北京市PM2.5污染特征 、来源分析及其重金属健康风险评价

分析了2016年北京市的PM_(2.5)及其中的Zn、Pb、Mn、Cu、Cr、As、Ni、Cd、Sb、Co、V、Ba、Al、Fe、Mg、Ti、Ca、S 18种元素含量,并对重金属As、Cr、Pb、Cd、Ni、Mn、Cu和Zn进行了相应的健康风险评价。结果表明:PM_(2.5)质量浓度为14.63～206.35μg/m~3,年平均值为74.00μg/m~3,超过《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)二级标准(35μg/m~3)1倍多;PM_(2.5)中S、Zn、Sb、Pb和Cd的富集程度较高,主要来源于机动车尾气排放、燃煤和工业活动;Mn、Pb、Cr、Zn、Cu、As、Cd、Ni 8种重金属对儿童、成人女性、成人男性的非致癌总风险均小于1,不存在非致癌风险;As、Cd、Cr和Ni 4种重金属的致癌风险为1.94×10~(-7)～6.04×10~(-5),均小于10~(-4),部分重金属可能存在潜在致癌风险,主要是As和Cr存在潜在致癌风险。     

南京仙林地区大气PM2.5中金属化学形态分析及其风险评估

采用四步连续提取法提取不同季节南京仙林地区PM_(2.5)中不同化学形态的金属组分。结果显示:(1)PM_(2.5)日均值平均为84.93μg/m3,75%的样品超过了《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)中PM_(2.5)日均值二级标准值(75μg/m~3)。(2)PM_(2.5)中Fe、Zn和Pb浓度最高,As和Cd浓度最低。(3)Zn、Cd和Mn主要以弱酸提取态(F1)存在,Pb以可还原态(F2)为主,As主要以F1和F2存在,Ni和Cr以F1和可氧化态(F3)为主,Cu主要为F1、F2、F3,Fe和Ti大部分以残渣态(F4)存在。(4)Zn具有非常高的环境风险,Cd、As、Cu和Mn均表现出高风险,Pb、Ni和Cr具有中等风险,Fe、Ti具有低风险。(5)对于儿童,Cr具有潜在致癌风险;对于成人,As和Cr具有潜在致癌风险。     

湖南某铅锌锰冶炼区总悬浮颗粒物重金属来源及健康风险评价

通过监测湖南某典型铅锌锰冶炼区大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)和铅锌冶炼企业外排废气中Cd、Cr、As、Ni、Pb、Zn、Cu和Mn的浓度水平,应用富集因子、相关性及主成分分析研究了铅锌冶炼企业外排废气中重金属含量与大气TSP中重金属含量的关系,采用美国环境保护署(USEPA)的人体暴露风险评价模型进行了健康风险评价。结果表明:废气中重金属平均浓度表现为ZnCrMnCuNiPbCdAs。其中,致癌物质Cd、Cr、As、Ni的平均质量浓度分别为4.87、27.06、0.09、12.54μg/m~3,非致癌物质Pb、Cu、Zn、Mn的平均质量浓度分别为5.87、17.98、10 426.87、23.52μg/m~3。大气TSP中重金属平均浓度表现为ZnCuPbMnNiCrAsCd。其中,致癌物质Cd、Cr、As、Ni的平均质量浓度分别为1.07、1.63、1.59、2.00μg/m~3,非致癌物质Pb、Cu、Zn、Mn的平均质量浓度分别为36.30、65.54、189.79、35.03μg/m~3。Zn、Pb、Cu、Ni、Mn可能为同一来源,主要来源于铅锌冶炼企业的外排废气,Cr主要来源于电解锰企业的废渣堆放,Cd主要来源于煤燃烧。大气TSP中致癌物质Cd、Cr、As与Ni的致癌风险基本都高于10-4,说明Cd、Cr、As与Ni存在较大的致癌风险;非致癌物质Pb与Mn的非致癌风险高于1,存在较大的非致癌风险,尤其是Mn。     

