絮凝体的DLA分形模拟及其分形维数的计算方法

运用有限扩散凝聚(DLA)模型对絮凝体的成长过程进行了二维模拟.模拟絮凝体分别采用密度函数法、回转半径法、图像分析法进行分形维数计算,分形维数均随模拟絮凝体尺寸的增大而减小.三种计算方法的结果显示,密度函数法和回转半径法得到的分形维数基本相当,但图像分析法所得到的分形维数较小,约为密度函数法和回转半径法所得到的分形维数的0.8左右,其原因可能是图像分析过程中计算机对图像的识别误差所致.以DLA模型模拟得到的絮凝体内部的孔隙率随絮凝体尺寸的增大而增加.絮凝体中孔隙率的增加是絮凝体密度减小、结构松散的主要原因,也是絮凝体分形维数降低的主要因素.     

分形理论及其在混凝研究中的应用

随着人们对分形理论研究的深入,其在混凝研究中的应用日趋广泛.分形理论的出现使人们更清楚地认识了混凝过程中出现的复杂现象及无规则形态,从而为今后对混凝过程的进一步研究提供了有力工具.该文不仅对分形理论的基本知识进行了简单地介绍,并且还对其在絮体形态学和混凝动力学方面的研究应用进行了阐述,同时列举了分形维数在混凝工艺中的具体应用实例,最后提出了目前存在的问题及自己的见解.图1,参21.     

喀斯特地区河流水化学季节变化特征及成因分析——以平寨水库上游流域为例

为探究平寨水库上游水化学沿程变化情况,采用因子分析、Piper三线图、Gibbs及离子关系对比等经典地质化学分析方法,分析平寨水库上游水化学变化特征及成因.结果表明,水化学类型主要为HCO₃-Ca型,沿程河段区-河库区-库区水化学呈现由SO₄·Cl^-Na·Ca·Mg型到HCO₃·NO₃-Ca·Mg再到HCO₃-Ca·Mg型的演变特征.离子浓度季节变化明显,冬季高于夏季;空间上,除Na⁺和SO₄^2-外,其余离子浓度整体表现为库区、河-库区大于各河段.Gibbs图表明水体水化学组成受岩石风化影响显著,离子关系对比图表明河段区水体受人为活动影响较强,因子分析结果表明研究区四季水化学组分主要受自然盐岩风化以及较小程度的人类源污染.     

不同染料化合物在颗粒活性炭上的分形吸附规律

研究了颗粒活性炭对6种染料的吸附特征,结果表明,它们的吸附等温线均符合Ffendlich方程;由此计算出颗粒活性炭的表面分形维数均处于2到3之间．不同染料吸附时计算出的分形维数不同,吸附染料过程是在分形表面上发生的反应．吸附动力学过程分为快速吸附和慢吸附两个阶段,而且溶液中剩余染料的浓度变化动力学符合方程：Cout∝t^-α,表明该过程具有类分形动力学特征;并由指数α计算上述动力学反应的分形维数D．在实验的温度范围内,6种染料的吸附量和速度均随着温度的升高而增加;绿色染料吸附时的类分形动力学参数指数α和分形维数D也随之升高,而其它染料不呈现类似的规律．     

砒砂岩区不同留茬高度及坡向下沙棘根系分形特征

为提高内蒙古砒砂岩区沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)人工林根系的生长能力,对东(E)、南(S)、西(W)、北(N)不同坡向沙棘植株进行了距地表0、10、15、20 cm(即a、b、c、d)留茬高度处理,而根系分形特征是植物根系构型应对环境异质性的表型可塑性,为反映沙棘根系对不同坡向不同留茬生长环境的适应...     

微波辐射对净水厂污泥脱水性能及分形结构的影响

对净水厂污泥在2450MHz微波作用下的调质效果进行了研究,结果表明,污泥比阻随着微波功率的增大和辐射时间的增长而下降,700W微波辐射10min能使500ml含水率为98%的污泥比阻下降73%,经微波调质(700W,5min)后,污泥颗粒变得粗大化,30-50μm范围内的污泥颗粒数增多,平均粒径由30.73μm增加至33.29μm;污泥颗粒的分形维数由1.712提高到1.724.     

