一种高速反硝化颗粒污泥的培养

以葡萄糖为碳源,在USB反应器内接种好氧活性污泥在40 d内培养出良好的反硝化颗粒污泥.颗粒污泥形成经历了2个阶段:起始阶段,接种的好氧活性污泥中非反硝化菌逐渐衰亡演变为"惰性固体",与原有的固体一起,成为反硝化菌附着生长的载体,与此同时,反硝化菌在载体表面渐渐繁殖,形成细颗粒污泥;随后,反硝化菌在细颗粒污泥表面不断增殖,颗粒长大,发育成为成熟的颗粒污泥.成熟的颗粒污泥密实,表面均为杆状菌,且排列紧密,当污泥床容积负荷为19.1 g N/L·d时,去除率高达98.4%(N).     

反硝化聚磷菌颗粒污泥的培养、特性及活性恢复研究

以污水处理厂二沉池回流污泥为接种污泥,在序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)中通过调整运行条件诱导培养反硝化聚磷菌(DPB)颗粒污泥,实现反硝化过程和聚磷过程的有效结合。经过3个阶段的培养,DPB颗粒污泥对COD、TP、氨氮的去除率均达90%以上,系统具备缺氧条件下同步反硝化聚磷的能力。获得的DPB颗粒污泥平均粒径为1.0～2.0mm,平均沉速为50～70m/h,具有良好的物理特性和沉降性能,有利于减小污泥处理负荷,提高脱氮除磷效率。DPB颗粒污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)含量明显提高,其中多糖和蛋白质分别为从原接种污泥的21.58、11.22mg/g提高到56.32、34.15mg/g;搁置30d后的DPB颗粒污泥,可在SBR重启30d内恢复原有活性及反硝化聚磷效果。     

C/N比对好氧颗粒污泥性能的影响

在SBR内接种活性污泥,研究了进水C/N比对好氧颗粒污泥的影响。结果表明,在高C/N比的条件下污泥不易快速颗粒化,沉降性能差,低C/N比有利于反应器内微生物的积累,MLSS最高可达8 740 mg/L,然而过低的C/N比将导致颗粒粒径增加,结构疏松以致解体,丝状微生物过度繁殖,不利于系统的稳定。对有机物的去除受进水C/N比的影响不明显,颗粒初步形成后对COD的去除率基本维持在87%左右;在C/N比为6.67～2.86之间时,除磷效果较好,平均去除率稳定在80%以上,而C/N比过高或过低,污泥颗粒化程度差,体系内缺乏除磷所需的微观环境,不利于磷的去除;进水C/N比对NH4＋-N的去除效果影响明显,C/N比为10时,好氧颗粒污泥具有良好的脱氮效果,NH4＋-N的平均去除率达90.59%,但低C/N比能抑制硝化菌和反硝化菌的活性,当进水C/N比由5降低至2时,反应器对NH4＋-N的去除率由65.23%下降到38.77%。     

好氧反硝化菌强化序批式活性污泥反应器处理生活污水

研究了好氧反硝化菌强化序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR1)处理生活污水的性能,同时以只接种相同量普通活性污泥的序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR2)作为对照组。结果表明:(1)反应前21天启动期间,SBR1对污水COD、NH+4-N和TN的平均去除率分别可达到77.79%、94.96%、63.21%,对COD和TN的平均去除率明显好于SBR2。(2)当C/N为4∶1(质量比,下同)和6∶1时,SBR1对COD和TN的去除率明显高于SBR2;当C/N为8∶1时,SBR1对COD和TN的去除效果达到最好,对两者的平均去除率分别达到85.31%和61.14%;当C/N为10∶1和12∶1时,两反应器对废水COD去除效果的差距缩小,但SBR1对TN的平均去除率分别为58.98%和51.64%,明显高于SBR2。(3)SBR1投加的好氧反硝化菌适应较低的C/N环境,且能在生活污水中快速增殖,保持了很好的污泥悬浮液浓度和沉降性能,在35d形成成熟的颗粒污泥。     

颗粒化序列间歇式活性污泥反应器工艺处理化粪池污水

在序列间歇式活性污泥反应器(SBR)中成功培养出适应化粪池污水水质的好氧颗粒污泥.并将其应用于化粪池污水的处理.在好氧颗粒污泥培养的第15天左右,SBR中开始出现细小的颗粒,然后微生物在其上繁殖生长使颗粒逐渐增大而成熟;在第24天时,SBR中絮状活性污泥已基本实现了颗粒化.培养出的好氧颗粒污泥对化粪池污水有稳定的处理效果,在进水完全为化粪池污水时,COD、NH_4~+-N、TN的平均去除率分别为77%、61%、47%.但是,由于化粪池污水COD较低,因此无法维持较高的生物量,在后期的稳定运行过程中MLSS始终维持在2 500 mg/L左右.好氧颗粒污泥的同步硝化反硝化作用是其稳定脱氮的保证.     

