南海近岸珊瑚礁海域表层水体中微塑料的分布特征

海洋环境中的微塑料作为近年来备受国内外关注的一种新型污染物,具有颗粒小、难去除和分布广等特性,并且易携带有毒有害物质,易被生物吸收,因此海洋微塑料成为影响珊瑚礁生态系统健康的重要因素.研究近岸珊瑚礁海域水体中微塑料的污染分布特征有助于了解陆源污染对近岸珊瑚礁生态系统的影响,为珊瑚礁海域生态环境保护提供基础数据.为探究中国南海近岸珊瑚礁海域(文昌和徐闻海域)表层水体中微塑料的分布特征,本研究采用拖网法(0.33 mm)在该海域设置10个站位并收集表层水体中的微塑料样品,经过微塑料鉴定及数据统计分析后,得出以下结论：(1)南海近岸珊瑚礁海域表层水体微塑料的平均丰度为(1.186±1.370) n·m^-3,高于外海珊瑚礁海域;与国内外其他近岸海域相比,其丰度处于中等水平.(2)粒径0.1—3.0 mm范围内的微塑料数量检出最多,占总数的82.1%;文昌珊瑚礁海域微塑料的主要成分是聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯,主要颜色为白色,形状以纤维为主;徐闻珊瑚礁海域主要成分为聚丙烯、聚乙烯、聚苯乙烯,主要颜色为白色和透明,形状分布相对均匀,以片状和泡沫状为主.(3)南海近岸珊瑚礁海域表层水...     

1994-2020年中国农用薄膜使用量变化与农膜微塑料污染现状分析

农用薄膜的长期使用和低回收利用导致遗留在土壤中塑料碎片与微塑料明显增加,严重影响了农业土壤的可持续利用。重点阐述了中国1994-2020年农用地膜的增长规模、时空分布及地区差异,总结了农膜微塑料的赋存特征与生成途径,分析了中国农田土壤微塑料污染的潜在风险。数据表明：1994-2020年中国塑料薄膜用量呈大幅度上升态势,年增长率约为6.51%,农用薄膜使用量在2015年到达峰值,之后逐渐下降,地膜占总使用量的50.0%以上。地膜覆盖是农田土壤中微塑料的直接来源,区域分布来看,西北干旱绿洲区是中国地膜使用量最高的区域,使用强度最高达38.0 kg·hm^-2。农膜微塑料的生成是残留地膜在自然、农业和生物多种途径共同作用的结果,其速率主要取决于微生物和塑料类型及环境条件。西北长期种植区及华北、华东和西南集约农区是中国微塑料污染较严重区域,最高可达4.83×10⁴ind·kg^-1。土壤的多孔特性使小颗粒微塑料通过重力沉降和降水渗透发生迁移,造成土壤微塑料污染及其携带的其他污染物的迁移扩散,对土壤结构、土壤动植物、微生物群落及人体健...     

微塑料污染现状及其毒性效应和机制研究进展

微塑料(microplastics,MPs)作为一种新型的环境污染物近年来逐渐引起全世界的关注,除了对生态环境的影响,微塑料对生物体的毒性效应及其潜在的健康风险也日益成为环境领域的研究热点.本文基于已有研究,阐述微塑料的污染现况,总结微塑料进入机体的分布,归纳微塑料的生物毒性作用和机制,分析微塑料毒性效应的影响因素,并...     

北部湾海洋鱼类微塑料污染特征及其风险评估

微塑料(microplastics,MPs)在海洋鱼类组织中普遍存在,鱼体内的MPs及其相关污染物的积累可以反映其海洋环境中MPs的分布特征、污染物来源及其生态风险效应。为了解北部湾海洋鱼体内MPs的污染特征及其风险效应,对北部湾6个区域共144尾海洋鱼类进行MPs取样分析。通过10%氢氧化钾消解和真空抽滤方法提取鱼体内MPs,结合激光拉曼光谱和原位红外光谱仪分析MPs化学成分,利用风险指数(risk index,H)和污染负荷指数(pollution load index,PLI)方法评估研究区域MPs污染水平。结果表明,胃肠道(gastrointestinaltract,GIT)MPs的平均丰度大于鳃的平均丰度,有46%的鱼样提取出MPs,共检测出70个MPs,平均每条鱼摄入0.490个MPs,其中GIT检出率为36%,平均丰度为0.417 items·ind^-1;鳃检出率为13%,平均丰度为0.069items·ind^-1,检测到MPs以50-500μm的红色聚碳酸酯和聚丙烯纤维为主;丰度、尺寸和形状与栖息地、食性无相关性,而胃肠道MP...     

