壳聚糖复合絮凝剂在城市生活污水处理中的应用

研究了壳聚糖复合絮凝剂在不同来源的城市生活污水处理中的应用 ,确定了壳聚糖复合絮凝剂在城市生活污水处理中的最佳投加量 ,即 :最佳投加量 (mg·l- 1)∶原水COD (mg·l- 1) =1∶8 2— 8 7和最佳pH =7;它与传统的絮凝剂PAC同比 ,COD去除率提高 7— 1 3% ,SS去除率提高 3— 1 0 % ,[Al3 + ]下降 6 1— 85 % ,药剂加量减少76— 82 % .     

泥炭对溶液中铬的吸附及其在制革废水处理中的应用

经初步处理的泥炭可通过吸附去除制革废水中的Cr(Ⅲ ) ,在不同的振荡时间、Cr(Ⅲ )浓度、吸附剂用量和不同的pH条件下 ,泥炭吸附和去除Cr(Ⅲ )的效果有很大差异 .Cr(Ⅲ )在 1 0— 40mg·l- 1 范围内 ,最大去除率为 73 5 %— 88 2 % ,对应的吸附剂用量为 6 6—8 0g·l- 1 .铬液的初始pH <4 5时 ,Cr(Ⅲ )的去除为吸附过程 ,pH3 6时达到最高值 ;pH >4 5后 ,为沉淀过程 .废铬液中的杂质成分与Cr(Ⅲ )产生竞争吸附 ,使去除率略有降低 .经二次吸附后 ,废水可达到排放标准 .但Cr(Ⅲ )吸附的复杂性 ,使泥炭解吸率较低 .     

甲醇工业废水处理回用作循环冷却水研究

首次采用(A1/O1)/(A2/O2)厌氧水解酸化—膜微孔曝气生物接触氧化/缺氧生物接触氧化—膜微孔曝气生物接触氧化塔—混凝沉淀—活性炭过滤—二氧化氯消毒处理工艺集成系统处理含甲醇工业废水。在进水后先设厌氧水解调节池以大幅提高废水可生化性,再用膜微孔曝气生物接触氧化好氧处理去除废水中大部分COD。然后用兼氧细菌接种缺氧处理去除废水中部分COD,并提高废水的可生化性。再用好氧内循环曝气生物塔处理去除废水中剩余的COD。处理工艺系统以生物降解有机物为主,后设配套的活性炭深度处理工艺,以确保整个处理工艺出水满足要求。在原水水质为含甲醇0.03%～5%(质量分数,下同),pH6～10,SS为30～100mg·L-1,CODcr为200～500mg·L-1条件下,处理系统出水达到冷却塔循环用水标准和要求,满足工业循环冷却水的需要。     

UV-H2O2工艺对饮用水中 DMP的去除效果和影响因素

采用UV-H2O2工艺对饮用水中内分泌干扰物邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)的去除进行研究,结果表明,单独的UV或H2O2都不能有效氧化去除DMP;而UV-H2O2联用工艺对饮用水中DMP具有很好的去除效果.在原水DMP浓度为5.1496×10-3mmol·l-1(1.0mg·l-1)左右,UV光强133.9μW·cm-2,H2O2投加量20mg·l-1和反应时间60min条件下,DMP的去除率可达到97.8%.探讨了反应速率常数随影响因素变化的规律,其中H2O2浓度、pH值、DMP初始浓度和本底TOC值对该工艺去除DMP的影响较大.     

Fenton氧化法处理生物性污染废水

采用Fenton氧化法对经化学混凝沉淀处理后的生物性污染废水进行深度处理,通过正交试验和单因素实验,研究H2O2投加量、溶液pH值、反应时间和H2O2/Fe2+2(摩尔比)四个主要因素对有机污染物去除效果的影响.实验结果表明H2O2投加量的影响明显高于其它三个因素,影响能力从大到小依次排序为:H2O2投加量＞溶液pH＞反应时间＞H2O2/Fe2+,反应的最佳工艺条件为:H2O2投加量为0.088mol.l-1,溶液pH值在3.5左右,反应时间为4h,H2O2/Fe2+为20:1.在此条件下,经Fenton氧化法深度处理后的出水细菌总数和三磷酸腺苷均未检出,保障出水的生物卫生安全性;同时其相对抑光率为10%,属低水平毒性.此外,其化学需氧量小于76mg·l-1,氨氮、总氮、总磷分别为1.10mg·l-1,2.92mg·l-1和0.002mg·l-1,出水满足<城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准(GB8918-2002)>一级B标准.     