高有机负荷对好氧颗粒污泥形成和稳定性能的影响

为探究高有机负荷(organic loading rate,OLR)对好氧颗粒污泥在序批式反应器(sequencing batch reactor,SBR)中的形成和稳定性能的影响及高OLR条件下微生物群落结构的特征,采用连续监测方法对运行过程中颗粒污泥形貌、水质、沉降性能以及EPS的变化进行探究。结果表明：在OLR为14.4 kg·(m³·d)^-1的条件下,颗粒化进程较快,43 d完成颗粒造粒;并且高OLR引起丝状菌在颗粒表面大量附着,造成颗粒沉降性能和水质处理能力不稳定;通过改变进水中蛋白胨的占比来抑制丝状菌生长,使好氧颗粒污泥系统重新恢复稳定;在此过程中,混合液悬浮固体质量浓度(mixed liquid suspended solids,MLSS)、混合液挥发性悬浮固体质量浓度(mixed liquid volatile suspended solids,MLVSS)随OLR的增加而增加,但受丝状菌增加的影响会下降,而在丝状菌消除之后,MLSS和MLVSS恢复增长;SVI随OLR的增加不断下降,而受丝状菌增加的影响会呈现上升趋势,在丝状...     

2种好氧颗粒污泥反应器工艺处理城市污水

以低浓度城市污水作为原水,絮状污泥作为接种污泥,分别采用序批式生物反应器(SBR)与气升式间歇反应器(SBAR)培养好氧颗粒污泥.分别考察2种工艺中好氧污泥颗粒化过程中的污泥特性以及对污染物的去除效果,结果表明2种工艺均成功培养出稳定的好氧颗粒污泥.SBR工艺中好氧颗粒污泥的污泥容积指数(SVI)、挥发性组分所占比例(...     

反硝化除磷颗粒污泥培养方式的对比实验研究

采用两完全相同的气升式间歇反应器（SBAR）进行反硝化除磷颗粒污泥培养方式的对比实验研究。R1始终以厌氧/好氧/缺氧（A/O/A）模式运行,在颗粒化的同时富集反硝化除磷菌（DPAOs）;R2以厌氧/好氧（A/O）模式培养颗粒,待颗粒形成后加入缺氧段,形成A/O/A模式,强化富集DPAOs。结果表明,R2中颗粒化时间较短,但所形成颗粒的沉降速率和比重分别为30.4 m/h和1.022 g/cm³,低于R1培养颗粒的35.9 m/h和1.061 g/cm³;R1中颗粒对于COD、NH⁺₄-N、TN和TP的平均去除率分别是86%、98%、82%和91%,高于R2中的86%、99%、74%和66%;反应器运行至183 d时,DPAOs所占比例分别为44.7%和20.9%。     

好氧硝化颗粒污泥的培养及其性能

为考察不同接种污泥培养好氧硝化颗粒污泥的可行性,分别采用絮状活性污泥和厌氧颗粒污泥作为接种污泥,在气升内循环序批式反应器(SBAR)中进行好氧硝化颗粒污泥的培养,探讨不同性质的种泥对好氧硝化颗粒污泥的培养及其性能影响.结果表明,以絮状活性污泥、厌氧颗粒污泥为接种污泥均可培养出好氧硝化颗粒污泥,其颗粒成熟时间分别为62和80 d,SVI为25.52和27.68 mL/g,氨氮去除率为93.15％和75.43％,COD去除率在90％以上,SOUR、Zeta和EPS显著提高,微生物活性及疏水性能增强,以絮状活性污泥培养的好氧硝化颗粒污泥性能更优.     

