紫外与次氯酸钠消毒效果及影响因素研究

选取大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli)为示踪菌种,研究了紫外消毒和次氯酸钠消毒的灭活效果(用对数灭活率来衡量),进行了实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(PCR)检测,同时考察了浊度、Fe3+浓度、有机物对紫外消毒的灭活效果影响,以及pH、氨氮浓度对次氯酸钠消毒的灭活效果影响。结果表明:(1)紫外消毒和次氯酸钠消毒对大肠埃希氏菌均有较好的灭活效果。紫外辐射剂量为15mJ/cm2时即可达到4.55的对数灭活率;次氯酸钠投加量为2.5mg/L,消毒时间30min即可100%灭活。(2)当紫外辐射剂量为15mJ/cm2时,浊度、Fe3+浓度增加或投加腐殖酸均可使紫外消毒的灭活效果变差。(3)pH升高或者氨氮浓度增大均会导致次氯酸钠消毒的灭活效果变差。     

氨氮浓度对次氯酸钠消毒中水的影响

研究了氨氮浓度对次氯酸钠消毒中水的影响,讨论了中水氨氮浓度、氯胺浓度、总余氯浓度、消毒接触时间和总大肠菌群指标的变化关系。结果表明,氨氮随消毒接触时间呈先降低再升高的趋势,中水氨氮浓度越高,其变化幅度越小,反之,则变化幅度较大;氯胺浓度随消毒接触时间的延长先升高再降低,而总余氯量则逐渐降低,并有一定的持续消毒作用;此外,总余氯随次氯酸钠投加量的增加呈先升高后降低再逐渐升高的趋势,整个反应过程符合折点加氯消毒理论;当次氯酸钠投加量与氨氮的比值（以后简称C1／N）为25／1时,氨氮消耗掉的次氯酸钠量最多,生成的总余氯量最少;当C1／N比大于25／1时,消毒后中水氨氮浓度为零,反之,则随C1／N比升高逐渐降低;而当氨氮浓度相同时,中水消毒达标的主要影响因素是水中总大肠菌群的数量。     

折点加氯反应在次氯酸钠消毒中水中的应用

为研究中水消毒过程,对次氯酸钠消毒中水的折点加氯反应与消毒效果之间的关系进行研究。通过探讨加氯量位于折点曲线不同位置的消毒效果,分析接触时间和氨氮浓度的影响,得出了根据氨氮浓度确定的接触时间和加氯量公式。结果表明,氨氮浓度〈2 mg/L时,将加氯量控制在折点之后接触反应30 min,氨氮浓度〉2 mg/L时,将加氯量控制在峰点附近接触反应60 min均可实现中水消毒要求。     

对电化学消毒影响因素的研究

利用电化学方法对某污水处理厂二级处理后的絮凝池出水进行消毒,利用自行研制的新型电解消毒器,固定极板间距为5mm,分别研究了电流、消毒期内的停留时间、消毒后存放时间和水流方向等结构参数对消毒效果的影响。用实验室自配水研究了水质(SS、COD、TN、TP和NH3-N等)因素与消毒效果的关系,并优化工艺条件参数,使出水基本满足城市污水处理厂的污水排放标准。     

回用生活污水的电化学消毒试验研究

对北京某中水站回用于杂用水的生活污水进行电化学消毒试验。试验结果表明 ,生活污水经生物接触氧化、活性炭吸附后 ,流经电化学消毒器停留 2 0s、耗电 0 .30kWh/m3 、消毒器出水放置 1h后 ,总大肠菌群数 <3个 /L ,满足生活杂用水的卫生学指标。当余氯浓度及接触时间相等的条件下 ,电化学消毒法的杀菌效果好于加氯消毒。E .coli细胞经电化学消毒和加氯消毒处理后 ,扫描电镜观察的结果表明 :2种方法作用后的细胞在形态上的变化是不相同的 ,说明电化学消毒的消毒机制不仅仅取决于电解产氯的作用 ,还有其他的杀菌作用     

二沉池出水的电化学消毒试验研究

对德国威斯巴登城市污水处理厂和上海石化股份公司水质净化厂二沉池出水分别进行了电化学消毒试验。试验结果表明,用电化学方法对威斯巴登城市污水处理厂和上海石化股份公司水质净化厂二沉池出水进行消毒是可行的,消毒效果好,耗电少,杀菌率随电流、处理时间的增加而提高。     

