垃圾焚烧炉渣铁磁性物质提取及特性表征

本研究以重庆市生活垃圾焚烧炉渣为研究对象,分别采用纯水、无水乙醇和丙酮3种溶剂作为提纯介质对焚烧炉渣中铁磁性物质进行湿法提取,并对提取出来的铁磁性物质的铁含量、矿物组分、铁价态分布进行分析表征。实验结果表明,二步-湿法并干法提取所得的铁磁性物质铁含量分别为375.66 g/kg(纯水)、365.79 g/kg(无水乙醇)和344.59 g/kg(丙酮),是原始炉渣铁含量的4~6倍,是一步-湿法提取所得铁磁性物质铁含量的2~3倍,能够较好地对炉渣铁磁性物质进行富集。二步-湿法并干法提取方式对炉渣中铁的提取效率为63%~73%。XRD分析结果表明,铁磁性物质矿物组分主要包括磁铁矿(Fe3O4)、赤铁矿(Fe2O3)、单质铁(Fe)等含铁矿物组分,以及少量石英(SiO2)和钙铝黄长石(2CaO·Al2O3·SiO2)等不含铁矿物组分。以纯水、无水乙醇和丙酮作为提纯介质经二步提取所得的铁磁性物质中Fe0:Fe2+:Fe3+分别为10:35:55、12:43::45和9:33:59。     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属的受热特性

研究了飞灰重金属在不同煅烧温度下的挥发情况及其存在形态.结果表明:重金属挥发能力由强到弱依次为Hg＞Pb＞As、Cd＞Zn＞Cr、Ni、Cu;其中Hg、Pb、As和Cd属易挥发重金属,在1 150 ℃时几乎全部挥发;Zn属较易挥发重金属,1 150 ℃时的挥发率在40%～50%;Cr、Ni和Cu属难挥发重金属,在1 150 ℃的挥发率不超过10%;在400～1 150 ℃,随温度的升高,部分Zn、Hg、Cu、Pb、Cd、Ni和As由可溶态向残渣态、铁锰氧化态转化;在400～900 ℃,随温度的升高Cr可溶态比例减少,而在900～1 150 ℃,随温度的升高其可溶态比例增加.     

偏远农村地区小型生活垃圾热处理设施炉渣重金属特性分析

对中国偏远农村地区正在运行的不同工艺类型的小型热处理设施炉渣的理化特征及重金属污染特性进行了评估,研究发现生活垃圾小型热处理设施底渣的热灼减率均在5%以下,相较于采用热解技术的热处理设施底渣,采用焚烧工艺的热处理设施底渣的热灼减率更低,达到0.70%,生活垃圾减容程度更高。主要晶体成分包括方解石、石英等。底渣和飞灰中的部分重金属含量高于《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 15618—2018)中pH为5.5～6.5下的风险筛选值,未经妥善处理直接进入土壤环境可能会引起重金属污染问题。此外,底渣中的As、Se、Ba、Cu、Cr、Zn具有一定的生物有效性,而相比于底渣,飞灰中的重金属有效态所占比例较高,重金属生物有效性更高,对环境造成污染的潜在风险更大。     

城市生活垃圾焚烧处理过程中重金属迁移规律研究

通过采集厦门2个垃圾焚烧发电厂进厂垃圾、渗滤液、飞灰、炉渣和烟气样品,分析垃圾组成成分及各组分的重金属含量,结果表明,垃圾中以厨余、橡塑类和纸类为主,共占到垃圾干基的78．08％,重金属含量大小次序为Zn〉Cu〉Pb〉Cr〉Ni〉Cd〉Hg;垃圾渗滤液中除Zn外,其他金属的含量都较低,一厂渗滤液中重金属Ni、Zn迁移量较大,分别达到24．46％和8．52％。二厂渗滤液中重金属的迁移有相同的趋势,但含量相对较高。垃圾焚烧后其重金属主要分布在飞灰和废渣中,烟气中的含量非常少,不同金属的含量均有差别,这与金属的性质有很大关系;通过浸出毒性分析,飞灰中重金属酸溶态含量多,容易浸出,属于危险废物。同时,不同烟气处理工艺产生的飞灰的重金属浸出量有很大差别。     