泰山景区冬季和春季PM_(2.5)的化学组分特征研究

为探究泰山景区PM_(2.5)的化学组分特征,于2015年2月(冬季)和4月(春季)在位于泰山景区中的南天门和位于泰山景区与泰安城区交界处的某学校2个点位采集PM_(2.5)样品,并分析其化学组分。结果表明,泰山景区冬季和春季的PM_(2.5)质量浓度分别为(65.14±42.21)、(54.32±25.96)μg/m~3,冬季高于春季,某学校高于南天门。SO_4~(2-)是泰山景区PM_(2.5)中浓度最高的水溶性离子,冬、春季的水溶性离子污染来源比较稳定。泰山景区存在一次有机碳向二次有机碳转化的反应。冬季,Ti、Na、K、Mg的富集因子(EF)介于1~10之间,为人为来源和自然来源的混合来源;Ca、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb的EF10,主要来自于人为来源。春季,Na、K、Mg、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni的EF介于1~10之间,为人为来源和自然来源的混合来源;Ca、V、Cu、Zn、Pb主要来自于人为来源(EF10);Ti主要来自于自然来源。     

长春市净月区颗粒物重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

为了解长春市净月区不同粒径颗粒物重金属的污染特征及健康风险,于2017年4—6月采集PM_1、PM_(2.5)、PM_5、PM_(10)及总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品,利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪测定8种重金属(Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni、V、Co、Sb、Mn)及Al浓度,采用富集因子法判断8种重金属的富集程度,进一步结合健康风险评价模型对人群健康风险进行评估。结果表明,净月区4月PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、TSP均超出《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)二级标准。8种重金属中,Sb、Pb浓度相对较高,Pb主要富集在细颗粒物(PM_1、PM_(2.5)、PM_5)上,Cd、Ni、Mn、V、Sb主要富集在粗颗粒物(PM_(10)、TSP)上,富集因子排序为SbCdPbCoCrNiVMn。Cd、Cr、Ni、V、Mn的非致癌风险熵(HQ)小于1,非致癌风险水平可接受;Sb的HQ大于1,对人群存在非致癌风险。Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni的致癌风险值R大于10~(-6),存在致癌风险。     

南方某铅锌锰冶炼区周边大气降尘重金属污染水平及风险评价

于2016年8月至2017年1月分别对南方某铅锌锰冶炼区周边(污染区)及大新村(对照区)进行大气降尘干法采集,测定了大气降尘中Cd、Zn、Pb、Mn、Cu、As、Ni、Cr含量,采用富集因子法、潜在生态风险指数法和健康风险评价对大气降尘重金属污染进行源解析与风险评价。结果表明,污染区大气降尘中Cd、Cr、Mn、Ni、Pb、As、Zn、Cu均值分别为166.6、104.5、6 109.0、80.9、635.9、53.6、8 838.5、180.3mg/kg,分别为背景值的691.3、2.1、11.6、2.4、24.5、2.9、106.6、6.9倍。富集因子法分析得出,污染区大气降尘中Cd、Zn和Pb主要来源于铅锌冶炼以及电解锰企业;Mn、Cu、As和Ni在大气降尘中富集程度次之,既受自然源,也受人为源影响。生态风险评价表明,污染区大气降尘中Cd为极强生态危害,Pb、Zn属于强生态危害,Cu、As、Ni、Cr均为轻微生态危害,综合潜在生态风险达到很强生态危害等级。健康风险评价表明,污染区大气降尘中重金属主要健康风险来源于非致癌风险,致癌风险可忽略。大气降尘中Pb、As、Cd经手-口摄入途径对儿童存在非致癌风险,应采取措施降低污染区大气降尘中Pb、As、Cd含量,控制手-口摄入途径对儿童的非致癌风险。     

常德市柳叶湖表层沉积物重金属元素分布特征及潜在生态风险评价

柳叶湖表层沉积物中重金属的状况对洞庭湖流域生态环境具有重要影响。对该区域内31个采样点表层沉积物中重金属的含量及形态进行监测和分析,同时采用潜在生态风险指数法和健康风险评价模型进行风险评价。结果表明：(1)重金属平均值均高于洞庭湖水系水体沉积物重金属元素背景值。参考《土壤环境质量标准农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 15618—2018),Cd可能存在污染风险。(2)Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni来源相似,Mn有单独的来源,As有多个来源。(2)表层沉积物中As、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni主要以残渣态为主,Cd和Mn主要是以弱酸可提取态和可还原态为主,Pb主要以可还原态为主。(3)Cd的单项潜在生态风险指数为57.0,属于中等风险,其他7种重金属均属于轻微风险。8种重金属的综合潜在生态风险指数为100.8,属于轻微风险。(4)成人、儿童的致癌、非致癌总风险处于可接受范围,且儿童的致癌、非致癌总风险指数均高于成人。As的致癌风险指数大于Cd; Zn的非致癌风险指数最低,而Cr最高。     

