硫化钠对土壤中铅镉的固定效果简

研究了硫化钠用于固定土壤中铅镉的可行性,考察了硫化钠用量及土壤pH、有机质对固定过程中土壤铅、镉赋存形态及固定效果的影响。结果表明,添加硫化钠可改变土壤中铅镉的形态分布,明显降低可交换态铅镉的含量。条件适当时,铅镉可交换态下降值分别为63%和73%。硫化钠在固定铅的过程中,固定效率对土壤pH、有机质含量的变化较为敏感,在有机质含量较低或酸性土壤中,硫化钠对铅固定效率较高;相对于铅,有机质含量和pH变化对镉的固定效率影响不是很大。     

冻融循环及有机肥配施对黑土中镉形态的影响

以黑龙江黑土为对象,研究了冻融循环及有机肥配施量对黑土中镉形态分布的影响。对配施不同有机肥的土壤样品进行5次冻融循环,采用电感耦合等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS)分析土壤样品中镉的赋存形态。结果表明,冻融循环数及有机肥的配施有助于降低黑土中的总镉量;冻融循环会促使黑土中的镉由交换态、碳酸盐结合态、有机结合态向铁锰氧化物结合态和残渣态转化,而增加有机肥配施量会使黑土中的镉由交换态向其他形态转化。因此,冻融循环及有机肥配施有助于降低土壤中镉的生物有效性,进而降低其环境风险。     

非正规生活垃圾填埋场周边黄壤对铵态氮的吸附特征及其影响因素

为探明某非正规垃圾填埋场周边包气带土壤对铵态氮向地下水迁移的影响,以包气带土壤为对象,通过批平衡实验研究了水溶态铵、可交换态铵、固定态铵和铵态氮总量在黄壤中的吸附动力学、热力学以及温度、pH、阳离子对吸附过程的影响,结合解吸附实验,探索了黄壤对铵态氮的固定能力。结果显示:不同形态铵吸附动力学特征相似,但吸附过程存在差异,达到吸附平衡的先后顺序依次为水溶态铵、固定态铵、可交换态铵;吸附热力学过程更符合Langmuir等温式,25℃时铵态氮理论最大吸附量为696.49 mg·kg~(-1),水溶态铵、可交换态铵、固定态铵最大吸附量分别为363.50、245.64、112.50 mg·kg~(-1);温度升高可加速吸附进程,抑制吸附量的增加;pH对吸附总量的影响不显著,可通过影响水溶态铵和可交换态铵吸附改变土壤中铵态氮的组成;阳离子存在可抑制水溶态铵和可交换态铵吸附,促进其解吸附。研究结果还表明,供试黄壤对铵态氮具有一定的固定作用,可有效阻止低浓度NH_4~+向地下水迁移,温度越低、pH越高、阳离子浓度越低,越有利于增强包气带对NH_4~+的防护作用。     

添加天然沸石和石灰对土壤镉形态转化的影响

采用土壤培养实验,研究镉污染土壤中添加沸石、石灰及两者配施对土壤pH值和土壤镉形态变化的影响。结果表明,土壤pH值随沸石用量的增加而增加,随培养时间呈现先增加后下降并逐渐趋于稳定的趋势,但均高于对照。高剂量石灰的处理对土壤pH的影响最大,与对照相比土壤pH提高了3.33个单位。在土壤5~50 d培养过程中,石灰处理的土壤交换态镉含量呈现先逐渐降低而后略有升高的趋势,其余处理均呈下降趋势。培养50 d后,高剂量的沸石、石灰及高剂量沸石与石灰配施处理的土壤交换态镉含量从5 d时的67.54、61.95和55.56 mg/kg降低至54.65、49.93和45.96mg/kg。相关分析表明,不同培养时期交换态镉含量与土壤pH值呈负相关关系。在10个处理中,L2Z3(石灰2 g/kg土和沸石60 g/kg土)组合处理效果最好,使土壤交换态镉含量下降了34.68%,碳酸盐结合态镉含量上升了4.30%,铁锰氧化结合态镉含量上升了16.97%,有机结合态镉含量上升了1.31%,残渣态镉含量上升了12.11%。     

