焊接作业的呼吸防护

探讨焊接烟尘对焊工健康的影响及焊工的呼吸防护。焊接是现代工业生产及设备维修中不可缺少的重要加工工艺。焊接作业会产生大量的焊接烟尘和有害气体。基于焊接烟尘和有害气体的特性,结合焊接作业和作业环境特点,为焊接作业选择适当的呼吸防护装备,以降低作业者的伤害风险。此外应加强焊工安全与健康教育,避免焊接作业过程中不用、误用呼吸防护具及使用错误的呼吸防护用品现象的发生。     

焊接作业中尘毒的危害与对策

介绍了焊接作业中有害气体对作业人员身体的危害,同时论述了有害气体烟尘的来源、种类及危害情况,介绍了防护措施。     

焊接作业的呼吸防护

焊接与气割是现代工业生产制造及设备维修中不可缺少的一项重要加工工艺。由于工艺需要，焊接中的金属元素、焊药、保护气在高温火焰作用下会产生各种有害气体和焊接烟尘，危害工人的身体健康（见表1）。焊接作业工人的呼吸防护要结合作业特点，选择适合的呼吸防护设备。过滤型     

焊接作业中职业危害的防护

焊接技术是现代工业生产中一项重要加工工艺。在广泛应用焊接技术的同时，由于在焊接作业过程中产生各种职业有害因素．给焊工带来一系列职业危害。焊接作业中常见的职业有害因素有电焊烟尘、有毒有害气体、弧光辐射、放射线物质、噪声、高频电磁场、高温热辐射等，主要造成电焊工尘肺、职业中毒、金属烟热、电光性眼炎等职业危害。要预防这些职业危害．应采取相应的防护措施。     

几个国家的氖弧焊接、等离子焊接防护技术措施介绍(续)

第二部分:防护措施 针对在焊接过程中所产生的有害因素,罗马尼亚社会主义共和国劳动保护科学研究所和一些国家的有关部门,研究并主要采取了机械通风措施。 第一、机械通风: 通风措施分为自然通风和机械通风两大类。采取通风措施,可以消除各种有害气体、蒸气和烟雾,并降低作业环境的温度,改进空气质量。通风装置供气量的计算,应以驱散每小时所产生的有害物质的总量为标准。 对于焊接作业地带,必须有良好的自然通风和良好的机械通风。在焊接现场,最重要的是机械通风。 下面,扼要介绍几类机械通风措施。 第一类,局部机械排气: 局部机械排气,是…     

职业卫生常识（五）

（接上期）（四）职业病危害的防护职业病危害的防护主要有两个方面：一是作业场所防护设施的防护,二是个人防护用品,是保护工人健康的主要防护手段。主要个人防护用品包括：防护帽、防护服、护眼镜片和面罩、呼吸防护器、防噪声甩具和皮肤防护用品等。使用个人防护用品的关键在于要懂得其防护特点和性能,同时训练使用者正确使用、维护、管理。     

自动变光焊接滤光片响应时间快速测试设备

自动变光焊接防护装备已在欧美国家得到广泛应用,其关键部件是自动变光焊接滤光片。响应时间是自动变光焊接滤光片的关键技术指标,目前国内缺乏响应时间快速测试技术。本文介绍了一种响应时间快速测试设备,可以满足符合欧洲标准及我国国家标准中的测试要求。     

如何正确选择眼面部防护具

本文总结了眼面部防护具选型的一些要求和建议(焊接防护除外),结合不同的危害及眼面部防护具的防护功能,讲述了如何根据现场危害选择可以有效防护眼面部的防护具(焊接防护除外)。并通过一些案例讲述了日常防护具选型中常见错误和正确的做法。     

在汽车制造工业CO2保护焊接中的除尘效果评价

二氧化碳气体保护焊接在汽车制造业中应用较普及。由于作业范围广，流动性大且手工操作等原因，使其在焊接过程中产生的焊接烟尘和有害气体一直缺乏有效的防护措施。为了有效控制粉尘浓度和改善工人的劳动环境，扬州通华专用车有限公司引进新的防尘技术．即应用涡轮排风机装置进行通风除尘和净化车间空气。为了解其防护效果，我们进行了现场电焊烟尘浓度测定和卫生学评价。     

焊接与切割作业常见隐患

<正>焊接与切割作业具有较高的危险性,近年来,因焊接作业不规范导致的触电事故和火灾事故频发,个别事故还造成了大量人员伤亡。要确保焊接与切割作业安全,一方面,作业设备需要做好防护措施,如设备防护罩要齐全,线路拉接要规范等;另一方面,作业场所要符合安全要求,易燃物和可燃物要与作业现场保持安全距离,消防设备设施要配备齐全。从人员防护方面,必要的防护用具应配备和穿戴齐全,如面罩、阻燃服、绝缘手套等。从管理上,焊接作业属于动火作业,需要按照规定要求,逐级开具动火证方可作业。     

