室内外PM_(2.5)污染特征、形貌及矿物组成

为掌握室内外细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))污染特性,监测采集西安市某办公场所室内外PM_(2.5)样品,统计分析PM_(2.5)质量浓度特征,探究室内外PM_(2.5)相关性、微观形貌以及矿物组成的差异。结果表明:室内外PM_(2.5)年均质量浓度分别为85.32和109.83μg·m~(-3),冬季污染尤为严重。室内PM_(2.5)受室外PM_(2.5)影响显著,室内外PM_(2.5)质量浓度的相关系数为0.890 0。室内PM_(2.5)多为粒径小于1μm的球状颗粒物,而室外颗粒物形状、大小不规则,室内外PM_(2.5)均含有大量的碳、氧元素,其他元素的种类和含量存在一定差异。室内PM_(2.5)中矿物多为非晶态物质,室外PM_(2.5)主要由石英、赤铁矿和碳酸钙等矿物质组成。     

基于室内PM_(2.5)控制和节能的通风策略探讨

细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))随空调新风进入室内,和室内产生的PM_(2.5)粒子一起作用,导致人体暴露在室内细颗粒物环境中。为保证室内空气品质,最大限度节约空调系统运行能耗,建立了室内PM_(2.5)浓度与CO_2体积分数双组分模型,提出了适用于某会议室不同室内外PM_(2.5)源、不同人数以及不同天气状况下的最佳通风策略,利用Simulink对炎热天气室内有无PM_(2.5)散发源、温和天气室内有无PM_(2.5)散发源4种工况下的不同通风方式进行仿真对比。模拟结果表明:炎热天气存在最小新风量,该值由室内人数决定,过滤送风对控制室内PM_(2.5)浓度效果最好;温和天气存在最大新风量,且该值与过滤器效率成正比;在所研究的情况下,温和天气节能潜力比炎热天气大。     

室内PM_(2.5)沉降的研究与控制

以燃烟为室内污染源,对不同污染程度下室内PM_(2.5)浓度进行动态监测,得到PM_(2.5)的沉降规律。研究发现,污染源对室内PM_(2.5)浓度及沉降时间有显著影响,随着燃烟量的增加,室内PM_(2.5)浓度相应升高,恢复到PM_(2.5)初始值所需的沉降时间越长。在质量平衡模型的基础上,建立了封闭条件下室内颗粒物的沉降模型。经验证,PM_(2.5)沉降曲线的变化规律与颗粒物沉降模型一致,说明构建的沉降模型合理可靠。最后,给出了自然通风对控制室内PM_(2.5)污染的效果,为室内PM_(2.5)污染控制提供参考。     

唐山农村地区冬季室内外PM_(2.5)浓度污染特征

为了解中国北方农村地区冬季室内外PM_(2.5)污染特征,选择河北唐山某农村燃煤与非燃煤室内外PM_(2.5)进行实验研究。结果表明:(1)燃煤采样点室内外PM_(2.5)分别为47.9~370.0、14.8~145.0μg/m~3,非燃煤采样点室内外PM_(2.5)分别为13.6~217.0、10.9~131.0μg/m~3。(2)室内外PM_(2.5)浓度具有一定的相关性。(3)采样期间的20d内,根据《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)二级标准(PM_(2.5)24h均值限值为75μg/m~3),燃煤采样点室外PM_(2.5)超标率为10%,而非燃煤采样点为5%;根据GB 3095—2012一级标准(PM_(2.5)24h均值限值为35μg/m~3),燃煤采样点室外PM_(2.5)超标率为35%,而非燃煤采样点为20%;根据《建筑通风效果测试与评价标准》(JGJ/T 309—2013)规定室内PM_(2.5)的日均值应小于75μg/m~3,燃煤采样点室内PM_(2.5)超标率为65%,而非燃煤采样点为35%。     

一次回风空调系统PM_(2.5)污染控制策略

基于浓度守恒原理建立了一次回风空调系统室内PM_(2.5)浓度模型,研究了过滤器分别安装在新风段、回风段和送风段时过滤效率和新风量的变化对室内PM_(2.5)浓度的影响。模拟结果表明:在室外PM_(2.5)浓度大于室内初始值的条件下,过滤器安装在送风段或回风段时,减少新风有利于室内PM_(2.5)污染控制,过滤器安装在新风段时,根据过滤器效率调节新风,过滤效率小于临界效率,减小新风有利于室内污染控制;在室外PM_(2.5)浓度小于室内初始值的条件下,过滤器安装在送风段或新风段时,增加新风有利于室内PM_(2.5)污染控制,过滤器安装在回风段时,也存在临界效率,过滤效率小于临界值,增加新风有利于室内PM_(2.5)污染控制。     

