基于k-Means算法的生活垃圾焚烧设施烟气二恶英防控

为深入探究生活垃圾焚烧设施二恶英的防控方法,采用k-Means算法对华南某生活垃圾焚烧发电厂焚烧设施的运行状态和不同炉内状态下二恶英排放特征及控制机理进行研究。结果表明,该厂3台焚烧炉具有显著不同的运行状态 (类别1和2) (p<0.05) ,在不同状态下,其常规污染物及二恶英排放特征差异显著 (p<0.05) ,类别1炉内状态较差,其排放的CO质量浓度是类别2状态下的2倍,二恶英的质量浓度是类别2状态下的1.5倍。类别1和类别2状态下二恶英的主导生成机理分别为“前驱物合成反应”和“从头合成反应”。为降低二恶英的排放,该厂首先应保证烟气流量大于10.5×10⁴ m³·h⁻¹ (均值11.8×10⁴ m³·h⁻¹) ,其余参数最优范围为：烟气含氧量大于7.0% (均值8.6%) 、CO质量浓度低于9.0 mg·m⁻³ (均值3.5 mg·m^-3) 、烟气湿度小于23.7% (均值21.3%) 、烟气温度为140~154 ℃ (均值145.7 ℃) 。当通过运行控制手段无法保持上述参数控制范围时,应分析原因并考虑停炉检修。本研究结果可为优化焚烧过程、降低二恶英排放、生活垃圾焚烧发电厂长期稳定运行的判别和精细化管理提供参考。     

炉排式垃圾焚烧炉参数敏感性分析与燃用高热值垃圾运行优化的数值模拟

针对垃圾热值提高造成的炉排式垃圾焚烧炉受热面超温问题,采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法模拟焚烧炉内垃圾焚烧过程,并将模拟结果与Morris敏感性分析方法结合,考察一次风温度、过量空气系数、干燥段风量占比和垃圾停留时间4个输入参数改变对垃圾着火位置和下炉膛最高烟气温度2个输出参数的敏感性,以评估各参数对炉内垃圾焚烧的影响,得到更为有效的运行参数调整方案。结果表明,垃圾停留时间是最敏感的控制参数,一次风温度和炉排配风比例也是较敏感的参数。在此基础上,对某1 000 t·d⁻¹焚烧炉燃用高热值垃圾运行优化开展模拟分析发现,缩短垃圾停留时间和调整炉排配风比例使着火点位置接近基准垃圾工况,使烟道前侧壁面附近温度降低93 K;进一步调整后墙二次风入射角至水平,可显著降低进料口壁面附近温度,且烟气温度、氧气和未燃气体的体积分数均满足国家排放标准。本研究结果可为炉排式垃圾焚烧炉燃用高热值垃圾的运行优化提供参考。     

城市生活垃圾焚烧炉深度空气分级数值模拟

对广州市某台750t/d大型城市生活垃圾焚烧炉进行数值模拟优化研究,有效模拟预测城市生活垃圾焚烧炉内温度场、流场和重要组分浓度场等的分布。对100%负荷运行下的城市生活垃圾焚烧炉进行二次风与燃尽风的分级配风优化研究,模拟结果显示,在二次风与燃尽风风量比为0.65∶0.35(体积比)时,城市生活垃圾焚烧炉内二次燃烧显著,且烟气在850℃以上区域的停留时间达2s以上,满足充分分解二噁英等污染物的条件。尾部烟道出口NO_x质量浓度为250.58mg/m~3,比原始运行工况(259.01mg/m~3)降低了3.3%,是较理想的空气分级方案。     

O2/CO2工况下回转窑和分解炉内煤粉燃烧的数值模拟及可靠性验证

为研究O_2/CO_2烟气循环煅烧水泥技术实现CO_2和NOx减排的可行性,采用数值模拟的方法对某2 500 t·d~(-1)回转窑和分解炉模型进行了21%O_2/79%CO_2助燃氛围下煤粉燃烧的研究,对比分析了O_2/CO_2助燃工况下与空气助燃工况下回转窑、分解炉的模拟结果,并通过实验验证了数值模拟的可靠性。结果表明:与空气助燃工况下相比,O_2/CO_2助燃工况下回转窑、分解炉的煤粉燃尽率分别为92.41%、91.15%,下降了3.06%、3.51%;分解炉出口处生料分解率为90.54%,下降了2.90%,仍满足生产需求;O_2/CO_2助燃工况下回转窑、分解炉的NO排放量明显下降,脱硝率分别为74.47%、11.80%;烟气中CO_2体积分数从32.23%增加到95.35%,通过简单的处理就可以实现C捕获。上述研究结果为O_2/CO_2烟气循环煅烧水泥技术的推广应用提供了参考。     