医疗垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属形态分析

利用原子吸收光谱仪分别对医疗垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属含量和重金属形态及其随颗粒度分布特性进行了分析,结果表明,飞灰中Cd、Zn、Pb等的浸出浓度远超标与这些重金属的可交换态和碳酸盐态含量较高有关;飞灰颗粒度主要在96 μm以下,96～150 μm的颗粒中Cd、Pb含量最高,且Zn、Cd的形态以可交换态为主.     

矿物材料对Cd污染土壤中Cd的钝化效果

采用土壤培养实验,研究了海泡石、钙基膨润土、钠基膨润土、汉白玉和石灰5种矿物材料在3个添加量下对Cd污染土壤p H和CEC、Cd植物有效性、浸出毒性和生物可给性以及Cd形态分布的影响。结果表明:几种矿物材料均可显著提高土壤p H和CEC。与对照相比,添加几种矿物材料后土壤p H提高0.46~1.15个单位,CEC增加5.8%~39.3%,其提高幅度随添加量的增加而增大。添加矿物材料显著降低土壤Cd的植物有效性(DTPA-Cd)、浸出毒性(TCLP-Cd)和生物可给性(SBET-Cd),且DTPA-Cd、TCLP-Cd和SBET-Cd含量的降低比例分别为9.4%~27.5%、6.4%~23.8%和7.7%~20.5%。添加几种矿物材料后,土壤中酸提取态Cd含量显著降低,残渣态Cd含量显著增加,可还原态和可氧化态Cd含量无明显变化。与对照相比,土壤酸提取态Cd含量降低6.2%~31.4%,残渣态Cd含量增加2.8%~9.7%。几种矿物材料中,海泡石和汉白玉对土壤Cd钝化效果相当,且优于其他矿物材料。     

黄河内蒙古段沉积物中硅的赋存形态及分布特征研究

应用连续浸提技术研究了黄河内蒙古段表层沉积物中硅的赋存形态及沿程分布特征。结果表明,沉积物中残渣态硅(Residual-Si)含量最高,占5种硅形态总量(∑Si)的91.78%(质量分数,下同)～98.08%,但Residual-Si对上覆水影响不大,其余4种硅形态均为生物有效硅(Valid-Si),Valid-Si仅占∑Si的1.92%～8.22%,但对黄河水体硅循环具有重要影响。人工筑坝会导致水体总颗粒物(TMP)浓度减少,使大坝下游沉积物中可交换态硅(IEF-Si)、碳酸盐结合态硅(CF-Si)和上覆水溶解硅(DSi)含量明显降低;旅游景点和电厂产生的人为污染会通过大气沉降和地表径流等进入到水体,使水体营养程度进一步升高,浮游植物在沉积物中汇集,导致下游沉积物IEF-Si、CF-Si含量升高,增加沉积物中硅的释放风险。     

铵态氮在非正规垃圾填埋场土壤中的赋存特征

应用连续分级提取法,对重庆市某非正规垃圾填埋场污染土壤中铵态氮的赋存形态进行分级测定,研究了各形态铵的赋存特征及影响因素。结果表明:土壤总铵量在116.32~241.66 mg·kg~(-1)之间,平均值为(164.13±24.98)mg·kg~(-1),水溶态铵、可交换态铵和固定态铵的平均含量分别为(10.93±3.64)、(7.08±3.46)、(146.12±24.11)mg·kg~(-1);3种形态铵占总铵的比重大小为固定态铵水溶态铵可交换态铵。受雨水冲刷及淋滤影响,铵态氮有在下游点位积累的趋势。水溶态铵含量与有机碳含量、氧化还原电位呈极显著相关,与pH、粉粒含量及粘粒含量显著相关。可交换态铵与土壤氧化还原电位在垂直剖面上变化趋势一致,并与土壤粘粒含量呈极显著的负相关。固定态铵含量与土壤中粘粒含量呈极显著的正相关,与砂粒含量呈显著的负相关。     