电化学法消毒处理医院污水的试验研究

采用电化学法消毒处理医院污水,通过选用不同阳极材料构建的电化学体系,探讨电化学法的消毒机理.试验表明,以涂有贵金属(钌、铂和铱)氧化物的钛板作阳极,不锈钢板作阴极,在电流密度为8 mA/cm2、水力停留时间为15 min、空气流量为40L/h、极水比为1.0的试验条件下,消毒后污水中总大肠菌群数＜500 cfu/L,达到国家一级排放标准(GB8978-1996).     

铁屑内电解法处理电镀含铬废水的实验研究及应用

详细介绍了铁屑内电解法处理技术的基本原理,同时就该法对六价铬去除率的影响因素：停留时间、pH值、铁炭比和铁屑粒径进行了动态试验,得到了较佳工艺参数,并成功应用于工程实例。结果表明：用铁屑内电解+斜管沉淀池+微孔过滤机处理电镀含铬废水,Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率达到99.6%以上,出水各监测指标优于国家《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978-1996）一级排放标准。实践证明该工艺投资少,处理成本低,运行简单,效果好。     

远C波段紫外线消毒的原理及应用前景

紫外线 (UV) 是一种高效、绿色的消毒技术,广泛应用于气、水和物体表面的病原微生物灭活。远C波段UV (远UV-C,200~230 nm) 消毒所需剂量辐照对人体的伤害尚未被发现,表明远UV-C具备人机共存原位消毒的潜力,因此该技术近期受到关注。概述了远UV-C光源、灭活机制和辐照安全性方面的研究进展：输出主峰位和半峰宽分别为222 nm和4 nm的KrCl准分子灯是最为成熟的消毒用远UV-C光源;远UV-C通过蛋白质损伤和核酸干扰2种途径实现病原微生物灭活,灭活能力较传统UV-C (如254 nm) 更强;尚未发现消毒所需剂量的远UV-C辐照导致的健康危害,如红斑和角膜炎。而在实际应用中,应谨慎对待高剂量远UV-C辐照暴露,确保在现有实验证据基础上,逐步提高远UV-C安全使用的剂量阈值,并考虑与通风系统或臭氧淬灭系统协同使用以避免伴生臭氧造成的二次伤害。本文旨在为远UV-C在高效灭活病原微生物、阻断高传染性疾病传播领域的应用提供参考。     

紫外线-茶多酚/次氯酸钠联合消毒管网微生物特性分析

紫外线对微生物的杀灭效果较好,但持续性差,引入茶多酚作为辅助消毒剂,采用管网动态模拟系统,对比了紫外线-茶多酚联合消毒和紫外线-次氯酸钠联合消毒后管网微生物的总量、群落分布和有机物荧光特性变化。结果表明,紫外线-茶多酚联合消毒对微生物的灭活效果比紫外线-次氯酸钠联合消毒更好,并且对致病菌和耐氯性细菌也有很强的杀灭能力。紫外线-茶多酚联合消毒后,酪氨酸类物质荧光和类腐殖酸物质荧光特性产生变化,说明这2类物质含量大量减少,可能会影响微生物的生长;此外,管壁生物膜中出现了儿茶素、表儿茶素类物质,这说明茶多酚与管壁微生物发生了相互作用;紫外线-次氯酸钠联合消毒后酪氨酸类的荧光特征峰发生蓝移,这说明次氯酸进入微生物内发挥氧化作用。     

Transformation of phenol, catechol, guaiacol and syringol exposed to sodium hypochlorite