退耕还湖后安庆沿江湿地土壤颗粒分形特征

以安庆沿江不同退耕还湖方式(白荡湖区,低坝高网式养鱼;菜子湖区,自然恢复湿地)和不同历史利用方式(水耕和旱耕)的湿地土壤为研究对象,分析退耕还湖后湿地土壤的颗粒分形特征变化。结果表明,退耕还湖后白荡湖区湿地土壤颗粒分形维数和<0.01 mm粒径颗粒含量降低,且历史水耕湿地土壤颗粒分形维数降幅小于历史旱耕湿地;菜子湖区湿地土壤颗粒分形维数和<0.01 mm粒径颗粒含量升高,且历史水耕湿地土壤颗粒分形维数增幅大于历史旱耕湿地。2个湖区湿地土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤细黏粒、粗黏粒和细粉粒含量呈显著正相关(P<0.01),与粗粉粒、细砂粒和粗砂粒含量呈显著负相关(P<0.01),与土壤有机质、全磷和有效氮含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),土壤颗粒分形维数和土壤养分含量的聚类分析结果总体相似。土壤颗粒分形维数可作为评价退耕还湖后湿地生态恢复过程中土壤演变状况的重要参考指标。     

三江平原典型小叶章种群地上生物量的空间结构分形特征

2005年5月至10月,应用分形几何学的原理和方法对三江平原典型小叶章种群地上生物量与株高的空间结构分形关系进行了研究。结果表明,典型草甸小叶章和沼泽化草甸小叶章的地上生物量与株高存在良好的静态分形关系,其分形维数(D)是对地上生物量在各器官中积累规律的表征;二者地上生物量与株高的对数值线性相关,相关系数分别介于0.579～0.919和0.655～0.914之间(P<0.01,D值介于1.778～3.414和2.238～3.924之间,各时期地上生物量均以株高的幂函数形式积累;二者地上生物量与株高静态分形关系D值的季节动态基本一致,其变化均符合抛物线模型(P<0.05),而局部波动又与地上生物量的变化有关;生长季内,二者地上生物量与株高动态分形关系的D值分别为2.749和2.738,说明地上生物量的积累具有自相似性,符合幂函数增长的分形生长过程。研究还表明,仅用D值来刻画不同植物地上生物量的空间积累与展布存在一定的局限性,它只能用于测度和描述一种植物体生物量的空间积累及其对空间的占据,而一般不能用于植物间相应指标的类比;导致不同植物D值差异的原因可能与植物生长所处生境、外在因素以及模型参数(C)有关。     

福建梅花山国家级自然保护区拟赤杨种群分布格局的分形分析

分形理论中的计盒维数、信息维数和关联维数能分别从空间占据程度、格局强度和个体空间关联的尺度变化角度,揭示种群分布格局的尺度变化特征.本文应用以上3个分形维数探讨了福建梅花山国家级自然保护区拟赤杨种群分布格局的多尺度分布规律,计算结果表明,拟赤杨种群的分布格局具有分形特征,其计盒维数为1.0298～1.2982,信息维数为0.9728～1.2464,关联维数为0.5089～0.8047.拟赤杨种群的计盒维数、信息维数较高,而关联维数较小,表明该种群的分布格局强度相对较高,结构相对复杂,具有集聚分布的趋势.     

