwegian waters during the disease outbreak caused by a morbilli virus in 1988. Of the chlorinated hydrocarbons, the highest concentrations were found of PCBs, which were 2-4 times higher than the total DDT concentrations. P,p'-DDE was the main contributor to the total DDT, and constituted about 80%. The PCB and total DDT concentrations ranged from 0.4-38 and 0.1-8.8 mg kg(-1), respectively. The mercury concentrations ranged from 0.1-89 mg kg(-1). Significantly higher mean levels of PCBs (13 mg kg(-1) and mercury (16 mg kg(-1)) were found in blubber and liver, respectively, of seals from the Southern coast of Norway, as compared to the corresponding mean levels in seals from the Oslofjord (8.8 and 4.1 mg kg(-1)), and at the Northwestern coast (5.8 and 7.9 mg kg(-1)), respectively. A significant positive correlation was found between the concentrations of selenium and mercury. When the seals were grouped according to sex and age, females of ageclass > 1 and pups of both sexes had significantly lower PCB and total DDT levels than males ageclass > 1. Significantly higher hepatic mercury levels were found in seals ageclass > 1 as compared to pups. Only low levels of the other organochlorines, cadmium and arsenic, were found. Copper and zinc were considered to be present at normal physiological levels. The present organochlorine and heavy metal concentrations gave no support to suggestions that organochlorines and heavy metal pollution may be directly involved in the observed seal deaths. 相似文献
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J.O. Ogunbileje V.-M. Sadagoparamanujam J.I. Anetor E.O. Farombi O.M. Akinosun A.O. Okorodudu 《Chemosphere》2013,90(11):2743-2749
This study was aimed at investigating the relative abundance of heavy metals in cement dust from different cement dust factories in order to predict their possible roles in the severity of cement dust toxicity. The concentrations of total mercury (Hg), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), iron (Fe) and chromium (VI) (Cr (VI)) levels in cement dust and clinker samples from Nigeria and cement dust sample from the United States of America (USA) were determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption (GFAAS), while Zn and Ca were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS), and Cr (VI) by colorimetric method. Total Cu, Ni and Mn were significantly higher in cement dust sample from USA (p < 0.05), also, both total Cr and Cr (VI) were 5.4–26 folds higher in USA cement dust compared with Nigeria cement dust or clinker (p < 0.001). Total Cd was higher in both Nigeria cement dust and clinker (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001), respectively. Mercury was more in both Nigeria cement dust and clinker (p < 0.05), while Pb was only significantly higher in clinker from Nigeria (p < 0.001). These results show that cement dust contain mixture of metals that are known human carcinogens and also have been implicated in other debilitating health conditions. Additionally, it revealed that metal content concentrations are factory dependent. This study appears to indicate the need for additional human studies relating the toxicity of these metals and their health impacts on cement factory workers. 相似文献
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《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2005,39(5):813-821
Based on calculation of the emission rate of the atmospheric mineral dust and the data of elemental contents in surface soils, this paper calculates the emission inventory of eight main elements of the atmospheric dust, Fe, Al, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ca and Ti, in the dust source region of East Asia. As the dust sources in both Northern China and the Southern Mongolia are of three types and, in each of the six source type areas, surface soils are relatively uniform in soil types and soil texture, a simple method to calculate the emission of an element in one source type area is proposed by multiplying the total emission of the dust PM10 and PM50 in the source type area with the mean percentage content of the element in surface soils of the area. Comparison of our calculation of the total Fe emission in the source region of East Asia with the total Fe deposition to the North Pacific Ocean, measured and calculated by previous authors, shows very good agreement. This general method can also be used for the emission calculation of any other element. 相似文献
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Fangmeier A Grüters U Högy P Vermehren B Jäger HJ 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》1997,96(1):43-59