废弃等离子显示屏玻璃中重金属化学形态分布

通过BCR3步和BCR4步连续提取法,对等离子体显示屏玻璃中重金属的化学形态进行研究。结果表明,BCR3步连续提取法对废弃等离子体显示屏玻璃中重金属的提取比BCR4步连续提取法更稳定。废弃等离子体显示屏玻璃中Zn、Cu和Ag化学形态分布存在差异。BCR3步和BCR4步连续提取法均认为Ag以残渣态为主要赋存形态,对环境影响比较小;Cu的可交换与弱酸可溶态或交换态和碳酸盐结合态含量较少,潜在的环境风险也比较小;BCR3步和BCR4步连续提取法对Zn的形态分布结果评价不一致,BCR3步连续提取法表明Zn主要以可交换与弱酸可溶态为主,对环境影响较大,而BCR4步连续提取法结果认为Zn是以铁锰氧化态为主要存在形态。     

热解条件对茶叶渣生物炭特性及镉污染土壤钝化效果的影响

以泡饮过的废弃茶叶为实验原料,通过不同热解温度(300、400、500和600℃)和热解时间(1 h和2 h)制备生物炭,探讨不同热解条件对茶叶渣生物炭(TSBC)的特性及其对镉(Cd)污染土壤钝化效果的影响。结果表明:热解温度的升高可明显增加TSBC的p H和比表面积,降低生物炭的产率、电导率和表面官能团的数量,使TSBC具有弱碱性、较大比表面积和较强的稳定性,对改良酸性土壤和吸附重金属存在一定潜力;而热解时间对其特性没有明显差异,与对照组相比,添加TSBC明显增加了Cd污染土壤的p H、有机碳(SOC)和可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量,但随着制备温度的升高,Cd污染土壤中SOC和DOC增加幅度逐渐降低。添加TSBC显著降低Cd污染土壤中可交换态镉的比例,当热解温度为500~600℃时降幅最显著,其下降比例与对照相比最高可达25.56%;残渣态镉比对照增加了0.88~1.18倍。因此,TSBC对镉污染土壤有较好的钝化效果,这为重金属污染土壤的修复和生活废弃物的资源化利用提供了理论依据。     

Pesticides in rainfall in Europe

Papers and published reports investigating the presence of pesticides in rainfall in Europe were reviewed. Approximately half of the compounds that were analysed for were detected. For those detected, most concentrations were below about 100 ng/l, but larger concentrations, up to a few thousand nanograms per litre, were detected occasionally at most monitoring sites. The most frequently detected compounds were lindane (gamma-HCH) and its isomer (alpha-HCH), which were detected on 90-100% of sampling occasions at most of the sites where they were monitored. For compounds developed more recently, detection was usually limited to the spraying season. A classification of pesticides according to their deposition pattern is proposed.     

Differences in Cu content in selected mushroom species growing in the same unpolluted areas in Poland

The aim of the study was to estimate copper (Cu) accumulation efficiency in whole-fruiting bodies of 18 edible and non-edible wild growing mushrooms collected from 27 places in the Wielkopolska Voivodeship. Mushrooms were collected each time from the same places to estimate the diversity in Cu accumulation between tested mushroom species within 3 consecutive years of study (2011–2013). The study results revealed various accumulation of Cu in the whole-tested mushroom fruiting bodies. The highest mean accumulation of Cu was observed in Macrolepiota procera (119.4 ± 20.0 mg kg^?1 dm), while the lowest was in Suillus luteus and Russula fellea fruiting bodies (16.1 ± 3.0 and 18.8 ± 4.6 mg kg^?1 dm, respectively). Significant differences in Cu accumulation between mushroom species collected in 2011 and in the two following years (2012 and 2013) were observed. The results indicated that sporadic consumption of these mushrooms was not related to excessive intake of Cu for the human body (no toxic influence on health).     