黄石市冬/春季大气PM_(10)中重金属形态特征研究

采用三级序列提取程序分离黄石市黄石港区、西塞山区、大冶市、阳新县PM10中的不同形态重金属,并使用电感耦合等离子体质谱对分离后液体中8种重金属(Cu、Cd、Zn、Cr、As、Pb、Ni、Co)的含量进行测定。同时,将传统金属生物有效性系数(k)进行加权,从而以重金属生物有效性综合系数(K)直观表征4个区域空气PM10中重金属对人体健康的危害程度。结果表明:(1)As为黄石市主要重金属污染物,冬季西赛山区As的质量分数为85.5%。(2)黄石港区PM10中冬季Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb和春季Cu、Cr、Pb,西塞山区PM10中冬季Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Ni、Co和春季Zn、Cd、Cr、Pb、Ni、Co,大冶市PM10中冬季Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni和春季Cd、As、Pb,阳新县PM10中冬季Zn、Cd、As、Pb和春季Zn、Cd、Pb,其k均大于0.2,对当地居民的健康存在潜在风险或风险。综合评价,阳新县冬季和大冶市春季的大气重金属污染较严重,其K分别为0.544和0.340,对人体健康风险较大。     

天津典型道路环境PM2.5中重金属的粒径分布及健康风险评价

2015年7月3—17日,采集天津3条典型道路路边道路交通环境中不同粒径段的PM_(2.5)样品,分析其中的12种金属元素,并开展健康风险评价。结果表明:(1)3种典型道路上PM_(2.5)均超过《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)中二级日均限值(75μg/m~3)。主干道、次干道、快速路上PM_(2.5)中金属元素累计质量浓度分别为0.68、0.74、0.67μg/m3。(2)多数金属元素的粒径分布存在明显差异。Zn和Cu为轮胎和刹车片磨损标志物,峰值在较大粒径颗粒物上。Sb通常作为添加剂以Sb2S3的形式加入到刹车片中,峰值出现在0.2～1.0μm粒径段。(3)Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Sn、Sb和Pb的富集因子10,受到人为源的作用。对于儿童和成人群体,全部道路路边环境的非致癌风险危险指数均大于1,具有非致癌风险。PM_(2.5)中Cr、Co、Ni、As、Cd的致癌风险基本上均超过美国环境保护署推荐的可接受风险阈值(10-6),具有明显的致癌效应。     

株洲市冬季室内PM2.5污染成分特征及健康风险研究

为研究室内PM2.5及其载带重金属元素的污染特征和健康风险,在2017年12月至2018年1月,在株洲市典型的居民住宅和相邻校园的学生宿舍的室内采样收集PM2.5样本,评估重金属元素的污染程度和识别来源,并评价潜在的健康风险。结果表明:(1)宿舍、住宅室内PM2.5分别为(57.20±23.95)、(90.31±27.41)μg/m3。非地壳元素中Fe最高。(2)宿舍和住宅室内PM2.5中Cu、As、Zn、Pb、Sb、Se和Cd均表现出显著富集,人为污染源显著;住宅主要污染源是吸烟和土壤尘再悬浮,宿舍室内主要受室外源影响。(3)采样期间室内PM2.5中Mn存在一定的非致癌风险,As、Cd及Cr存在一定的致癌风险。     

大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究进展

二（口/恶）（口/英）是世界公认的强致癌物质,对人体健康危害极大.近年来,大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）的研究已成为各国环境化学家研究的热点.本文总结了近年来国际上有关大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究的进展情况,以及所取得的主要研究成果,并在此基础上指出了我国目前研究中存在的问题及以后所应开展的工作.     