大气环境中微塑料污染及其分析技术的研究进展

微塑料污染物（直径小于5 mm的塑料碎片）对生态环境的潜在影响已成为人们关注的热点问题之一.现有的研究微塑料的文献大多集中在水生环境,尤以海洋环境中的微塑料研究居多.有关大气环境系统中微塑料污染近几年才受到关注.本文综述了近年来有关大气微塑料研究的最新进展,概括了大气微塑料的来源及分类.此外,归纳了目前常用于大气环境中微塑料的采集方法,并进一步列举了不同采集方法可适用的提取、分析方法,指出不同方法的优缺点.最后,在总结国内外研究进展的基础上,对我国大气环境微塑料研究提出建议：(1)为使研究结果具有可对比性,大气环境微塑料的丰度单位需统一;(2)大气微塑料远距离传输的转化和降解过程需要进一步的研究;(3)微塑料在正常环境下的暴露对人体的危害需要更深入的了解.     

水体及沉积物微塑料污染对近海养殖海区的生态风险

微塑料在全球海洋水体及沉积物中广泛存在,然而关于近海养殖海区的微塑料污染特征鲜有报道,本研究调查了中国近海养殖海区茅尾海水体和沉积物中微塑料的分布特征并初步对其微塑料污染进行风险评估.结果表明,茅尾海区域广泛分布着微塑料,茅尾海水体中微塑料的平均丰度为(2.01±1.23) n·m^-3,泡沫(60.1%)是主要的类型.沉积物中的微塑料平均丰度为(22.4±19.6) n·kg^-1,薄片(50%—100%)在采样点中占主要部分.茅尾海水体、沉积物中的微塑料粒径都以1—5 mm为主(33.3%—100%),水体和沉积物中的微塑料主要来自钦江的输入、旅游活动以及海水养殖活动.通过风险评估模型初步得出,茅尾海区域微塑料的污染水平属于中等偏低水平,水体中微塑料整体污染风险等级显著高于沉积物,生态风险等级分别属于Ⅲ级(较高风险)和Ⅱ级(较低风险).风险指数最高的点位于茅尾海入海河流钦江入海处,达到了Ⅳ级(高风险),各沉积物采样点的风险等级主要集中在Ⅰ—Ⅱ级,属于较低风险.危害评分高的聚合物聚丙烯腈(Polyacrylonitrile,PAN)是水体中微塑...     

土壤中微塑料污染现状与检测技术研究进展

微塑料一般是指粒径小于5 mm的塑料碎片,作为一种新污染物已经成为全球环境领域的研究热点.土壤作为环境中微塑料的最大储库,土壤中微塑料的污染逐渐引起重视并取得了一定的研究进展.本文系统了梳理了国内外土壤中微塑料的污染现状和污染特征,介绍了土壤中微塑料检测技术研究进展,重点探讨各类样品采集、前处理和和定性定量方法的优缺点以及对土壤中微塑料检测的适用性,分析了土壤中微塑料检测技术研究面临的主要挑战,提出未来土壤中微塑料污染调查与检测技术的研究方向,以期为科学开展土壤中微塑料污染风险治理与管控提供技术支撑.     

东海近岸海域不同贝类体内挥发性酚残留的时空变化及其污染分析

2006年6月和2007年6月分别在东海近岸海域采集了4种贝类,对不同贝类体内挥发性酚残留量进行了检测。结果表明：2006年6月调查海域4种贝类体内挥发性酚残留量范围为0.25-0.59mg·kg^-1,褶牡蛎（Crassostrea plicatula）体内残留量最高;2007年6月残留量范围为0.80-1.50mg·kg^-1,紫贻贝（Mytilus edulis）体内残留量最高。在2次采样间4种贝类体内挥发性酚残留量的平均值表现为四角蛤蜊（Mactra veneriformis）〈文蛤（Meretrix meretrix）〈褶牡蛎〈紫贻贝。2006年6月调查海域各站点贝类体内挥发性酚残留量范围为ND-0.78mg·kg^-1,平均值为0.31mg·kg^-1;2007年6月残留量范围为0.20-2.22mg·kg^-1,平均值为1.19mg·kg^-1。2次采样间贝类体内挥发性酚在调查海域的分布格局为东海中部〉东海南部〉东海北部。贝类体内挥发性酚残留量主要受自身与外界环境因素的综合作用。     

Assessment of a model of pollution disaster in near-shore coastal waters based on catastrophe theory

In this study, a model for assessing of environmental disasters in near-shore areas was developed using a multi-criteria evaluation method of catastrophe theory. The assessment model involved scenarios of eutrophication, pollution with heavy metals and organic compounds. An evaluation system of the model was composed of seven mesosphere indicators and twenty underlying indicators including water chemistry, water physics, water biology, heavy metals and organic pollutants in water and surface sediments. The model was applied to possibility assessment of environmental disasters in different functional regions of the Dalian Bay in 2001 and 2006. Results showed that the environmental disaster indicators in 2001 were equivalent to the Level 4 standard values of marine functional areas, but the eutrophication disaster indicators were lower than the Level 4 standard values. It is consistent with the occurrence of a large-scale red tide in Dalian Bay in 2001. In 2006, eutrophication remained the dominant problem of the region but organic pollutants, such as oil, were reduced remarkably. This coincided with ongoing local environmental-friendly practices for industries.     

