红枫湖沉积物中重金属元素溯源分析的初步探讨

分析了红枫湖表层沉积物中有机质及10种重金属元素的含量,并应用平均富集因子(AEFs)对其污染状况进行了评价.结果表明,红枫湖表层沉积物的重金属按污染水平可分为3类:轻度污染(AEFs2)的Cd、Pb、Zn、Cr,As、Fe和Mn,中度污染(AEFs=2～3)的Cu,严重污染(AEFs3)的Ni和Hg.同时,通过主成分分析(PCA)法对影响湖泊沉积物中重金属分布的因素进行了分析,并在进行统计分析前,用Al对重金属元素含量进行了校正,以消除沉积物粒度对重金属分布的影响.分析结果表明,前3个主成分的贡献率分别为48.7%、20.5%、12.6%,所占比例总和大于80%,即这3个主成分基本能够代表原污染因素的大部分信息.结合湖泊特点及周边点源污染情况分析发现,红枫湖表层沉积物中重金属污染主要有3个可能来源:工业排污及Fe和Mn的影响;有机质的影响;早期岩石的风化及侵蚀(背景值).PCA聚类分析结果表明,本研究所调查的14个站位在污染程度上可分为4类,其结果反应出红枫湖沉积物中部分重金属、部分站位污染程度相对较重的特点,同时也进一步说明了工业排污是沉积物中重金属污染的主要来源.     

Chemical composition, mass closure and sources of atmospheric PM10 from industrial sites in Shenzhen, China

Concentrations of atmospheric PM10 and chemical components (including twenty-one elements, nine ions, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC)) were measured at five sites in a heavily industrial region of Shenzhen, China in 2005. Results showed that PM10 concentrations exhibited the highest values at 264 μg/m3 at the site near a harbor with the influence of harbor activities. Sulfur exhibited the highest concentrations (from 2419 to 3995 ng/m3) of all the studied elements, which may be related to the influence of coal used as fuel in this area for industrial plants. This was verified by the high mass percentages of SO42-, which accounted for 34.3%-39.7% of the total ions. NO3-/SO42- ratios varied from 0.64-0.71, which implies coal combustion was predominant compared with vehicle emission. The anion/cation ratios range was close to 0.95, indicating anion deficiency in this region. The harbor site showed the highest OC and EC concentrations, with the influence of emission from vessels. Secondary organic carbon accounted for about 22.6%-38.7% of OC, with the highest percentage occurring at the site adjacent to a coal-fired power plant and wood plant. The mass closure model performed well in this heavily industrial region, with significant correlation obtained between chemically determined and gravimetrically measured PM10 mass. The main constituents of PM10 were found to be organic materials (30.9%-69.5%), followed by secondary inorganic aerosol (7.9%-25.0%), crustal materials (6.7%-13.8%), elemental carbon (3.5%-10.8%), sea salt (2.4%-6.2%) and trace elements (2.0%-4.9%) in this heavily industrialized region. Principal component analysis indicated that the main sources for particulate matter in this industrial region were crustal materials and coal/wood combustion, oil combustion, secondary aerosols, industrial processes and vehicle emission.     

运用主成分分析(PCA)评价海洋沉积物中重金属污染来源

测定了胶州湾表层沉积物中重金属和有机质的含量,并用平均富集因子(Average Enrichment Factors,AEF)进行污染状况评价,发现胶州湾表层沉积物重金属污染可分为3类:轻度污染(AEFs<2),其中有Zn(AEF=1.11)、Pb(AEF=1.15)、Cr(AEF=1.52)、Mn(AEF=0.80)、Fe(AEF=0.45);中度污染(AEFs=2～3),包括Cu(AEF=2.79)和Cd(AEF=2.52);严重污染(AEFs>3),主要有As(AEF=3.03)和Hg(AEF=8.08).进一步通过主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis,PCA)研究沉积物中重金属的来源,发现前3个主成分的贡献率分别为52.61%、17.37%和15.60%,表明重金属主要有3个来源:工业排污、有机质降解、岩石的自然风化与侵蚀过程.PCA的聚类分析指出,本次研究中所调查的14个站位在污染程度上可分为5大类,此结果既反映了胶州湾表层沉积物近河口污染程度重远河口污染程度轻的特点,同时也支持了工业排污是沉积物中重金属污染主要来源的分析.     

苏州市大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)工业源排放清单

通过发放调查表、现场咨询等形式,获得苏州市2012年工业企业基本信息,参照国内外已有研究成果,确定排放因子,并根据实际情况对钢铁行业进行了系数修订,得到苏州市工业源大气细颗粒物排放清单.结果表明:苏州地区工业源PM_(2.5)排放总量约为6.57×10~4t,工艺过程源和固定燃烧源分别占94%和6%;张家港地区贡献率最大,为51%,其次为常熟13.8%;姑苏区贡献率最小,为0.13%;苏州市平均排放强度为10.42 t·km~(-2),张家港排放强度最大,达到了43.57 t·km~(-2),其次为新区12.38 t·km~(-2);钢铁与炼焦、火电、水泥行业是PM_(2.5)的主要贡献者,分别为50%、17%和14%;空间分布显示苏州北部相对细颗粒污染较大,重点企业多集中在张家港、常熟地区,东部污染较少.     