机械力活化固硫灰固化处理生活垃圾焚烧飞灰

为实现城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的安全处理,通过机械力化学法活化循环流化床燃煤固硫灰,探讨了球磨样品制备固化体的参数。并采用X射线衍射仪（XRD）和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FTIR）手段对垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的固化机制进行了研究。结果表明,当垃圾焚烧飞灰掺加比为60%,球磨转速为600 r·min-1,球磨时间为5 h,养护温度60 ℃时的固化体28 d和56 d抗压强度分别达到15.6 MPa和17.9 MPa,采用原子吸收光谱仪（AAS）测得固化体中Zn、Pb、Cu、Cd和Cr重金属浸出量均低于GB 5085.3-2007规定限值。XRD和FTIR表征结果表明,在水化过程中,该混合体系生成了水化硅酸钙（C—S—H）、斜方钙沸石和钙矾石（AFt）等水化产物,并且C—S—H凝胶可通过物理包裹的形式固化垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属;斜方钙沸石和钙矾石以化学吸附的方式使垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属离子达到固化/稳定化效果,实现了垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的安全处理。     

城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰与电解锰渣烧制陶粒

为减少城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰(简称飞灰)与电解锰渣中的重金属对环境的危害,考察了利用两者辅以粉煤灰烧制陶粒的可行性。通过单因素实验确定原材料最佳配比以及最宜烧制工艺条件,并对焙烧后陶粒的微观形貌以及重金属浸出浓度进行分析。结果表明:随着飞灰掺量的增加,陶粒的颗粒强度与堆积密度降低,1 h吸水率升高;确定最佳原料配比为飞灰掺量12%、电解锰渣掺量43%、粉煤灰掺量45%;确定最宜烧制工艺条件为预热温度600℃、焙烧温度1140℃。在最佳条件下,烧制陶粒的颗粒强度为769 N,堆积密度为687 kg·m~(-3),1 h吸水率为6.44%。通过微观结构观察,陶粒表面致密呈釉化,内部呈现多孔隙结构。陶粒中重金属浸出浓度均低于国家标准。此陶粒的使用可为飞灰与电解锰渣资源化利用提供参考。     

城市生活垃圾焚烧炉渣在混凝土中的应用研究

研究了在混凝土中利用城市固体废物焚烧炉渣(以下简称MSWI炉渣)的可行性以及MSWI炉渣在混凝土中的最佳替代率问题。通过对MSWI炉渣化学成分、物理特性以及MSWI炉渣混凝土抗压强度、弹性模量、毒性特征沥滤方法(TCLP)等测试结果进行分析,得到如下结论:从技术手段和环保角度来看,利用MSWI炉渣替代天然粗集料制备混凝土是可行的;对MSWI炉渣进行湿磨预处理可明显改善MSWI炉渣混凝土的力学性能和渗滤特性;MSWI炉渣在混凝土中的替代率不宜超过50%。     

广东某大型城市生活垃圾焚烧厂9种重金属的迁移特征

采集广东某大型城市生活垃圾焚烧厂一期(WI-A)和二期(WI-B)的进厂垃圾、渗滤液、飞灰、底渣和烟气样品,分析了各样品中砷、镉、钴、铬、铜、汞、镍、铅、锌共9种重金属含量,研究重金属的迁移特征。结果显示,9种重金属呈现4类不同的迁移特征,钴、铜、镍、铬主要迁移至底渣中,锌、砷、铅主要迁移至底渣和飞灰中,镉主要迁移至飞灰中,汞主要迁移至飞灰和烟气中。活性炭吸附和布袋除尘器的组合对除汞以外的重金属治理效果明显。WI-A和WI-B垃圾中的汞分别约有28%、37%随烟气排到环境中。     