Mercury in fish in Swedish lakes

The aim of this work has been to try to obtain a picture of the past, present and future mercury situation in fish in Swedish lakes, to make an estimate of the number of lakes threatened by 'blacklisting', and to see if the data can be used to reveal anything about the impact of liming on the Hg content in pike. The register contains a broad set of data from 1456 lakes. The main results are as follows. Trend analyses indicate that the Hg content in 1-kg pike seems to increase with time. This is interesting since there has been a significant decrease in mercury emissions from Swedish industries during the last two decades. High Hg contents in 1-kg pike appear in a very characteristic pattern, linked to specific sources of Hg emission. The data indicate that old Swedish 'sins' are still causing a lot of problems. The factors governing the leakage of Hg from soils to water ought to be a very important topic for further studies. The Hg content in pike shows the highest correlation with the following parameters: Hg in surficial sediments, pH, distance from point source and water hardness, lake water alkalinity and conductivity, water retention time, size of drainage area and lake surface. A formula which provides the best possible degree of explanation (r2 = 0.78) has been derived. At present there are about 250 lakes 'blacklisted' in Sweden due to high Hg content in fish. Our data show that there are at least 9400 lakes that ought to be 'blacklisted' today. A successful liming operation will alter the chemical conditions in lakes and also decrease the Hg content in fish.     

Lead poisoning in swans in Japan

We investigated the occurrence, source and exposure time of lead poisoning in whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus cygnus) and Bewick's swans (Cygnus columbianus bewickii) in Japan during the winters of 1984-1987. Concentrations of lead in various tissues and physiological evidence of lead shot in some birds indicated that lead shotgun pellets were the source of lead, and exposure occurred after the birds arrived in Japan. Mortality probably occurred within 30 days after exposure to, and retention of, lead shot in the gizzard.     

Large-scale spatial variation in mercury concentrations in cattle in NW Spain

Mercury (Hg) is a highly toxic environmental contaminant and man-made emissions account for between a quarter and a third of total atmospheric levels. Point discharges, particularly coal-burning power stations, are major sources of atmospheric Hg and can result in marked spatial variation in mercury deposition and subsequent uptake by biota. The aims of this study were to quantify the extent to which major point and diffuse sources of atmospheric Hg emissions affected accumulation of Hg by biota throughout Galicia and Asturias, two of the major regions in northwest Spain. We did this by relating renal Hg concentrations in locally reared cattle (n=284) to the proximity of animals to point and diffuse sources of Hg emissions. Mercury residues in calf kidneys ranged between non-detected and 89.4 g/kg wet weight. Point discharges from coal-fired power plants in Galicia had the most dominant impact on Hg accumulation by calves in Galicia, affecting animals throughout the region and explaining some two-thirds of the variation in renal residues between animals located directly downwind from the plants. The effects of more diffuse emission sources on Hg accumulation in calves were not distinguishable in Galicia but were detected in cattle from neighbouring Asturias. The impact of both point and diffuse sources in elevating environmental levels of bioavailable Hg and subsequent accumulation by cattle extended to approximately 140-200 km downwind from source.     

Trends in summer sulphate in Europe

A trend analysis of the sulphate concentration in Europe in the summer half-year was performed. Data from various measuring networks were analysed, but only stations with quality assured sampling methods and a record of more than 10 years were included in the study. 1978 served as the reference year for the trend, because in that year most stations started operation. The relatively dense network in Belgium provided the most valuable data, as evidenced by the fact that two sites at a distance of only 10 km apart correlated better than 95% over a month. The two sites also show a correlation of better than 90% over a season with two other stations at distances of 45 and 95 km. The relative decrease in summer-sulphate at the four stations in Belgium, as analysed by linear regression, was 3.3% per year which corresponds to an absolute decrease of 0.42 μgm⁻³ per year. In the Netherlands the average yearly decrease in summer-sulphate at two stations was 3.5% (−0.34 μgm⁻³). In other countries stations were further apart or only a single site wits in use, which limits the representativeness of the data. In northwestern Germany, a region with several monitoring stations, a yearly averaged decrease of 3.0% occurred. The lower absolute decrease (0.25 μgm⁻³) per year compared to that in the two neighbouring countries reflects the lower summer-time sulphate concentrations. In the remainder of Germany the average decrease was 1.6%. In South-Scandinavia the yearly relative decrease at two sites was 2.6% (0.13 μgm⁻³ absolute). There was no significant trend in the U.K. Al the Polish station the levels increased, it decreased at the Hungarian and Austrian station and remained constant at the Czechoslovakian site. Reasons for omission of the data from France from the trend analysis are discussed.     

