固体缓释碳源处理低碳氮比污水的脱氮及机理

通过投加PHB(聚-β-羟丁酸)和改性天然缓释碳源,在填料高度0.6 m处的实验表明,投加PHB后反应体系保持着对NH3-N较好的去除效果,去除率为13.04%~94.56%(均值67.45%)。而投加改性天然缓释碳源后,出水NH3-N浓度高于原水;待改性天然缓释碳源完全消耗后,出水NH3-N浓度低于原水。投加改性天然缓释碳源比投加PHB对去除NO-3-N和TN的效果更好,在投加改性天然缓释碳源33 d左右内,系统保持着对NO-3-N和TN很高的去除效果,去除率分别达到17.31%~97.37%(均值77.18%)和33.69%~88.16%(均值74.06%)。在实验参数的基础上,投加改性天然缓释碳源后,系统对高效脱氮的时间可维持33 d左右,反应体系对TN的去除主要依赖于反硝化细菌的异化作用。     

响应曲面法优化HMBR去除TN的工艺条件

采用复合式膜生物反应器HMBR处理低C/N(3-5)实际生活污水,TN含量17~45 mg/L。基于CCD响应曲面法,考察了溶解氧DO、水力停留时间HRT和污泥龄SRT的单独作用及交互作用,并建立TN去除率数学模型。结果表明,影响因子显著性顺序为HRTSRTDO,三者间存在一定的交互作用,但并不显著;数学模型回归性较好,预测最大TN去除率为75%,最佳条件组合为:DO=3.79 mg/L,HRT=8.84 h,SRT=33.62 d,验证实验结果 TN的去除率为73%,与预测值相比偏差仅为3%。采用HMBR处理低C/N生活污水,可以满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)一级标准中对TN≤15 mg/L的限制要求。     

PCL-SND系统的脱氮效果

以处理水产养殖水体中的含氮化合物为目的,采用气提反应器,建立以聚己内酯(polycaprolactone,PCL)为碳源和生物膜载体的同时硝化反硝化(simultaneous nitrification and denitrification,SND)系统(PCL-SND),研究其启动过程及脱氮效果以及水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time,HRT)对PCL-SND系统脱氮效果的影响。结果表明,在PCL填充率为10%,HRT为24 h,进水氨氮(NH+4-N)浓度为10 mg/L,硝态氮(NO-3-N)浓度为50 mg/L的条件下,系统运行45 d达到稳定状态,NH+4-N和TN的去除率分别为(76.55±0.98)%和(56.85±2.21)%。HRT对PCL-SND系统脱氮效果的研究表明,一定范围内,TN去除率随着HRT的减小而下降,出水NO-3-N浓度随着HRT的减小而升高,当HRT8 h,NH+4-N去除率基本稳定(85%~89%),HRT为24 h时,脱氮效果最好,TN和NH+4-N去除率分别为(68.56±1.64)%和(87.75±2.78)%,出水NO-3-N浓度(15.72±1.46)mg/L。p H和总碱度均随HRT的减小而下降,生物量却随HRT的减小而增大。     

水力停留时间对天然纤维素类固体碳源反硝化滤池处理效果的影响

为了有效去除低C/N(质量比)生活污水中的TN,考察了水力停留时间(HRT)对以稻秆、玉米芯和大豆壳等天然纤维素为填料和固体碳源(以下简称碳源)的反硝化滤池的脱氮效果的影响,从COD、TN、TP去除规律和不同阶段释碳速率的变化,分析和比较不同HRT和碳源种类下反硝化滤池的脱氮性能,获得了不同碳源对应的最佳HRT,并探讨了最适碳源种类。以稻秆、玉米芯、大豆壳为碳源时,反硝化滤池的最佳HRT分别为2.0、2.0、4.0h,出水TN分别为0.3、0.2、0.4mg/L,TN去除率均为97.8%以上,此时出水COD、TP分别为37.6～44.9、0.4～0.6mg/L。玉米芯释碳速率低,释碳持久稳定,投加玉米芯为碳源的反硝化滤池在4个月后仍可保持高效、稳定的反硝化脱氮性能。     

序批式活性污泥工艺生物脱氮现场试验

针对某污水处理厂序批式活性污泥工艺(SBR)升级改造中遇到的问题,进行了现场试验。分别研究了前置反硝化、前后同时反硝化工艺处理效果。结果表明:(1)SBR处理城市污水,COD、NH+4-N能够达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918—2002)一级A标准,但不能保证TN达标,其中碳源不足是关键因素。(2)补充葡萄糖作为外加碳源,可以保证TN达标。葡萄糖最优投加量为125mg/L,此时TN的去除率为76.1~83.8%,出水TN稳定在11~12mg/L。     