垃圾焚烧炉渣对电镀废水中Cu的吸附特性

以垃圾焚烧炉渣作吸附剂,对电镀废水中Cu的吸附特性进行了研究,包括吸附速率、解吸速率、吸附等温线和连续柱吸附实验等。结果表明,炉渣对电镀废水中Cu的吸附平衡时间和解吸平衡时间均为8 h。炉渣对Cu的吸附等温线为直线型,可用Henry型方程进行拟合。连续柱吸附实验结果表明,炉渣对电镀废水在连续吸附55 h后吸附能力逐渐丧失,累计最大吸附量为921 μg/g,而炉渣对人工配水在连续吸附80 h后吸附能力完全丧失,累计最大吸附量为2 687 μg/g。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰中不同粒径的毒性特性

对广州市某垃圾焚烧发电厂的焚烧飞灰进行粒径分级毒性分析研究。主要研究了粒径在35～1 000μm范围内的飞灰的腐蚀性和短期浸出毒性,包括Cr、Cd、Mg、Pb、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Ni、Co等重金属,SO24-,Cl-,NO3--N和NO2--N,同时也研究了飞灰的物质组成和矿物特性。研究结果表明,所有粒径飞灰的浸出液pH值在12.3～12.5之间,属于有腐蚀性的危险废物,重金属Mg、Pb、Zn的浸出浓度最高,分别为168.78、53.94和86.40 mg/L。飞灰浸出液和含量最高分别达到8.87g/L和1.38 g/L,同时浸出液中测出一定量的硝态氮和亚硝态氮,证明飞灰吸附了垃圾焚烧过程中产生的氮氧化物气体。另外,研究得出飞灰的基本组成元素为Ca、Si、Cl、K、Na、S、Al、Mg和Fe,而重金属则以Zn、Pb、Mn、Cu、Cr等为主。矿物相主要为含硅和钙的化合物及NaCl和KCl等氯化物。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰物理化学性质的实验研究

应用激光粒度粒形分析仪、灰熔融性测定仪、原子吸收光谱仪和XRD等仪器手段对国内2种垃圾焚烧飞灰的密度、颗粒特性、熔点、成分和晶相结构等物理化学性质进行了详细的研究。研究发现，2种灰样颗粒直径的数量积分分布非常接近，其中基本没有超过40 μm的颗粒。由于垃圾焚烧飞灰在化学成分上存在的差异导致了其熔点有很大的不同。此外，XRD结果显示不同来源的飞灰其晶相结构存在较大的差别，这可能与垃圾的来源和焚烧工艺以及烟气处理方法有关。实验结果为飞灰无害化低温烧结工艺的选择和运行参数的制定提供了依据。     

村镇小型生活垃圾热处理炉底渣的理化特性

小型垃圾热处理设备可实现就地处置,节约运输成本,目前在中国山区、丘陵地带的村镇得到广泛应用.为了解村镇小型生活垃圾热处理炉底渣的理化特性及其影响因素,对中国云南、贵州、安徽村镇实际运行的小型生活垃圾热处理设备产生的底渣进行取样,分析其热灼减率、物理组成、化学组成、晶相组成、重金属含量和浸出特性,探讨处理工艺、地域及季节...     

新型转式垃圾焚烧炉焚烧技术研究

研究了新型转式焚烧炉稳定燃烧工艺和有机垃圾在新型转式焚烧炉中焚烧过程HCl和NOx释放和控制特性。结果表明,新型转式焚烧炉采用二次燃烧技术,能有效控制和降低二次污染物的生成。     

Characteristics and chemical speciation of waste copper slag

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Waste copper slag contains abundant valuable metal element Fe, and residual elements such as Cu, As, Pb, Zn, and Mo. Simply stockpiling or landfilling...     

Pozzolanic reactivity of the synthetic slag from municipal solid waste incinerator cyclone ash and scrubber ash

This study investigates the pozzolanic reactions and compressive strength of the blended cement manufactured using synthetic slag obtained from municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) cyclone ash and scrubber ash as partial replacement of portland cement. The synthetic slag was made by co-melting the MSWI scrubber ash and cyclone ash mixtures at 1400 degrees C for 30 min. Following pulverization, the different types of slag were blended with cement as cement replacement at ratios ranging from 10 to 40 wt %. The synthetic slag thus obtained was quantified, and the characteristics of the slag-blended cement pastes were examined. These characteristics included the pozzolanic activity, compressive strength, hydration activity, crystal phases, species, and microstructure at various ages. The 90-day compressive strength developed by slag-blended cement pastes with 10 and 20 wt % of the cement replaced by the synthetic slag outperformed ordinary portland cement by 1-7 MPa. X-ray diffraction species analyses indicated that the hydrates in the slag-blended cement pastes were mainly portlandite, the calcium silicate hydrate gels, and calcium aluminate hydrate salts, similar to those found in ordinary portland cement paste. Differential thermal and thermogravimetric analysis also indicated that the slag reacted with portlandite to form calcium silicate hydrate gels.     