我国农业非点源污染研究概况与展望

农业非点源污染因其对水体污染的普遍性而日益受到重视,本文综述了我国农业非点源污染研究现状及近年来研究方法特别是定量化研究的最新进展,并结合我国实际提出今后这一领域的研究重点。     

Quantitative analysis of microplastics in coastal tidal-flat reclamation in Dongtai,China

• Reclamation projects are important disturbances on microplastic risk in coasts. • Tidal-flat reclamation area is a large storage medium for sedimentary microplastics. • Aging and distribution features of soil microplastics show spatial heterogeneity. • Coastal weathered engineering geotextiles are a significant threat to marine health. Coastal tidal flats have received considerable attention in recent years, as they provide a direct channel for the discharge of terrestrial microplastics into the ocean. Land reclamation is occurring increasingly frequently in coastal tidal-flats; however, the environmental impacts of these activities remain unclear. Therefore, this pioneering study assessed the microplastic emission characteristics of reclamation geotextiles and performed a risk assessment accordingly. Morphological characterization of geotextile samples collected from five sites in Dongtai, China, provided evidence of sedimentary weathering. Based on several assumptions, the average abundance of microplastics in soil covered by geotextiles was estimated to reach 349±137 particles/kg dry weight, with the total microplastic load in the reclaimed area estimated to be 20.67±8.06 t. Compared with previous studies, this research demonstrates that coastal reclamation areas store a high concentration of microplastics, aggravating marine microplastic pollution. Moreover, conditional fragmentation model results revealed that the weathering and distribution characteristics of soil microplastics in coastal tidal-flat areas exhibit spatial heterogeneity, being more easily affected by natural factors (such as tides) than those in inland areas. As a result of tides, the annual discharge of geotextile-originating microplastics from the studied areas into the ocean was approximately 2465.52±960.77 t. These findings prove that the risks posed by engineering-microplastics are significant, indicating that further investigations are required on the precise laws of transfer and migration, as well as the toxicity mechanisms, in order to improve analytical techniques and policies in this field.     

Eutrophication assessment in Greek coastal waters

An attempt is made to assess eutrophication in Greek coastal waters, since the measurements made to date at a few stations do not suffice. In this paper, for more accurate seasonal variations in the nutrient contents, the water masses and their volumes are taken into account. The Pagassitikos Gulf is given as an example and compared to other polluted areas in the Aegean. The variations in the levels of nutrients are due to differences in the sources, as well as the morphology of the bottom and the circulation of waters.     

Organotin pollution in Malta coastal zone

The speciation of organotins in seawater, surface microlayer and sediments in the marine environment of Malta is described. Concentrations of tributyltin (TBT) in bulk seawater inside the harbours were as high as 0.3 μg Sn L^‐1 but were below detection limits (5 ng Sn L^‐1) in open sea, 1.6 km offshore. In sediments, TBT levels were highest for the yacht marinas and ranged between 0.03 and 1.5 ug Sn g^‐1. Dibutyltin is more common in the surface microlayer than TBT. Diphenyl and monophenyltin were found infrequently in bulk seawater and in sediments. Tetrasubstituted organotins, namely, Me_nBu₍₄__n)Sn, where n = 1, 2, and 3, were found frequently in TBT‐contaminated sediments (0.1–9μg Sng^‐1), in seawater and in the microlayer where concentrations as high as 140 μg Sn L^‐1 (Me₃BuSn) were measured. Direct environmental methylation of TBT and that of its debutylated analogues may play a significant role in the geochemical cycling of tin under certain environmental conditions.     

Tetrodotoxin in sinking particles from coastal waters

The occurrence of tetrodotoxin (TTX) in marine sinking particles was investigated. Sinking particles were collected in 1991 using sediment traps in the coastal area of Aburatsubo Inlet, Japan. TTX and related substances were analyzed by tissue culture bioassay, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). TTX and related substances were detected from six samples. The concentrations were estimated to be ca. 200 to 1000 ng g^-1 by the HPLC analyses. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the occurrence of TTX in particles in an aquatic environment. The present results indicate that sinking particles are one of the sources of TTX in the marine environment and that these particles play a role in the toxification of marine organisms.     