二次风喷嘴角度对炉排式垃圾焚烧炉内燃烧及选择性非催化还原脱硝的影响

利用CFD技术,对某城市处理量为750 t·d-1的垃圾焚烧炉内燃烧与选择性非催化还原脱硝（SNCR）过程进行建模分析,重点研究了二次风喷嘴角度的改变对焚烧炉内燃烧温度场的影响及其对提高SNCR脱硝效率的作用。模拟结果表明,焚烧炉二次风喷嘴角度调整为相互交叉45°,可以改善炉内燃烧状况,促进炉膛内烟气与空气的混合,使炉膛内温度场分布均匀,有利于SNCR还原反应;二次风喷嘴角度改变后,在一定程度上保证了SNCR系统喷入的尿素液滴在炉膛内的停留时间。与平行二次风相比,使用交叉二次风送风方案,前墙喷嘴脱硝效率提高4.8%,后墙喷嘴脱硝效率提高了19.7%。     

垃圾焚烧炉二次配风优化数值模拟

针对城市生活垃圾焚烧发电的排放问题,以重庆市某垃圾焚烧炉为原始模型,在炉膛两侧炉壁的适当位置设置二次配风口,并采用CFD（计算流体动力学）方法对炉膛内气体的二次燃烧过程进行数值模拟。通过观察对比有无二次配风以及二次配风口位置不同时炉膛内气体的温度场、气体在炉膛内的停留时间分布以及炉膛内气体的混合程度和湍动能等,重点分析了二次风在气体燃烧过程中所起的作用,并对2种不同二次配风口位置时抑制二恶英产生的效果进行了评价。通过对垃圾焚烧炉二次风的优化数值模拟,获得了适合本焚烧炉的比较合理的二次配风条件,可为焚烧炉的设计和改进提供一些有价值的参考。     

煤无烟燃烧锅炉炉内燃烧特性分析

对一台所设计的DZL1.0-0.7-AⅢ煤无烟燃烧锅炉炉内燃烧特性进行了数值模拟.对床层反应,采用了基于热力学平衡法的"黑箱模型",而对于床层上方炉膛空间内的气相湍流燃烧则采用了标准k-ε模型、旋涡消散模型和离散坐标模型.采用非结构化四面体网格生成技术处理复杂炉膛几何空间的网格生成.通过数值模拟,得到炉内速度场,温度场,浓度场等参数的分布特性.结果表明:"多孔分层错列撞击流式"二次风的引入对于改变炉内流动和燃烧特性,加强炉内烟气和空气的混合,强化燃烧及实现炉内消烟除尘具有重要的作用.     

燃尽风位置高度对NOx生成的影响

针对山东某电厂200 MW四角切圆燃烧锅炉NOx排放量过高的问题,采用多空气分级低氮燃烧技术对其进行改造,基于FLUENT软件平台,对改造前后炉内燃烧过程进行模拟计算,与工业性实验结果进行对比分析;并在额定工况下,对5种不同燃尽风位置高度的改造方案进行模拟计算,综合分析炉内燃烧及氮氧化物生成排放的情况,确定燃尽风位置的最佳高度。计算结果表明:改造后,炉内NOx排放量较改造前降幅40%左右,同时,合理地增加燃尽风位置高度,可进一步降低NOx的排放量,综合炉内各参数变化的比较得出:燃料从主燃区至燃尽区的最佳运行时间约为0.66 s。     

基于分区气化模型的MSW燃烧过程模拟研究

针对一种新型两段式生活垃圾分区气化燃烧装置,提出了基于分区气化模型的垃圾热转化过程数值模拟方法。该方法耦合化学反应动力学和流体动力学软件预测移动床层垃圾的气化以及炉内气相空间的燃烧过程。通过对组分及热值差异较大的2种生活垃圾在炉内的反应过程进行模拟,得到了炉内的气相组分、温度及流场的分布。结果表明,该方法能够很好地适用于复杂组分的垃圾热转化过程模拟研究。高水分、低热值的生活垃圾气化后再燃炉膛出口温度处于973~1 073 K,不利于二恶英的生成控制。前拱二次风的增加不仅加强了炉内的湍流扰动,而且加强了炉内主反应区的温度。经过对流场和温度场进行优化,烟气的停留时间延长,炉膛出口烟气中的可燃气体组分大大降低,而且NO的浓度降低了近一个数量级。     

煤无烟燃烧锅炉炉内燃烧特性分析

对一台所设计的DZL1．0-0．7-AⅢ煤无烟燃烧锅炉炉内燃烧特性进行了数值模拟。对床层反应，采用了基于热力学平衡法的“黑箱模型”，而对于床层上方炉膛空间内的气相湍流燃烧则采用了标准κ-ε模型、旋涡消散模型和离散坐标模型。采用非结构化四面体网格生成技术处理复杂炉膛几何空间的网格生成。通过数值模拟，得到炉内速度场，温度场，浓度场等参数的分布特性。结果表明：“多孔分层错列撞击流式”二次风的引入对于改变炉内流动和燃烧特性，加强炉内烟气和空气的混合，强化燃烧及实现炉内消烟除尘具有重要的作用。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.