Germs, xenobiotics and organic matter that influence the colour, turbidity and organoloeptic properties of water are removed by chlorination. Unfortunately, chlorine oxidants including sodium hypochlorite, used in water treatment induce processes that partly convert the treated compounds to unwanted chlorinated derivatives. The purpose of this work was to analyse the efficiency of transformation of phenol, catechol, guaiacol and syringol exposed to sodium hypochlorite and determine the intermediates formed during oxidative conversion of these compounds. The analysis was performed in aerobic conditions, both in acidic (pH 4.0) and alkaline (pH 8.0) medium. The effectiveness of transformation was slightly higher in acidic in comparison to alkaline conditions. Some chlorophenols, such as 2-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol were determined as the products of phenol conversion. Chlorophenols were also formed during catechol, guaiacol and syringol transformation by replacement of hydroxy and methoxy residues by chlorine atoms. Moreover, some chlorocatechols and chlorinated methoxyphenols were determined during catechol and methoxyphenols transformations. Higher concentrations of chlorinated compounds were observed in the alkaline environment during phenol transformation. Conversion of catechol and methoxyphenols generated higher amounts of chlorinated intermediates in the acidic medium. In samples carboxylic acids like acetic and formic acids were determined. The formation of these compounds was the result of the cleavage of aromatic structure of phenols.     

紫外/次氯酸钠和紫外/过碳酸钠工艺降解水杨酸的影响因素及降解机理

采用紫外/次氯酸钠(UV/NaClO)和紫外/过碳酸钠(UV/SPC)工艺降解水中水杨酸(SA),且利用协同因子(R)作为评价指标,分别考察了氧化剂投加量、pH、阴离子(NO₃^-、HCO₃⁻)和腐殖酸(HA)等因素对SA去除的影响,结合TOC对比了2种工艺对SA的去除效果,通过鉴定中间降解产物探讨了SA可能的降解路径。结果表明：UV/NaClO和UV/SPC工艺中SA的去除均符合拟一级反应动力学,R与拟一级反应动力学常数(k_obs)变化趋势相似。当NaClO和SPC质量浓度分别为 3 mg·L⁻¹和12 mg·L⁻¹时,2种工艺中k_obs分别为0.173 2 min⁻¹和0.258 8 min⁻¹,而 R_UV/NaClO和R_UV/SPC分别为9.5和15.9。k_obs和R随氧化剂投加量的增加而升高,因过量的SPC消耗产生的羟基自由基(·OH)会导致k_obs降低。初始pH对SA去除有较大影响,酸性环境有利于UV/NaClO工艺去除SA,而UV/SPC工艺则在pH=7具有较好的SA去除效果。NO₃⁻与HCO₃⁻对UV/NaClO工艺去除SA有轻微的促进作用,而显著抑制UV/SPC工艺对SA的去除。HA对2种工艺中SA的去除均有抑制作用。相比UV/NaClO,UV/SPC工艺对TOC去除更为显著。通过分析SA的密度泛函理论(DFT)并结合主要的降解产物推测SA的降解机理主要为自由基的取代和氧化。     

Principle and applications of microbubble and nanobubble technology for water treatment

In recent years, microbubble and nanobubble technologies have drawn great attention due to their wide applications in many fields of science and technology, such as water treatment, biomedical engineering, and nanomaterials. In this paper, we discuss the physics, methods of generation of microbubbles (MBs) and nanobubbles (NBs), while production of free radicals from MBs and NBs are reviewed with the focuses on degradation of toxic compounds, water disinfection, and cleaning/defouling of solid surfaces including membrane. Due to their ability to produce free radicals, it can be expected that the future prospects of MBs and NBs will be immense and yet more to be explored.     

医疗废物消毒集中处理工程技术规范修订思路及实施建议

高温蒸汽、微波消毒、化学消毒3项医疗废物消毒集中处理工程技术规范发布实施以来,对引导和规范我国医疗废物消毒集中处理工程建设和运行发挥了有益作用。然而,随着行业发展和技术升级,尤其是新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情发生之后,医疗废物处置行业面临新的挑战和机遇,医疗废物消毒集中处理工程的建设和运行也亟需与之匹配。在此背景下,修订后的高温蒸汽、微波消毒、化学消毒3项医疗废物消毒集中处理工程技术规范于2021年4月发布实施。基于对技术规范实施情况和行业发展现状的梳理,分析了上述3项技术规范修订的必要性,阐释了3项技术规范在建设规模、消毒处理工艺要求、污染控制技术要求、消毒效果检测频率等方面的修订思路,并且针对3项技术规范的实施提出了明确适用情景、明确技术定位、明确法律效力的建议。本研究可为新时期医疗废物消毒集中处理工程的建设和运行提供参考。     