Bioaccessibility of arsenic in various types of rice in an in vitro gastrointestinal fluid system

Rice can be a major contributor to dietary arsenic exposure because of the relatively high total arsenic concentration compared to other grains, especially for people whose main staple is rice. This study employed in vitro gastrointestinal fluid digestion to determine bioaccessible or gastrointestinal fluid extractable arsenic concentration in rice. Thirty-one rice samples, of which 60 % were grown in the United States, were purchased from food stores in New York City. Total arsenic concentrations in these samples ranged from 0.090 ± 0.004 to 0.85 ± 0.03 mg/kg with a mean value of 0.275 ± 0.161 mg/kg (n = 31). Rice samples with relatively high total arsenic (>0.20 mg/kg, n = 18) were treated by in vitro artificial gastrointestinal fluid digestion, and the extractable arsenic ranged from 53 % to 102 %. The bioaccessibility of arsenic in rice decreases in the general order of extra long grain, long grain, long grain parboiled, to brown rices.     

Assessment of in situ biodegradation of monochlorobenzene in contaminated groundwater treated in a constructed wetland

The degradation of monochlorobenzene (MCB) was assessed in a constructed wetland treating MCB contaminated groundwater using a detailed geochemical characterisation, stable isotope composition analysis and in situ microcosm experiments. A correlation between ferrous iron mobilisation, decreasing MCB concentration and enrichment in carbon isotope composition was visible at increasing distance from the inflow point, indicating biodegradation of MCB in the wetland. Additionally, in situ microcosm systems loaded with 13C-labelled MCB were deployed for the first time in sediments to investigate the biotransformation of MCB. Incorporation of 13C-labelled carbon derived from the MCB into bacterial fatty acids substantiated in situ degradation of MCB. The detection of 13C-labelled benzene indicated reductive dehalogenation of MCB. This integrated approach indicated the natural attenuation of the MCB in a wetland system. Further investigations are required to document and optimise the in situ biodegradation of MCB in constructed and natural wetland systems treating contaminated groundwater.     

Bioaccessibility of arsenic in various types of rice in an in vitro gastrointestinal fluid system

Rice can be a major contributor to dietary arsenic exposure because of the relatively high total arsenic concentration compared to other grains, especially for people whose main staple is rice. This study employed in vitro gastrointestinal fluid digestion to determine bioaccessible or gastrointestinal fluid extractable arsenic concentration in rice. Thirty-one rice samples, of which 60 % were grown in the United States, were purchased from food stores in New York City. Total arsenic concentrations in these samples ranged from 0.090 ± 0.004 to 0.85 ± 0.03 mg/kg with a mean value of 0.275 ± 0.161 mg/kg (n = 31). Rice samples with relatively high total arsenic (>0.20 mg/kg, n = 18) were treated by in vitro artificial gastrointestinal fluid digestion, and the extractable arsenic ranged from 53 % to 102 %. The bioaccessibility of arsenic in rice decreases in the general order of extra long grain, long grain, long grain parboiled, to brown rices.     

Bioaccumulation of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane in perch in Swedish lakes

Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), a high production volume chemical used in personal care products, enters the environment both via air and sewage treatment plant (STP) recipients. It has been found in fish, and there is concern that it may be a bioaccumulative substance. In this work D5 was analyzed in perch from six Swedish lakes that did not receive STP effluent, and in perch and sediment from six lakes that received STP effluent. In the lakes receiving the STP effluent, the D5 concentrations in sediment varied over three orders of magnitude and were correlated with the number of persons connected to the STP normalized to the surface area of the receiving body. In the lakes not receiving effluent, the D5 levels in perch were all below the LOQ, while D5 was above the LOQ in almost all perch from lakes that received effluent. The D5 concentrations in perch and sediment from the lakes receiving STP effluent were correlated. This shows that STP effluent is a much more important source of D5 to aquatic ecosystems than atmospheric deposition, and that the risk of adverse effects of D5 on aquatic life will be greatest in small recipients receiving large amounts of STP effluent. The bioaccumulation of D5 was compared to that of PCB 180 on the basis of multimedia bioaccumulation factors (mmBAFs), which describe the fraction of the contaminant present in the whole aquatic environment (i.e. water and surface sediment) that is transferred to the fish. In four of the six lakes the mmBAF of D5 was >0.3 of the mmBAF of PCB 180. Given that PCB 180 is a known highly bioaccumulative chemical, this indicates that the bioaccumulation of D5 in perch is considerable.     