Water quality prediction of copper-molybdenum mining-beneficiation wastewater based on the PSO-SVR model

● Data acquisition and pre-processing for wastewater treatment were summarized. ● A PSO-SVR model for predicting COD_eff in wastewater was proposed. ● The COD_eff prediction performances of the three models in the paper were compared. ● The COD_eff prediction effects of different models in other studies were discussed. The mining-beneficiation wastewater treatment is highly complex and nonlinear. Various factors like influent quality, flow rate, pH and chemical dose, tend to restrict the effluent effectiveness of mining-beneficiation wastewater treatment. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a crucial indicator to measure the quality of mining-beneficiation wastewater. Predicting COD concentration accurately of mining-beneficiation wastewater after treatment is essential for achieving stable and compliant discharge. This reduces environmental risk and significantly improves the discharge quality of wastewater. This paper presents a novel AI algorithm PSO-SVR, to predict water quality. Hyperparameter optimization of our proposed model PSO-SVR, uses particle swarm optimization to improve support vector regression for COD prediction. The generalization capacity tested on out-of-distribution (OOD) data for our PSO-SVR model is strong, with the following performance metrics of root means square error (RMSE) is 1.51, mean absolute error (MAE) is 1.26, and the coefficient of determination (R²) is 0.85. We compare the performance of PSO-SVR model with back propagation neural network (BPNN) and radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) and shows it edges over in terms of the performance metrics of RMSE, MAE and R², and is the best model for COD prediction of mining-beneficiation wastewater. This is because of the less overfitting tendency of PSO-SVR compared with neural network architectures. Our proposed PSO-SVR model is optimum for the prediction of COD in copper-molybdenum mining-beneficiation wastewater treatment. In addition, PSO-SVR can be used to predict COD on a wide variety of wastewater through the process of transfer learning.     

A regional environmental quality management model: An assessment

The principal purpose of this paper is to discuss the research and policy lessons learned from a large environmental quality management model constructed for the Lower Delaware River Valley Region, The policy lessons involve estimates of the costs of meeting varying standards on air and water quality and the impact on those costs of certain region-wide management alternatives. The research lessons concern: (a) the desirability of considering air and water quality, and solid waste disposal, simultaneously in a single model; (b) the costs of and returns to including nonlinear models of natural systems in a regional optimization framework; and (c) the feasibility of working with constraints on the geographic distribution of the costs of environmental quality improvement within the regional, nonlinear model.     

北大港水库调蓄“引江水”水质变化

通过模拟实验研究了北大港水库底泥释放氯离子的规律,建立了数学模型。采用2 0 0 3年第8次“引黄济津”水质监测数据,验证了模型的有效性。最后,利用该数学模型,预测了南水北调“引江水”在水库中调蓄时的水质变化。认为在合理调度运用的情况下,根据工程规划,北大港水库可以满足作为南水北调调蓄水库的水质要求     

Flocculation model of cohesive sediment using variable fractal dimension

A new flocculation model using variable fractal dimension is proposed and validated with several experimental data and an existing model. The proposed model consists of two processes: aggregation and breakup due to flow turbulence. For aggregation process, the aggregate structure is considered to have the characteristic of self-similarity, the main concept of fractal theory. Under this assumption, a variable fractal dimension instead of a fixed one adopted by previous studies is utilized here for general cohesive sediment transport. For breakup, similar concept is adopted in a more empirical manner because breakup is too abrupt to entirely apply the concept of variable fractal dimension. By a linear combination of the formulations for aggregation and breakup processes, a flocculation model which can describe the temporal evolution of floc size is obtained. Flocculation model using variable fractal dimension is capable of predicting equilibrium floc size when compared with several experimental data sets using different types of mud provided that empirical coefficients are calibrated. Through model-data comparison with Manning and Dyer (Marine Geology 160:147–170, 1999), it is also clear that some of the empirical coefficients may depend on sediment concentration. Model results for the temporal evolution of floc size are less satisfactory, despite model results shows a more smooth “S-curve” for the temporal evolution of floc size as compared with the previous model using fixed fractal dimension. The proposed model is limited to mono-size of primary particle and dilute flow condition. These other features shall be investigated as future work.     