A critical review of the emerging research on the detection and assessment of microplastics pollution in the coastal,marine, and urban Bangladesh

● Coastal and marine regions are the most studied for microplastic pollution. ● Tourism is a major cause of microplastic pollution in coastal regions. ● Sediments contain larger microplastics while fish ingest smaller microplastics. ● Inland lakes, rivers, and freshwater fish are impacted by microplastic pollution. ● Microplastics are found in edible salts, however, presence is less in refined salt. The research on the extent and effects of microplastics pollution in the Global South is only getting started. Bangladesh is a South Asian country with one of the fastest growing economies in the world, however, such exponential economic growth has also increased the pollution threats to its natural and urban environment. In this paper, we reviewed the recent primary research on the assessment of the extent of microplastics pollution in Bangladesh. From the online databases, we developed a compilation of emerging research articles that detected and quantified microplastics in different coastal, marine, and urban environments in Bangladesh. Most of the studies focused on the coastal environment (e.g., beach sediment) and marine fish, while limited data were available for the urban environment. We also discussed the relationship of the type of anthropogenic activities with the observed microplastic pollution. The Cox’s Bazar sea beach in south-east Bangladesh experienced microplastics pollution due to tourism activities, while fishing and other anthropogenic activities led to microplastics pollution in the Bay of Bengal. While microplastics larger than 1 mm were prevalent in the beach sediments, smaller microplastics with size below 0.5 mm were prevalent in marine fish samples. Moreover, the differences in microplastic abundance, size, shape, color, and polymer type found were depended on the sampling sites and relevant anthropogenic activities. It is imperative to identify major sources of microplastics pollution in both natural and urban environment, determine potential environmental and human health effects, and develop mitigating and prevention strategies for reducing microplastics pollution.     

Exposure of microplastics to organic matter in waters enhances microplastic encapsulation into calcium carbonate

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Plastic pollution in water ecosystems is threatening the survival of wildlife. In particular, microplastics may be encapsulated into calcium carbonate, a crucial...     

Microzooplankton grazing and selectivity of phytoplankton in coastal waters

Microzooplankton grazing activity in the Celtic Sea and Carmarthen Bay in summer 1983 and autumn 1984 was investigated by applying a dilution technique to high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of photosynthetic pigments in phytoplankton present within natural microplankton communities. Specific grazing rates on phytoplankton, as measured by the utilisation of chlorophyll a, were high and varied seasonally. In surface waters during the autumn, grazing varied between 0.4 d^-1 in the bay and 1.0 d^-1 in the Celtic Sea, indicating that 30 and 65% of the algal standing stocks, respectively, were grazed daily. Grazing rates by microzooplankton within the thermocline in summer suggest that 13 to 42% of the crop was grazed each day. Microzooplankton showed selection for algae containing chlorophyll b, in spite of a predominance of chlorophyll c within the phytoplankton community. Changes in taxon-specific carotenoids indicated strong selection for peridinin, lutein and alloxanthin and selection against fucoxanthin and diadinoxanthin. This indicates a trophic preference by microzooplankton for dinoflagellates, cryptophytes, chlorophytes and prasinophytes and selection against diatoms, even when the latter group forms the largest crop within the phytoplankton. Interestingly, those algal taxa preferentially grazed also showed the highest specific growth-rates, suggesting a dynamic feed-back between microzooplankton and phytoplankton. Conversion of grazing rates on each pigment into chlorophyll a equivalents suggests firstly, that in only one experiment could all the grazed chlorophyll a be accounted for by the attrition of other chlorophylls and carotenoids, and secondly that in spite of negative selection, a greater mass of diatoms could be grazed by microzooplankton than any other algal taxon. The former may be due either to a fundamental difference in the break-down rates of chlorophyll a compared to other pigments, or to cyanobacteria forming a significant food source for microzooplankton. In either case, chlorophyll a is considered to be a good measure of grazing activity by microzooplankton.     

Dimethylsulfide and the algaPhaeocystis pouchetii in antarctic coastal waters

The concentrations of dimethylsulfide (DMS), dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were measured in water collected from the Southern Ocean 10 km offshore from Davis Station, Antarctica, during the period May 1987 to January 1988, inclusive. During winter and spring, when the sea-ice was up to 1.9 m thick, DMS, DMSP and DMSO concentrations were low (0.2 to 1.5 nM), as were phytoplankton numbers. The maximum concentration of the sulfur compounds generally occurred in the top 10 m of the water column. DMS levels rose dramatically from early December onwards, reaching a peak of 290 nM at a depth of 15 m in January. This concentration is higher than reported elsewhere in the ocean. These high concentrations occurred at the same time as a bloom of the algaPhaeocystis pouchetii. A significant correlation occurred between DMS concentration and cell numbers of the alga. The ratio of DMS concentration to the number of cells of the alga was considerably higher than reported for blooms of this species elsewhere in the ocean. Up to 10% of the total global flux of DMS to the atmosphere may emanate from antarctic seas.