航空活塞发动机点火强度均衡性测试及防火研究

针对磁电机故障和点火电嘴故障会使发动机失去动力引起飞行事故,高压导线破损放电可能导致动力系统起火并引发飞机火灾等安全隐患,利用紫外探测技术和虚拟仪器技术设计了航空活塞发动机点火强度均衡性测试系统,利用该测试系统完成航空活塞发动机点火系统的安全隐患检测。以四缸活塞发动机正常点火、高压导线破损、点火电嘴积碳等三种点火系统作为测试对象,测试发动机在不同转速下各气缸点火电火花紫外辐射强度,用以表征点火能量强度。实测得到,在不同转速下点火电嘴积碳故障都会导致点火强度降低;高压导线破损漏电会同时导致点火能量损失与点火强度不均衡,并且与转速呈正相关。测试结果可为航空活塞发动机点火系统故障排除及发现可能存在的高压导线破损放电电气火灾隐患点提供技术依据。     

Measurement of charge transfer during filling and emptying FIBC

Filling and emptying normal FIBC (flexible intermediate bulk containers) in hazardous areas represents a high electrostatic ignition hazard. Manufacturers of FIBC have therefore designed different measures to reduce the ignition risks from static electricity. Depending on the measures applied FIBC are categorized into types A, B, C and D. End of 2005 a new international standard for testing type D FIBC has been published. Type D FIBC have now to be certified according to this standard. Since this standard requires comprehensive ignition testing on a test rig especially designed for this purpose, industry is looking for a simpler test method, which can be used for the development of new FIBC fabric and in production quality control. In the present paper it is attempted to apply the method of charge transfer measurement to assess the ignition probability of static discharged from FIBC during filling and emptying and to correlate the results with the ignition tests performed on the standard test rig.     

铁电陶瓷自动变光焊接面罩的研制

铁电陶瓷是一种具有优良电控双折射效应的高科技材料。把铁电陶瓷及相关的技术应用于自动变光焊接面罩是一种创新。本文介绍了铁电陶瓷自动变光焊接面罩的工作原理、研制过程、技术关键和解决方法以厦产品的技术性能．同时也对此项成果下一步的产品化提出了技术改进的建议。     

Experimental investigation of spark ignition energy in kerosene,hexane, and hydrogen

Quantifying the risk of accidental ignition of flammable mixtures is extremely important in industry and aviation safety. The concept of a minimum ignition energy (MIE), obtained using a capacitive spark discharge ignition source, has traditionally formed the basis for determining the hazard posed by fuels. While extensive tabulations of historical MIE data exist, there has been little work done on ignition of realistic industrial and aviation fuels, such as gasoline or kerosene. In the current work, spark ignition tests are performed in a gaseous kerosene–air mixture with a liquid fuel temperature of 60 °C and a fixed spark gap of 3.3 mm. The required ignition energy was examined, and a range of spark energies over which there is a probability of ignition is identified and compared with previous test results in Jet A (aviation kerosene). The kerosene results are also compared with ignition test results obtained in previous work for traditional hydrogen-based surrogate mixtures used in safety testing as well as two hexane–air mixtures. Additionally, the statistical nature of spark ignition is discussed.     

电焊熔珠对棉布和聚氨酯泡沫的引燃能力研究

研究了加载电压对电焊熔珠数目和粒径分布的影响,在模拟装置上实验了电焊对棉布、聚氨酯泡沫和纸张的引燃性能.结果表明,随着加载电压升高,电焊熔珠的数目逐渐减少,熔珠粒径逐渐增大,引燃能力逐渐增强.固体材料性质对电焊熔珠引燃能力也有很大影响,表面粗糙,易蓄热材料容易被点燃.电焊熔珠引燃棉布、聚氨酯泡沫和纸张的临界电压为37.5V、40V和45V.     

电焊烟尘的危害及其防护效果

本文介绍了电焊烟尘对人体某些系统的危害和可能的原因,对现阶段烟尘的防治状况进行了讨论,并介绍了常用和正在开发的除尘方法,以及它们的实施效果。在此基础上进行总结,得出目前除烟尘的技术手段不能使其完全达标。在此现实情况下,提出防治烟尘和个体防护工作的几点建议。     

Minimum ignition energy (MIE) — a basic ignition sensitivity parameter in design of intrinsically safe electrical apparatus for explosive dust clouds

In general terms, the purpose of any safety standard is to define borderlines between safe and unsafe conditions, with reasonable safety margins. The electrical spark ignition sensitivity of dust clouds (MIE) varies over at least eight orders of magnitude. Therefore, in the case of intrinsically safe electrical apparatus to be used in the presence of explosive dust clouds, substantial differentiation of the minimum requirements to prevent ignition by electrical sparks is needed. The present paper proposes a method by which adequate differentiation of required maximum permissible currents and/or voltages in intrinsically safe electrical circuits to be used in explosive dust clouds can be achieved. In essence, the concept is to use conservative first-order ignition curves, calculated or estimated from the experimental MIE value of clouds in air of the actual dust. Charts to be used for design purposes are given in the paper. Internationally standardised test methods allow MIE for clouds of any dust to be determined, at least down to the range of a few mJ. There is, however, a need for a supplementary method covering the range of lower energies, down to 0.01 mJ.     