京津冀地区PM_(2.5)的时空效应研究

PM_(2.5)污染已成为当前经济发展中亟待解决的难题。从年、季、日变化及周末效应4个时间尺度和空间自相关分析研究了京津冀地区PM_(2.5)的时空效应,并构建空间回归模型量化分析相关社会经济因素对PM_(2.5)的影响。结果显示:(1)2013—2016年京津冀地区PM_(2.5)污染整体呈下降趋势,但污染程度依然很高,基本都没有达到《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)二级标准(35μg/m~3)。四季的达标天数夏季春季秋季冬季。中南部的石家庄、保定、衡水、邢台、邯郸为PM_(2.5)浓度高值区,日变化曲线为单峰型,受工业企业生产排放的影响较大;北部的张家口、承德、秦皇岛为PM_(2.5)浓度低值区,中东部的天津、北京、沧州、唐山、廊坊为PM_(2.5)浓度中值区,日变化曲线均为双峰型,受机动车尾气排放的影响较大。石家庄、北京的周末效应表现为白天PM_(2.5)浓度工作日高于周末,晚上周末高于工作日。(2)京津冀地区PM_(2.5)存在显著的空间正相关性,2013—2016年石家庄、衡水、邢台、邯郸始终表现出高-高集聚特征,张家口、承德、秦皇岛始终保持低-低集聚特征。汽车尾气排放是京津冀地区PM_(2.5)污染的重要影响因素,而能源消耗的影响不显著。     

邯郸市PM_(2.5)及其化学组分的季节性变化

利用2013年邯郸市4个大气环境监测站连续1年的在线监测数据,并结合离线采样成分数据,对比分析了不同季节大气中PM_(2.5)及其主要成分的浓度水平和污染特征。结果表明,PM_(2.5)和PM10四季均存在不同程度的超标现象;污染物在4个站点之间的空间差异不太显著,邯郸市的污染为区域性污染。PM_(2.5)中水溶性无机离子和碳组分的季节变化均较为明显。SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+三者浓度之和占PM_(2.5)浓度的39.8%,占PM_(2.5)中总水溶性无机离子浓度的86.2%;四季均存在较强的光化学反应,但硫氧化率(SOR)和氮氧化率(NOR)呈现出不同的季节变化规律,与SO2-4和NO_3~-的来源和去除机制明显不同有关。秋、冬季有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)污染较为严重,总碳气溶胶(TCA)浓度分别占PM_(2.5)质量浓度的24.0%和32.9%;研究显示高浓度的OC较多来源于二次有机碳(SOC),高浓度碳易发生二次污染。进一步对PM_(2.5)中各组分进行来源分析得出燃煤、汽油车尾气、生物质燃烧、二次气溶胶和扬尘源对邯郸市PM_(2.5)贡献显著。     

夏季海淀公园内PM_(2.5)浓度水平梯度分布规律

于2014年夏季,通过观测海淀公园不同区域沿道路不同宽度处PM_(2.5)浓度,研究PM_(2.5)浓度日变化规律、水平梯度分布规律、净化效益及其影响因素。结果表明,海淀公园内PM_(2.5)浓度日变化规律呈白天低晚上高的趋势,09:00—15:00时PM_(2.5)浓度达到国家标准Ⅱ类功能区浓度质量要求,05:00时PM_(2.5)浓度最高。不同观测区域一定宽度范围内出现PM_(2.5)浓度积聚,之后开始下降。总体上,海淀公园在13:00时对PM_(2.5)浓度净化效益最显著,09:00时净化效益最差。环城高速路区域与城市主干道区域165 m以上宽度处、城市次干道区域60 m以上宽度处为正净化效益,并维持正净化效益。海淀公园内PM_(2.5)浓度与气象因子之间相关关系表明,PM_(2.5)浓度与平均温度、相对湿度呈显著相关,与其他气象因素没有显著相关性。     

中国近年PM2.5污染研究进展

近年来雾霾天气在中国大面积频发,PM_(2.5)已经成为中国大气颗粒物污染的首要污染物。对中国近年来PM_(2.5)的研究进展进行总结,分析了城市大气及室内环境中PM_(2.5)的来源,阐述了PM_(2.5)对大气能见度、人体健康及人们行为方式的影响,介绍了室内外关于PM_(2.5)的相关性指标以及PM_(2.5)控制的最新技术等,最后对相关研究前景进行分析并提出建议。     