Pesticide levels in surface waters in an agricultural-forestry basin in Southern Chile

Residues of five pesticides in surface water were surveyed during 2001 and 2003 in the Traiguen river basin in Southern Chile. Simazine, hexazinone, 2,4-D, picloram herbicides and carbendazim fungicide were selected through a pesticide risk classification index. Six sampling stations along the river were set up based on agricultural and forestry land use. The water sampling was carried out before and after the pesticide application periods and in correspondence to some rain events. Pesticides were analyzed by HPLC with DAD detection in a multiresidue analysis. During 2001, in the first sampling campaign (March), the highest concentrations of pesticides were 3.0 microg l(-1) for simazine and hexazinone and 1.8 microg l(-1) for carbendazim. In the second sampling (September), the highest concentration were 9.7 microg l(-1) for 2,4-D, 0.3 microg l(-1) for picloram and 0.4 microg l(-1) for carbendazim. In the last sampling period (December), samples indicated contamination with carbendazim fungicide at levels of up to 1.2 microg l(-1). In sampling carried out on May 2003, no pesticides were detected. In October 2003, the highest concentrations of pesticides were 4.5 microg l(-1) for carbendazim and 2.9 microg l(-1) for 2,4-D. Data are discussed in function of land use and application periods of the products, showing a clear seasonal pattern pollution in the Traiguen river. Risk assessment for these pesticides was calculated by using a risk quotient (RQ = PNEC/PEC). For picloram the calculated RQ < was 0, which indicates that no adverse effects may occur due to the exposure to this herbicide in the Traiguen river basin. For 2,4-D, simazine, hexazinone, carbendazim RQ > 1, meaning that adverse effects could occur and it is necessary to reduce pesticide exposure in surface waters. It is recommended to continue with a pesticide monitoring program and the implementation of ecotoxicological testing with local and standardized species in order to consider the probability of effects occurrence, with less uncertainty. Thus, it will be more feasible to make some recommendations to regulatory agencies regarding the pesticide use.     

Heavy metal contamination in bats in Britain

Toxic metals are bioaccumulated by insectivorous mammals but few studies (none from Britain) have quantified residues in bats. We measured renal mercury (Hg), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) concentrations in bats from south-west England to determine how they varied with species, sex, age, and over time, and if they were likely to cause adverse effects. Residues were generally highest in whiskered bats (Myotis mystacinus). Compared with other species, pipistrelle (Pipistrellus spp) and Natterer's bats (Myotis nattereri) had significantly lower kidney Hg and Pb concentrations, respectively. Renal Hg increased over time in pipistrelles but the contributory sources are unknown. Kidney Pb did not decrease over time despite concurrent declines in atmospheric Pb. Overall, median renal metal concentrations were similar to those in bats from mainland Europe and 6- to 10-fold below those associated with clinical effect, although 5% of pipistrelles had kidney Pb residues diagnostic of acute lead poisoning.     

大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究进展

二（口/恶）（口/英）是世界公认的强致癌物质,对人体健康危害极大.近年来,大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）的研究已成为各国环境化学家研究的热点.本文总结了近年来国际上有关大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究的进展情况,以及所取得的主要研究成果,并在此基础上指出了我国目前研究中存在的问题及以后所应开展的工作.