Hepatic antioxidant enzymes and total glutathione of Cyprinus carpio exposed to three disinfectants, chlorine dioxide, sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid, for superficial water potabilization

This study was carried out in order to assess the effects of disinfectant-treatment on antioxidant response of Cyprinus carpio L. Therefore, enzymatic activities of glutathione S-transferases, glyoxalase I, glyoxalase II, glutathione peroxidases, glutathione reductase, catalase and total glutathione content of carp liver, exposed to surface water treated with three disinfectants for potabilization, sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide and peracetic acid were investigated. Specimens of carp were exposed in four experimental tanks supplied with a continuous water flow from Lake Trasimeno (Italy), three of them treated with constant concentration of sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide and peracetic acid, for 10 and 20 days, while the control tank was supplied with untreated lake water. Differences in biochemical parameters were observed in specimens following exposure to these disinfectants and mainly, chlorine compounds induced marked biochemical variations of carp liver, compared to those induced by peracetic acid treatment. Our results showed that antioxidant parameters of Cyprinus carpio could be used as biomarkers of oxidative stress when this species is exposed to disinfectants for water potabilization.     

Processing of aerogels and their applications toward CO2 adsorption and electrochemical reduction: a review

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Aerogels are a unique class of nanoporous ultralight materials exhibiting wide range of textural characteristic properties and tunable porosities. Due...     

Multifarious revolutionary aspects of microbial keratinases: an efficient green technology for future generation with prospective applications

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Since the dawn of century, tons of keratin bio-waste is generated by the poultry industry annually, and they end up causing environmental havoc....     

水泥分解炉内生活垃圾与煤粉燃烧特性分析和技改建议

将生活垃圾制备成垃圾衍生燃料（RDF）,再投入水泥分解炉内进行燃烧处理是生活垃圾无害化处置的重要途径。与煤粉相比,RDF在分解炉内的燃烧与运动特性存在较大差异,从而对分解炉的正常运转产生较大影响。通过检测分析、热工计算和计算流体动力学模拟（CFD）等手段,对比了RDF与煤粉在燃烧、运动特性等方面存在的差异。结果表明,与煤粉相比,RDF的水分、灰分含量偏高,固定碳含量偏低, 单位RDF燃烧理论空气量只有煤粉的14.5%。入炉煤粉的特征粒径为20 μm,RDF为10 mm;粒径小于10 mm的RDF喂入分解炉后随烟气向下游流动,但大于10 mm的直接向下运动,并在分解炉缩口和中部形成循环。经过空气干燥、粉磨后的RDF颗粒着火温度为235~242 °C,煤粉着火温度为375 °C,然而考虑实际使用时入炉RDF水分含量高、尺寸大等,其在分解炉内燃烧速度通常较煤粉慢。为此,建议水泥企业在对RDF进行准确的工业分析和元素分析基础上,通过热工标定、CFD模拟等手段优化RDF处置尺寸与喂入位置,确保RDF在分解炉内完全燃烧。     

Ion-imprinted polymers for environmental monitoring of inorganic pollutants: synthesis, characterization, and applications

Ion imprinting has become one of the fast-growing technologies that have gained a lot of attention recently especially in the area of materials science. One of them is called the ion-imprinted polymers (IIPs). The IIPs are synthesized on the principles of enzyme phenomenon whereby a polymer is altered by a polymerization that takes place in the presence of a template that will be later removed to create cavities that will recognize only the analyte of interest. This specific and selective affinity for the target species decreases the chances of competition with other different types of ions. The imprinting technique started with the discovery of the bulk polymerization method where by the monomer, initiator, crosslinker, and template are mixed together and allowed to polymerize, and then the resulting polymer is ground and sieved to get particles with sizes suitable for the polymer's application. The IIPs have got some attractive qualities for use in environmental applications which include their stability and inexpensiveness and have a wide range of synthesis options with each suiting a certain unique application. Apart from environmental work, IIPs have applications in many other areas such as in membranes, in drug delivery, and in biosensors as alternatives to antibodies just to mention a few. This review focuses on the synthesis, types of imprinting, characterization, and applications of IIPs.