广州PM2.5污染特征及与气象因子的关系分析

基于2014—2016年广州PM_(2.5)浓度逐时观测数据,研究了广州PM_(2.5)污染变化特征及其与气象因子的关系,确定了影响广州大气能见度的PM_(2.5)浓度阈值。结果表明:(1)2014—2016年广州PM_(2.5)质量浓度平均为32.7μg/m3,广州1月PM_(2.5)污染最重,轻度、中度、重度污染频率合计达20.16%;(2)PM_(2.5)浓度与风速、降水、气温、能见度呈负相关,与相对湿度、气压呈正相关;(3)广州地区在南风的条件下PM_(2.5)浓度最低,风速小于2m/s的偏北风下易出现污染;(4)PM_(2.5)浓度与相对湿度共同影响广州能见度的变化,随着相对湿度的增加,PM_(2.5)浓度的敏感阈值不断减小,通常当PM_(2.5)高于37.3μg/m3时,控制PM_(2.5)对改善城市能见度成效相对缓慢,而当PM_(2.5)浓度低于此阈值时,降低PM_(2.5)将显著提高大气能见度。     

Sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by macroalgae and microalgae

The sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by two species of brown macroalgae and five species of microalgae were studied. The two brown macroalgae, Laminaria japonica and Sargassum kjellmanianum, were found to have high capacities at pHs between 4.0 and 5.0 while for microalgae, optimum pH lay at 6.7. The presence of other cations in solution was found to reduce the sorption of the target cation, suggesting a competition for sorption sites on organisms. Sorption isotherms obeyed the Freundlich equation, suggesting involvement of a multiplicity of mechanisms and sorption sites. For the microalgae tested, Spirulina platensis had the highest capacity for Cd, followed by Nannochloropsis oculata, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Platymonas cordifolia and Chaetoceros minutissimus. The reversibility of metal sorption by macroalgae was examined and the results show that both HCl and EDTA solutions were very effective in desorbing sorbed metal ions from macroalgae, with up to 99.5% of metals being recovered. The regenerated biomass showed undiminished sorption performance for the two metals studied, suggesting the potential of such material for use in water and wastewater treatment.     

Kinetic and structural relationships of transition monomeric and oligomeric carboxyl- and choline-esterases

The kinetic and structural relationships of eight electrophoretically pure mammalian serum and liver serine carboxylesterases (CE) and cholinesterases (ChE) have been studied. Eight CE's and ChE's, which were fully resolved but only partially purified, provided additional information. Five of the electrophoretically pure esterases were monomeric, and of these, four belonged to a new and widely distributed class. These four monomeric esterases hydrolyzed choline esters, but at widely differing rates. Thus two were termed monomeric butyrylcholinesterases, mBuChE I and II, and two were monomeric CE's (mCE). The rabbit liver mCE was not a subunit of the oligomeric CE (oCE), although the oCE also hydrolyzed choline esters at a very low rate. The complex kinetics of the mCE's, mBuChE's, oCE's, and of the oligomeric BuChE's of horse and human serum could be interpreted according to a single reaction scheme involving an allosteric site and the equation derived from it. Thus activation and inhibition at high substrate concentrations, together with sigmoidal activity versus substrate concentration plots, all of which characterize the reactions of these esterases, could be interpreted by a single scheme and equation. Structural and kinetic comparisons showed a progressive transition of properties from the oCE's through the mCE's to the oBuChE's. One of the purified mCE's was from horse serum, and it exhibited physical and kinetic properties unlike those of the liver mCE's or oCE's.     

Persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole in onion and soil

The persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole on onion were studied after application of their combination formulation at a standard and double dose of 75 + 150 and 150 + 300 g a.i. ha^?1. The fungicides were extracted with acetone, cleaned-up using activated charcoal (trifloxystrobin) and neutral alumina (tebuconazole). Analysis was carried out by gas chromatograph (GC) and confirmed by gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The recovery was above 80% and limit of quantification (LOQ) 0.05 mg kg^?1 for both fungicides. Initial residue deposits of trifloxystrobin were 0.68 and 1.01 mg kg^?1 and tebuconazole 0.673 and 1.95 mg kg^?1 from standard and double dose treatments, respectively. Dissipation of the fungicides followed first-order kinetics and the half life of degradation was 6–6.6 days. Matured onion bulb (and field soil) harvested after 30 days was free from fungicide residues. These findings suggest recommended safe pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 14 and 25 days for spring onion consumption after treatment of Nativo 75 WG at the standard and double doses, respectively. Matured onion bulbs at harvest were free from fungicide residues.     