Origins of Manganese in Air Participates in California

The proportions of manganese to other metals in samples of airborne fine particles taken at some sites in California have increased greatly since the beginning of 1985. Here, data are presented which indicate that the addition of manganese to leaded gasoline is largely responsible for this increase. Concentrations of manganese, silicon, titanium, iron, lead and other elements in airborne particles were measured using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis. Coefficients of correlation among levels of manganese, iron and lead measured at twenty sites in California were calculated. Levels of manganese and iron are generally highly correlated because of the presence of large amounts of these elements in the earth’s crust. Levels of airborne manganese and lead at sites In Southern California are often highly correlated, suggesting a vehicular source of manganese. Observed manganese concentrations are apportioned into two major sources: the earth’s crust and motor vehicles. The apportionment indicates that vehicular emissions of manganese may account for a significant part of the total at urban sites in Southern California. At most other sites, the contribution from vehicles is found to be far smaller than that from the earth’s crust.     

饮用水中硝酸根的催化还原研究进展

由于化肥的过度使用 ,造成地下水中硝酸盐的污染日益严重。饮用水中高浓度的硝酸盐对人类健康会产生极大的威胁。本文综述了催化还原脱除水中硝酸根的研究进展和现状 ,并对其发展趋势进行了简单的论述。     

Residues of organochlorine pesticides in fishes in Sudan

Abstract

Cotton‐producing areas of the Centrol Sudan, bordered by the Blue and the White Nile, have been subjected to repeated applications of pesticides. This region is irrigated by a series of canals, the Gezira canals, which hold large amounts of fresh water. Lake Nubia at the Sudan‐Egypt border is another important fresh water reservoir and fisheries ground. Fish from both the Gezira and Lake Nubia showed elevated concentrations of pesticides, suggesting that continued pesticides application would endanger the equatic fauna of this region and the proposed fresh water fishery.     

Lead concentrations in birds of prey in Britain

This paper reports on lead (Pb) concentrations in the livers of 424 individuals of 16 raptor species found dead and sent for analysis to the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Monkswood, from the early 1980s to the early 1990s. Elevated Pb concentrations in liver (>20 ppm dry wt), within the range associated with Pb poisoning mortality in raptors, were recorded in one peregrine (4% of species sample) and one buzzard (2% of species sample). These birds are likely to have ingested lead gunshot in the flesh of their prey. Another one each of these species had liver Pb concentrations of 15-20 ppm dry wt, reflecting unusually high absorption of Pb. No individuals of any other species had >15 ppm dry wt liver Pb, although some had 6-15 ppm. The source of Pb in these birds was unknown, but it could have resulted from high Pb concentrations in prey items, including some containing lead shot. Median liver Pb concentrations were generally very low (ranging from <0.07 to 1.61 ppm dry wt for species with sample sizes exceeding 10). In sparrowhawks, for which a large sample was available, liver Pb concentrations in all but one individual were low (<2.6 ppm dry wt). Pb concentrations in juveniles were significantly lower than in adults, and were lowest in recently fledged birds.     

Involvement of glutathione in the reduction of captan-induced in vivo inhibition of monooxygenases and liver toxicity in the rat

If given orally captan is relatively nontoxic, but it can be extremely toxic after parenteral exposure. Therefore, a single i.p. dose of captan (20 mg/kg) was given to male Sprague-Dawley rats and its effect on liver microsomal mixed function oxidases and certain serum enzymes (SDH, SGPT and SGOT) was studied. The single dose of captan caused marked depression of microsomal cytochrome P-450 and the activity of benzphetamine N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase, and moderate elevation of the serum enzymes indicative of liver damage. However, reduced glutathione (100 mg/kg, i.p.) given prior to captan, appears to decrease the liver toxicity as measured by reduced inhibition of the microsomal enzymes and elevation of serum enzymes activity. The results suggest that glutathione and other compounds containing sulfhydryl groups may protect the subjects from captan-induced liver toxicity.