沼液对莴笋和生菜硝酸盐含量及营养品质的影响

采用盆栽试验 ,研究了不同沼液用量对莴笋、生菜硝酸盐含量和营养品质的影响。结果表明 ,施用沼液提高了莴笋、生菜株高和产量 ,降低了莴笋茎和生菜硝酸盐含量 ,有利于增加莴笋茎、叶及生菜含水量和氨基酸含量 ,生菜维生素C含量略高于对照。在施用氮磷钾化肥 (N 12 0mg·kg-1、P2 O580mg·kg-1、K2 O 10 0mg·kg-1)基础上 ,每钵增施沼液 5 0 0ml,可改善蔬菜营养品质 ,使莴笋叶和生菜硝酸盐含量分别降低 5 3.5 %和 4 5 .5 % ,同时还可使 2种蔬菜分别增产 5 1.0 %和 5 6 .7% ,为本试验条件下莴笋、生菜最佳施肥组合。     

气溶胶水溶性有机物(WSOC)中二元羧酸的测定

提出了BF3 /丁醇酯化衍生反应 GC/MS分析大气气溶胶水溶性有机物 (WSOC)中二元羧酸 (乙二酸、丙二酸和丁二酸 )的测定方法 .其相应酯化产物乙二酸二丁酯、丙二酸二丁酯和丁二酸二丁酯的线性范围为 1× 1 0 - 5mol·l- 1— 1× 1 0 - 2 mol·l- 1,精密度分别为 1 6 7% ,3 0 4 %和 5 2 8% ;最低检测限分别为 1 9× 1 0 - 7mol·l- 1,1 1×1 0 - 7mol·l- 1和 1 2 5× 1 0 - 6mol·l- 1.并实测了北京市秋、冬两季乙二酸、丙二酸和丁二酸的平均浓度水平 ,分别为 4 44ng·m- 3 ,4 0ng·m- 3 ,30 2ng·m- 3 .     

电-Fenton法降解青霉素的动力学研究

采用电-Fenton法处理青霉素钠(Penicillin G sodium, PGN)模拟废水,当T=20℃,pH=3时,投加0.5g·l-1 FeSO4和0.2ml·l-1 H2O2,在0.6A电流下降解青霉素钠废水(100 mg·l-1), 20min后青霉素钠去除率为79%,40min后去除率为95%.拟合实验数据得到青霉素钠降解反应的速率方程式为:-d[PGN]/dt=2.35×106 exp(-32869.4/RT )[Fe2 ]0.53[H2O2]0.8[PGN]1.14反应速率常数和反应级数表明,初始阶段降解反应进行非常迅速,且H2O2浓度比Fe2 浓度对电-Fenton降解反应的影响重要.     

天津污灌区土壤中多环芳烃的提取、净化和测定

研究了天津污灌区严重污染土壤中 1 6种多环芳烃的提取和测定方法 .考察了加速溶剂提取的提取条件、样品净化方法和GC MS测定条件 .结果表明 ,在 1 4 0℃用1∶1二氯甲烷和丙酮提取 5min ,硅胶柱净化后用GC MS测定可以得到很好的效果 .方法回收率在 5 7%— 1 4 0 %之间 ,检测限为 3 5× 1 0 - 4— 1 1× 1 0 - 3 mg·l- 1,且重现性较好 .天津代表性污灌水稻土中 1 6种PAHs的实测浓度为 0 0 7— 1 2 7mg·kg- 1.     

锰砂催化电化学方法对染料K2G脱色效果的研究

研究了锰砂催化电化学方法对偶氮染料K2G的脱色效果 .结果表明 ,锰砂中的主要成份MnOOH对电化学过程具有催化作用 ,可有效地提高染料的脱色效率 .对锰砂的X光衍射实验证明 ,反应过程中MnOOH的含量无较大变化 .染料溶液的起始pH值对其脱色率没有明显的影响 .在最佳电流密度di 为 0 2 6A·dm- 2 ,Na2 SO4 浓度为0 0 1mol·l- 1时 ,电解 70min ,浓度为 1 0 0mg·l- 1的染料K2G的脱色率能达到 99% .     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.