A numerical approach to investigate the maximum permissible nozzle diameter in explosion by hot turbulent jets

The ignition of a combustible environment by hot jets is a safety concern in many industries. In explosion protection concepts, for a protection of the type “flameproof enclosures” a maximum permissible gap is of major importance. In this work a numerical framework is described to investigate the ignition processes by a hot turbulent jet which flows out from such gaps. A Probability Density Function (PDF) method in conjunction with a reaction-diffusion manifold (REDIM) technique is used to model the turbulent reactive flow. In this paper the ignition of a stoichiometric mixture of hydrogen/air gas by a hot exhaust turbulent jet is examined. The impact of the nozzle diameter on the ignition delay time is investigated, too. The method is used to explore the maximum nozzle diameter for specific boundary conditions for which there is no ignition.     

Suitability of ignition source “exploding wire” for determination of dust explosion characteristics in the 20-L-sphere

Several safety characteristics of dusts are determined in the 20-L-sphere (also known as SIWEK Chamber) according to international standards. Dust cloud ignition is carried out using pyrotechnical igniters. Due to various disadvantages of such igniters the need for alternative ignition sources arises again and again. An alternative could be an ignition source which is known as “exploding wire” or “fuse wire”. The paper presents test results of a comparative study between both ignition sources for the determination of the safety characteristics “Maximum Explosion Pressure” and “Maximum Rate of Explosion Pressure Rise” of five selected dusts in the 20-L-sphere. In addition to that the ignition mechanisms of both ignition sources were analyzed by high speed camera recordings and the ignition energy was determined with electric and calorimetric recordings. The paper shows results of measurements of the ignition energy of both ignition sources as well as sequences of the flame propagation.     

Measurement of minimum ignition energies (MIEs) of dust clouds – History,present, future

Nearly 130 years ago Holtzwart and von Meyer (1891) demonstrated by experiments that explosible dust clouds could be ignited by inductive electric sparks. Then more than half a century passed before the publication of the important quantitative research of Boyle and Llewellyn (1950) and Line et al. (1959). They worked with capacitive electric sparks and found that the minimum capacitor energies ½CU² required for ignition of various dust clouds in air decreased substantially when a large series resistance, in the range 10⁴–10⁷ Ω, was introduced in the discharge circuit. When considering that the net energies of the sparks themselves were only of the order of 10% of the ½CU² discharged, the minimum net spark energies required for ignition with a large series resistance were only a few per cent of the net energies required without such a resistance.Line et al. observed that the essential effect of increasing the series resistance, and hence increasing the discharge time of the sparks, was to reduce the disturbance of the dust cloud by the blast wave from the spark. This phenomenon was explored further by Eckhoff (1970, 2017), and subsequently by some simple experiments by Eckhoff and Enstad (1976). Franke (1974, 1977) and Laar (1980) confirmed the additional finding of Line et al. (1959) that the minimum ½CU² for ignition is also substantially reduced by including a series inductance in the discharge circuit, rather than a series resistance. The basic reason is the same as with a large series resistance, viz. increased spark discharge time and hence decreased disturbance of the dust cloud by blast wave from the spark. For this reason inclusion of an appreciable series inductance in the spark discharge circuit is an essential element in current standard MIE test methods.In experiments with spark ignition of transient dust clouds produced by a blast of air in a closed vessel, it is necessary to synchronize the occurrence of the spark with the formation of the dust cloud. The precision required from this type of synchronization is typically of the order of 10 ms, which can be obtained even by mechanical arrangements, such as rapid change of spark gap length, or of the distance between two capacitor plates. The present paper reviews some methods that have been/are being used for achieving adequate synchronization of dust cloud appearance and spark discharge. Some current standard experimental methods for determining MIEs of dust clouds experimentally have also been reviewed. The same applies to some theories of electric-spark ignition of dust clouds.At the end of paper some suggestions for possible future modifications of current standard methods for measuring MIEs of explosible dust clouds are presented. With regard to justifying significant modifications of existing standard methods, the “bottom line” is, as quite often in many connections, that any modifications should be based on realistic cost/benefit evaluations.