好氧颗粒污泥的培养及其对污染物去除特性研究

采用序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)进行好氧颗粒污泥(AGS)培养,比较仅接种普通絮状污泥培养(R1)与接种普通絮状污泥及部分厌氧颗粒污泥培养(R2)下污泥颗粒化进程、污泥特性及污染物去除特性。结果表明,通过逐渐缩短SBR沉淀时间、提高有机负荷,R1、R2分别在17、23d时出现乳白色颗粒,颗粒粒径较小(0.1～0.5mm),颗粒污泥成熟时由白色转变为黄色,污泥容积指数(SVI)均保持在40mL/g左右;培养60d时,R1、R2内污泥基本实现颗粒化,颗粒化程度分别为90.0%、84.4%;R1、R2中胞外聚合物(EPS)质量浓度均在56d时分别为84.75、64.05mg/g(以单位质量挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)中的质量计,下同),其中R1、R2中多糖(PS)在EPS中占主要比重;R1、R2中培养的AGS均具有密实的结构和良好的沉降性能,对污染物具有良好的去除效果,培养后期R1、R2对COD平均去除率分别为96%、94%,对TN平均去除率分别为60%、56%,对TP平均去除率分别为65%、61%。R2中接种的部分厌氧颗粒污泥可能对EPS的分泌起到一定抑制作用,从而影响污泥的颗粒化进程。     

Sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by macroalgae and microalgae

The sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by two species of brown macroalgae and five species of microalgae were studied. The two brown macroalgae, Laminaria japonica and Sargassum kjellmanianum, were found to have high capacities at pHs between 4.0 and 5.0 while for microalgae, optimum pH lay at 6.7. The presence of other cations in solution was found to reduce the sorption of the target cation, suggesting a competition for sorption sites on organisms. Sorption isotherms obeyed the Freundlich equation, suggesting involvement of a multiplicity of mechanisms and sorption sites. For the microalgae tested, Spirulina platensis had the highest capacity for Cd, followed by Nannochloropsis oculata, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Platymonas cordifolia and Chaetoceros minutissimus. The reversibility of metal sorption by macroalgae was examined and the results show that both HCl and EDTA solutions were very effective in desorbing sorbed metal ions from macroalgae, with up to 99.5% of metals being recovered. The regenerated biomass showed undiminished sorption performance for the two metals studied, suggesting the potential of such material for use in water and wastewater treatment.     

Kinetic and structural relationships of transition monomeric and oligomeric carboxyl- and choline-esterases

The kinetic and structural relationships of eight electrophoretically pure mammalian serum and liver serine carboxylesterases (CE) and cholinesterases (ChE) have been studied. Eight CE's and ChE's, which were fully resolved but only partially purified, provided additional information. Five of the electrophoretically pure esterases were monomeric, and of these, four belonged to a new and widely distributed class. These four monomeric esterases hydrolyzed choline esters, but at widely differing rates. Thus two were termed monomeric butyrylcholinesterases, mBuChE I and II, and two were monomeric CE's (mCE). The rabbit liver mCE was not a subunit of the oligomeric CE (oCE), although the oCE also hydrolyzed choline esters at a very low rate. The complex kinetics of the mCE's, mBuChE's, oCE's, and of the oligomeric BuChE's of horse and human serum could be interpreted according to a single reaction scheme involving an allosteric site and the equation derived from it. Thus activation and inhibition at high substrate concentrations, together with sigmoidal activity versus substrate concentration plots, all of which characterize the reactions of these esterases, could be interpreted by a single scheme and equation. Structural and kinetic comparisons showed a progressive transition of properties from the oCE's through the mCE's to the oBuChE's. One of the purified mCE's was from horse serum, and it exhibited physical and kinetic properties unlike those of the liver mCE's or oCE's.     

Persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole in onion and soil

The persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole on onion were studied after application of their combination formulation at a standard and double dose of 75 + 150 and 150 + 300 g a.i. ha^?1. The fungicides were extracted with acetone, cleaned-up using activated charcoal (trifloxystrobin) and neutral alumina (tebuconazole). Analysis was carried out by gas chromatograph (GC) and confirmed by gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The recovery was above 80% and limit of quantification (LOQ) 0.05 mg kg^?1 for both fungicides. Initial residue deposits of trifloxystrobin were 0.68 and 1.01 mg kg^?1 and tebuconazole 0.673 and 1.95 mg kg^?1 from standard and double dose treatments, respectively. Dissipation of the fungicides followed first-order kinetics and the half life of degradation was 6–6.6 days. Matured onion bulb (and field soil) harvested after 30 days was free from fungicide residues. These findings suggest recommended safe pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 14 and 25 days for spring onion consumption after treatment of Nativo 75 WG at the standard and double doses, respectively. Matured onion bulbs at harvest were free from fungicide residues.     