Latent hydraulic reactivity of blended cement incorporating slag made from municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash

The reactivity of cement pastes made by blending Portland cement with slag from municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) fly ash was investigated to assess the potential of recycling MSWI fly ash slag. The slag, prepared by melting MSWI fly ash at 1400 degrees C for 30 min, was pulverized and ground, then blended with ordinary Portland cement (OPC), using various substitution levels to make slag-blended cement (SBC). The pozzolanic reactivity of the ecocement was then characterized by determining variations in the compressive strength, degree of hydration, microstructure, speciation, and mineralogical crystalline phases. The results suggest that the strength of the pastes at an early age decreased with increasing substitution levels, whereas the strength at a later age of the tested pastes (with substitution levels less than 10%) outperformed OPC paste because of typical SBC properties. The development of strength at a later age was also confirmed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy techniques. This implies that active silica (Si) and alumina (Al) react with the hydration product, calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), to form calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), which contributed to strength development at a later age by the filling up of pores in the SBC pastes. The pozzolanic activity of the SBC pastes indicates that it is suitable for use as a substitute for OPC in blended cement.     

电化学氧化法深度处理垃圾焚烧发电厂沥滤液生化出水

垃圾焚烧发电厂的沥滤液经生化处理后,COD和色度等仍然较高,达不到排放标准,必须进一步进行深度处理。采用自制的箱式四通道电化学反应器对垃圾焚烧发电厂沥滤液生化出水进行深度处理,研究了主要工艺参数——电流密度、表观流速、初始Cl^-浓度、比电极面积等因素对COD和色度去除效果的影响。适宜处理条件为：电流密度20 mA/cm²,反应器内表观流速2.92 cm/s,初始Cl^-浓度4 732 mg/L、比电极面积43.4 m²/m³。在此条件下处理废水10 min,色度就能达到排放要求,处理2 h,COD也能达到排放要求。考察反应器的能耗发现,电化学处理的能耗随电化学处理时间的延长呈不断增大的趋势。     

Dioxin-like potencies and extractable organohalogens (EOX) in medical, municipal and domestic waste incinerator ashes in Japan

Ash samples collected from medical, municipal and small-scale domestic incinerators in Japan were tested for dioxin-like activity using bioassay technique (ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase: EROD assay) and for extractable organohalogens (EOX) using instrumental neutron activation analysis in order to estimate potential toxicity and responsible chemicals in those samples. Crude extracts and fractions cleaned-up for dioxin analysis from the samples were used for the analysis. The ranges of dioxins in the ashes were between 2.23 and 12.29 ng TEQ/g (dry weight). Relative potency ranges estimated by EROD assay in the medical incinerator ashes were 3.8-17.6 times higher than the results of conventional chemical analysis. EOX analysis suggested that ash samples contained plenty of organochlorine compounds apart from chlorinated dioxins. In addition, medical waste incinerator ashes were considered to have relatively higher amount of organoiodine compounds. In the cleaned-up fractions, bioassay potency ranges were lower than those in the crude extracts. However, some samples still exhibited higher potency than expected from chemical analysis. Though some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were found in the fractions, the amounts were relatively low (0.39-10.56 ng/g). The results imply that some bioactive organohalogens that cannot be detected in the conventional chemical analysis might have potential for dioxin-like toxicity, and contribute to higher bioassay activities. The combination of the chemical analysis with the bioassay and EOX provides rough figure of dioxin-like toxicity and suggests types of organohalogen compounds that should be identified as a part of dioxin analysis for control emission from an incineration plant.