响应面法优化Fenton试剂法处理槟榔废水

本实验研究了Fenton试剂法处理槟榔废水的工艺条件。基于Box-Behnken响应曲面法,考察了初始p H值、双氧水投加量、硫酸亚铁投加量和反应时间的单独作用和交互作用,并建立了TOC去除率数学模型。实验表明,在初始p H值为5,双氧水投加量为50 mg/L,硫酸亚铁投加量为12.5 g/L,反应时间为120 min,0.2%PAM加入量为0.2 m L时,整个反应过程对TOC去除率可达到64.1%。通过Box-Behnken响应曲面可知,双氧水投加量、硫酸亚铁投加量的交互作用对TOC去除率有显著影响,其中双氧水投加量对TOC去除率的影响极显著。Fenton试剂处理槟榔废水最佳的工艺条件为:双氧水投加量为54.2 m L/L,硫酸亚铁投加量12.55 g/L,初始p H值为4.98,反应时间为103.5 min。在此条件下TOC去除率为70.18%。     

红薯渣和城市污泥混合发酵产酸强化污水脱氮除磷

投加红薯渣促进城市污泥厌氧发酵产酸量,并将所得有机酸应用到污水处理外加碳源,强化污水脱氮除磷效果。实验结果表明,红薯渣和城市污泥混合发酵产酸比单一污泥发酵效果更好,有机酸产量可提高3倍左右,且做补充碳源时品质好,发酵液中COD∶TN∶TP约为160∶1∶1.6。将混合发酵所得有机酸应用到污水脱氮除磷外加碳源,结果表明,混合发酵所得有机酸优于污泥热碱预处理碳源和乙酸钠,污水处理出水中平均COD、TN和TP分别为(32.1±1.45)、(4.8±0.52)和(0.7±0.18)mg/L,TN和TP去除率分别达到(87.2±1.20)%和(90.0±0.18)%。因此,红薯渣的投加,可以大大提高城市污泥发酵产酸效果,优化发酵液碳源的品质。     

HRT对UASB厌氧反硝化脱氮的影响

在反硝化脱氮的影响因素方面,研究多集中在碳源种类和碳氮比(C/N)2个方面,而对水力停留时间(HRT)的影响很少有报道。采用UASB作为厌氧反硝化反应器,进水NO_3~--N为50 mg·L~(-1),C/N比固定为1.5,分别以葡萄糖和乙酸钠作碳源,研究HRT对反硝化效果的影响。结果表明:当外加碳源为葡萄糖时,最佳HRT为6 h,此时NO_3~--N和TN的去除效果最好,去除率分别为79.5%和63.8%,出水NO_2~--N和NH_4~+-N浓度分别为4.69 mg·L~(-1)和2.22 mg·L~(-1);当外加碳源为乙酸钠时,最佳HRT为4 h,对应的NO_3~--N和TN去除率分别为99.0%和91.4%,出水NO_2~--N和NH_4~+-N浓度分别为3.08 mg·L~(-1)和0.47 mg·L~(-1)。HRT对反硝化效果有显著影响,且跟碳源种类有关。HRT会影响反硝化菌、反硝化异化还原成铵(DNRA)细菌和其他异养菌之间的平衡。     

固体碳源生物膜处理地下水硝酸盐污染的脱氮性能研究

采用聚己内酯(PCL)为固体碳源和生物膜载体,研究填充率和水力停留时间(HRT)对生物膜反应器脱氮的影响。结果表明:(1)40%(体积分数)的填充率较合适,4h为最佳HRT。此时反应器硝酸盐氮去除率为88%,出水硝酸盐氮质量浓度平均值为8.80mg/L。(2)丛毛单胞菌属(Comamonas)、热单胞菌属(Thermomonas)、固氮螺菌属(Azospira)和长绳菌属(Longilinea)为反应器的主要菌属,且填充率40%的反应器以上菌属相对丰度总和最高(70%)。     

CAST工艺处理低C/N生活污水的强化脱氮性能

研究了不同运行条件对CAST工艺处理低C/N实际生活污水脱氮性能的影响,并对pH值和ORP的变化规律进行了分析。结果表明,传统4 h运行模式下,提高原水C/N比,TN去除效果并无显著提高;对于低C/N生活污水,降低充水比有利于提高出水TN去除率,然而,充水比降至16%时,系统因低负荷运行发生污泥膨胀。在不投加外碳源的情况下,采用分段进水交替A/O运行模式可大幅改善系统脱氮性能,且TN去除率随着交替次数的增多而提高,交替4次平均去除率达87.23%。系统采用实时控制方式运行时,可根据有机物降解、氨氧化及反硝化时pH值和ORP曲线上是否出现拐点,来判断反应系统的曝气以及搅拌时间是否过长、适当或不足。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.