CO(2) enrichment is expected to alter leaf demand for nitrogen and phosphorus in plant species with C(3) carbon dioxide fixation pathway, thus possibly causing nutrient imbalances in the tissues and disturbance of distribution and redistribution patterns within the plants. To test the influence of CO(2) enrichment and elevated tropospheric ozone in combination with different nitrogen supply, spring wheat (Tritium aestivum L. cv. Minaret) was exposed to three levels of CO(2) (361, 523, and 639 microl litre(-1), 24 h mean from sowing to final harvest), two levels of ozone (28.4 and 51.3 nl litre(-1)) and two levels of nitrogen supply (150 and 270 kg ha(-1)) in a full-factorial design in open-top field chambers. Additional fertilization experiments (120, 210, and 330 kg N ha(-1)) were carried out at low and high CO(2) levels. Macronutrients (N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg) and three micronutrients (Mn, Fe, Zn) were analysed in samples obtained at three different developmental stages: beginning of shoot elongation, anthesis, and ripening. At each harvest, plant samples were separated into different organs (green and senescent leaves, stem sections, ears, grains). According to analyses of tissue concentrations at the beginning of shoot elongation, the plants were sufficiently equipped with nutrients. Elevated ozone levels neither affected tissue concentrations nor shoot uptake of the nutrients. CO(2) and nitrogen treatments affected nutrient uptake, distribution and redistribution in a complex manner. CO(2) enrichment increased nitrogen-use efficiency and caused a lower demand for nitrogen in green tissues which was reflected in a decrease of critical nitrogen concentrations, lower leaf nitrogen concentrations and lower nitrogen pools in the leaves. Since grain nitrogen uptake during grain filling depended completely on redistribution from vegetative pools in green tissues, grain nitrogen concentrations fell considerably with severe implications for grain quality. Ca, S, Mg and Zn in green tissues were influenced by CO(2) enrichment in a similar manner to nitrogen. Phosphorus concentrations in green tissues, on the other hand, were not, or only slightly, affected by elevated CO(2). In stems, 'dilution' of all nutrients except manganese was observed, caused by the huge accumulation of water soluble carbohydrates, mainly fructans, in these tissues under CO(2) enrichment. Whole shoot uptake was either remarkably increased (K, Mn, P, Mg), nearly unaffected (N, S, Fe, Zn) or decreased (Ca) under CO(2) enrichment. Thus, nutrient cycling in plant-soil systems is expected to be altered under CO(2) enrichment. 相似文献
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Geyer HJ Schramm KW Feicht EA Behechti A Steinberg C Brüggemann R Poiger H Henkelmann B Kettrup A 《Chemosphere》2002,48(6):631-644
The elimination half-lives (t1/2) in Sprague-Dawley rats for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 1,2, 3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PeCDD), 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HxCDD), 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HpCDD) and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) were estimated in long-term studies by Schlatter, Poiger and others. Furthermore, there are some published half-lives of TCDD in adult humans. The average half-life of TCDD in adult humans is approximately 2840 days, while in Sprague-Dawley rats the average t1/2 of TCDD is 19 days. The t1/2 of TCDD in humans is about 150 times that of rats. This factor was used to calculate the t1/2 values of the other polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) in humans from the rat data. Furthermore, the terminal t1/2 values of PCDDs in adult humans were calculated from the regression equation: logt1/2H = 1.34 logt1/2R + 1.25 which was recently established for 50 xenobiotics (t1/2H = terminal half-lives in days for humans, t1/2R = terminal half-lives in days for rats). The following terminal half-lives in adult humans were obtained: 12.6 years for 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, 26-45 years for 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD, 80-102 years for 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD and ca. 112-132 years for OCDD. These half-lives of PCDDs are critically compared with measured t1/2 values of PCDDs and other persistent organic pollutants in rats, monkeys and humans. 相似文献
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Zhang Tong Ma Bianbian Wang Lijun 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2023,30(2):2787-2799
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Grain, vegetable, and fruit samples were collected from Xi’an City in Northwest China and analyzed for the characteristics, bio-accessibility,... 相似文献
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