观音堂库区水温变化对水生态环境影响的分析

本文用径流-库容比数法，对观音堂水库水体水温结构类型进行判断，用经验公式法和代表层水温法对观音堂水库水体水温结构和下泄水温进行了预测，预测结果表明：观音堂水库属分层型水库，在汛期表现出临时混合型的特点，水库下泄水使下游河道水温年内分布趋于均匀．这种水温变化，导致水库水质随水库深度增加而逐渐恶化，对水库下游河段水生生态系统产生不利影响。     

低水位运行对天目湖水库水质与生态的影响

2008年8月天目湖沙河水库开始进行除险加固施工,施工期间水库平均水位比2004—2008年平均值低1.73 m,对此期间水质、浮游生物等变化情况进行实地监测,研究低水位运行对沙河水库水质和生态的影响。结果表明,2008年9月—2009年8月低水位运行期间,水体对于外源营养盐输入的缓冲能力减弱,ρ(TN)浓度峰值与强降雨过程有关,1次早春暴雨(2009年2月17日—2月27日)即导致水体ρ(TN)由0.92升高到2.09 mg.L-1,直到夏季暴雨期后才回归正常;ρ(TP)主要受浮游植物生物量和悬浮物含量影响,低水位运行对其影响不大;2009年夏季浮游植物中蓝藻门比例明显高于2008年同期,说明整体藻类群落结构向偏富营养化状态转化;2009年6—8月原生动物平均丰度为1 730 L-1,轮虫为4 188 L-1,轮虫丰度较2008年同期增加近1倍,桡足类平均丰度较2008年同期下降21%,枝角类丰度变化剧烈;2009年夏季水库水体Chl-a营养状态指数高于2008年同期。总体而言,低水位运行期间整体生态系统的脆弱性增强,浮游动物、浮游植物、营养盐等生态系统基本要素的波动大大增加,环境条件变化对水库的冲击效果变...     

Water quality assessment of Fort lake of Belgaum (Karnataka) with special reference to zooplankton

Study on limnobiotic status of the Fort lake water was made to assess the potability of water from Feb 1998 to Jan 1999. Fort lake exhibits high alkalinity with pH ranging from 8.36 (June) to 10.6 (Feb and March), total alkalinity (TA) from 88 to 188 mg/l, total hardness (TH) from 59.8-217 mg/l, PO4 (7.2 to 13.6 mg/l and BOD (42.6-60.6 mg/l). From the observations it can be known that the Fort lake water is inferior and not suitable for drinking purposes. The possible factors for its poor quality have been discussed.     

Water quality index and suitability assessment of urban ground water of Hisar and Panipat in Haryana

Ground water quality in two well-developed cities of Haryana, viz. Hisar and Panipat was assessed for drinking purpose based on water quality parameters like pH, EC, turbidity, TDS, alkalinity, total hardness, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (Cl), nitrate (NO3), phosphate (PO4), sulphate (SO4) and fluoride (F) with respect to different land-use areas viz. residential, industrial, commercial and agricultural. Water quality index based on 9 parameters showed that at Panipat, underground water in all the land-use zones was fit for consumption (WQI < 50), whereas at Hisar, water in agricultural areas was good in quality, but that in other areas varied in magnitude of pollution (WQI > 50 to 100).     

基于盲数的水体沉积物潜在生态风险评价方法

基于生态风险评价系统中多种不确定性共存或交叉存在的特性,将盲数理论应用于水体沉积物潜在生态风险的评价研究。在将Hakanson潜在生态风险指数模型参数定义为盲参数的基础上,建立了沉积物潜在生态风险评价的盲数模型,并提出了污染程度和潜在生态风险等级识别盲数可靠性计算模型。根据上述盲数模型,不仅可以得到沉积物污染程度和潜在生态风险的可能取值区间,也可以得到各区间相应的可信度水平,进而定量计算待评价对象隶属于各评价等级的主观可能性大小。作为案例,将上述模型应用于巢湖十五里河河口沉积物中重金属潜在生态风险评价的研究。在得到沉积物中单个重金属污染物(Hg,Cd,Pb,Cu,Cr)隶属于污染程度各等级和潜在生态风险各等级可信度水平的基础上,得出十五里河河口处于较高生态风险水平的结论,相应的可信度为0.626。实例研究表明,以盲数理论评价沉积物的潜在生态风险,理论上可行,评价结论可信。