Sorption and Desorption Behavior of Chloroanilines and Chlorophenols on Montmorillonite and Kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Sorption and desorption behavior of chloroanilines and chlorophenols on montmorillonite and kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Bacterial and archaeal diversity in oil fields and reservoirs and their potential role in hydrocarbon recovery and bioprospecting

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Hydrocarbon is a primary source of energy in the current urbanized society. Considering the increasing demand, worldwide oil productions are declining...     

畜禽养殖业污染与循环经济

解决畜禽养殖业的污染问题要以充分利用资源为根本出发点，通过对污染全过程控制及废物综合利用，达到畜禽粪便的减量化、无害化、资源化，走循环经济的发展道路。     

Degradation in soil and water and ecotoxicity of rimsulfuron and its metabolites.

The degradation and ecotoxicity of sulfonylurea herbicide rimsulfuron and its major metabolites were examined in batch samples of an alluvial sandy loam and in freshwater. An HPLC-DAD method was adapted to simultaneously identify and quantify rimsulfuron and its metabolites, which was successfully validated by GC-MS analysis. In aqueous solutions, pure rimsulfuron was rapidly hydrolyzed into metabolite 1 (N-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-N-(3-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-pyridinylurea)), which itself was transformed into the more stable metabolite 2 (N-((3-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-pyridinyl)-4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidineamine)), with half-life (t(1/2)) values of 2 and 2.5 days, respectively. Hydrolysis was instantaneous under alkaline conditions (pH = 10). In aqueous suspensions of the alluvial soil (pH = 8), formulated rimsulfuron had a half-life of 7 days, whereas that of metabolite 1 was similar to that in water (about 3.5 days). The degradation of the two major metabolites was also studied in soil suspensions with the pure compounds at concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 mg l(-1). The half-life of metabolite 1 ranged from 3.9 to 5 days, close to the previous values. Metabolite 2 was more persistent and its degradation is strongly dependent on the initial concentration (C0): half-life values ranged from 8.1 to 55 days at 2-10 mg l(-1), respectively. These values are higher than those determined from the kinetics of metabolite 1 transformation into metabolite 2 (t(1/2) = 8-19 days). The ecotoxicity of the three chemicals was evaluated through their effect on Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri (Microtox bioassay). No effect was observed on D. magna with 24 and 48 h acute toxicity tests. Similarly, no toxic effect was observed with the Microtox test for the three chemicals in the range of concentrations tested that included the field application dose. Thus, being of low persistence and lacking acute toxicity, these chemicals present a low environmental risk. However, chronic effects should be studied in order to confirm the safety of rimsulfuron and its major metabolites.     

Isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane levels in urban and industrial areas and possible emission-related activities

Isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane are becoming relevant compounds in urban and industrial air, as they are used in important amounts in automobile industry and building insulation, as well as in the manufacture of foams, rubber, paints and varnishes. Glass multi-sorbent tubes (Carbotrap, Carbopack, Carboxen) were connected to LCMA-UPC pump samplers for the retention of iso- and isothiocyanatocyclohexanes. The analysis was performed by automatic thermal desorption (ATD) coupled with capillary gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry detector (MSD). TD-GC/MS was chosen as analytical method due to its versatility and the possibility of analysis of a wide range of volatility and polarity VOC in air samples. The method was satisfactory sensitive, selective and reproducible for the studied compounds. The concentrations of iso- and isothioisocyanatocyclohexanes were evaluated in different urban, residential and industrial locations from extensive VOC air quality and odour episode studies in several cities in the Northeastern edge of Spain. Around 200–300 VOC were determined qualitatively in each sample. Higher values of iso- and isothiocyanatocyclohexane were found in industrial areas than in urban or residential locations. The concentrations ranged between n.d.−246 and n.d.−29 μg m⁻³ for isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane, respectively, for industrial areas. On the other hand, urban and residential locations showed concentrations ranging between n.d.−164 and n.d.−29 μg m⁻³ for isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane, respectively. The site location (urban or industrial), the kind and nearness of possible iso- and isothiocyanatocyclohexane emission activities (industrial or building construction) and the changes of wind regimes throughout the year have been found the most important factors influencing the concentrations of these compounds in the different places.