Sorption and Desorption Behavior of Chloroanilines and Chlorophenols on Montmorillonite and Kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Sorption and desorption behavior of chloroanilines and chlorophenols on montmorillonite and kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Bacterial and archaeal diversity in oil fields and reservoirs and their potential role in hydrocarbon recovery and bioprospecting

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Hydrocarbon is a primary source of energy in the current urbanized society. Considering the increasing demand, worldwide oil productions are declining...     

畜禽养殖业污染与循环经济

解决畜禽养殖业的污染问题要以充分利用资源为根本出发点，通过对污染全过程控制及废物综合利用，达到畜禽粪便的减量化、无害化、资源化，走循环经济的发展道路。     

Isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane levels in urban and industrial areas and possible emission-related activities

Isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane are becoming relevant compounds in urban and industrial air, as they are used in important amounts in automobile industry and building insulation, as well as in the manufacture of foams, rubber, paints and varnishes. Glass multi-sorbent tubes (Carbotrap, Carbopack, Carboxen) were connected to LCMA-UPC pump samplers for the retention of iso- and isothiocyanatocyclohexanes. The analysis was performed by automatic thermal desorption (ATD) coupled with capillary gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry detector (MSD). TD-GC/MS was chosen as analytical method due to its versatility and the possibility of analysis of a wide range of volatility and polarity VOC in air samples. The method was satisfactory sensitive, selective and reproducible for the studied compounds. The concentrations of iso- and isothioisocyanatocyclohexanes were evaluated in different urban, residential and industrial locations from extensive VOC air quality and odour episode studies in several cities in the Northeastern edge of Spain. Around 200–300 VOC were determined qualitatively in each sample. Higher values of iso- and isothiocyanatocyclohexane were found in industrial areas than in urban or residential locations. The concentrations ranged between n.d.−246 and n.d.−29 μg m⁻³ for isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane, respectively, for industrial areas. On the other hand, urban and residential locations showed concentrations ranging between n.d.−164 and n.d.−29 μg m⁻³ for isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane, respectively. The site location (urban or industrial), the kind and nearness of possible iso- and isothiocyanatocyclohexane emission activities (industrial or building construction) and the changes of wind regimes throughout the year have been found the most important factors influencing the concentrations of these compounds in the different places.     

Degradation in soil and water and ecotoxicity of rimsulfuron and its metabolites.

The degradation and ecotoxicity of sulfonylurea herbicide rimsulfuron and its major metabolites were examined in batch samples of an alluvial sandy loam and in freshwater. An HPLC-DAD method was adapted to simultaneously identify and quantify rimsulfuron and its metabolites, which was successfully validated by GC-MS analysis. In aqueous solutions, pure rimsulfuron was rapidly hydrolyzed into metabolite 1 (N-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-N-(3-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-pyridinylurea)), which itself was transformed into the more stable metabolite 2 (N-((3-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-pyridinyl)-4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidineamine)), with half-life (t(1/2)) values of 2 and 2.5 days, respectively. Hydrolysis was instantaneous under alkaline conditions (pH = 10). In aqueous suspensions of the alluvial soil (pH = 8), formulated rimsulfuron had a half-life of 7 days, whereas that of metabolite 1 was similar to that in water (about 3.5 days). The degradation of the two major metabolites was also studied in soil suspensions with the pure compounds at concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 mg l(-1). The half-life of metabolite 1 ranged from 3.9 to 5 days, close to the previous values. Metabolite 2 was more persistent and its degradation is strongly dependent on the initial concentration (C0): half-life values ranged from 8.1 to 55 days at 2-10 mg l(-1), respectively. These values are higher than those determined from the kinetics of metabolite 1 transformation into metabolite 2 (t(1/2) = 8-19 days). The ecotoxicity of the three chemicals was evaluated through their effect on Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri (Microtox bioassay). No effect was observed on D. magna with 24 and 48 h acute toxicity tests. Similarly, no toxic effect was observed with the Microtox test for the three chemicals in the range of concentrations tested that included the field application dose. Thus, being of low persistence and lacking acute toxicity, these chemicals present a low environmental risk. However, chronic effects should be studied in order to confirm the safety of rimsulfuron and its major metabolites.