Characteristics of atmospheric particles and heavy metals in winter in Chang-Zhu-Tan city clusters, China

To understand the pollution characteristics of atmospheric particles and heavy metals in winter in Chang-Zhu-Tan city clusters, China, total suspended particulate(TSP) and PM10samples were collected in cities of Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan from December 2011 to January 2012, and heavy metals of Cd, Pb, Cr, and As were analyzed. It shows that the average TSP concentration in Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan were(183 ± 73),(201 ± 84) and(190 ± 66) μg/m3respectively, and the average PM10 were(171 ± 82),(178 ± 65) and(179 ± 55) μg/m3respectively. The lowest TSP and PM10concentrations occurred at the background Shaping site of Changsha. The average ratio of ρ(PM10)/ρ(TSP) was 91.9%, ranging from 81.3% to 98.9%. Concerning heavy metals, in TSP samples, the concentration of Cr, As, Cd and Pb were 28.8–56.5, 18.1–76.3, 3.9–26.1 and 148.0–460.9 ng/m3, respectively, while in PM10samples, were 16.4–42.1, 15.5–67.9, 3.3–22.2 and 127.9–389.3 ng/m3, respectively. The enrichment factor of Cd was the highest, followed by Pb and As, while that of Cr was the lowest.     

衡山大气中PCBs的浓度水平及来源分析

为研究我国高山地区大气中多氯联苯(PCBs)的含量情况,于2009年4月~5月在衡山气象站采集了气相及颗粒相样品.以气相色谱法测得该地区大气中7种指示性PCB(Indicator-PCBs)的平均浓度为180.51pg/m3,含量最多的为PCB52.与国外高山站点相比,衡山的PCBs含量处于较高水平.通过后推气流轨迹分析了气流来向对PCBs含量的影响,结果显示,来自北方的气流携带较多的PCBs.主因子分析的结果表明,该地区PCBs的来源可以归结为3类,分别为:国外的PCBs产品;焚烧炉排放、造纸漂白等工业生产过程以及国产的变压器油等PCBs产品;含PCBs的油漆添加剂等.     

北京北部水系沉积物中重金属的研究

主要研究了北京市北部水系沉积物中重金属(As、Hg、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Ti和Zn)含量和来源.在潮白河及密云水库流域采集了17个沉积物样品,温榆河流域采集了5个样品,重金属含量As和Hg采用原子荧光光谱法测定,Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Ti和Zn含量用电感耦合等离子发射光谱法测定.研究结果表明,沉积物中重金属元素没有出现明显的富集状况,只有Hg、Cd、Cr和Zn在一些采样点有较高的富集.相关性分析表明Hg、Cd、Zn和Cu互相之间呈显著正相关(r0.06;p0.01),而Hg与Cr、Mn、Ni、Pb和Ti没有明显的相关性.通过主成分分析研究重金属的来源,发现前3个主成分贡献率分别为38%、23%和17%.因此,Hg、Cd、Zn和Cu作为第一主成分被认为与人类活动的工矿业开采有关,第二主成分As和Mn与人类活动的农业生产和生活污水排放有关,第三主成分Cr、Ni和Ti与岩石风化和土壤侵蚀有关.     

郑州市大气PM2.5中重金属的污染特征、来源及健康风险评估:基于高分辨数据

为了研究城市大气PM_2.5中重金属的污染特征和来源,于2017年的7月和10月及2018年的1月和4月,利用在线金属分析仪对郑州市大气PM_2.5中的21种元素进行在线检测,分析了重金属浓度变化;通过富集因子、主成分分析和潜在源贡献等方法对重金属进行溯源;采用环境健康风险评价模型评估其健康风险.结果表明,K、 Zn、 Mn、 Pb、 Cu、 As、 Cr和Se的浓度随污染等级的提高而增加;富集因子和主成分分析法结果表明,重金属主要来源为地壳源、混合燃烧源、工业源和机动车源;雷达特征图表明,地壳源主导的污染主要发生在春、冬两季,混合燃烧源主导的污染主要发生在冬季;Pb、 As和Ni受汾渭平原、京津冀和河南南部的传输影响较大,Cd受采样点西北部影响较大;As对成年人和儿童均有显著致癌风险,Pb和Sb对儿童存在显著非致癌风险.     

镇江城市道路沉积物中重金属污染的来源分析

道路沉积物是一重要环境介质,其颗粒物积累的潜在毒性对于城市水体是一重要危害,因此,识别道路沉积物重金属的含量及来源就显得尤其重要.分析了采集于镇江市商业区、河滨公园、居民区和交通繁忙区的62个样品中的Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr和Ni 5种重金属,它们在交通繁荣区含量最大,Zn、Cu、Cr和Ni含量在商业区、河滨公园和居民区并无明显差异.通过主成分分析识别道路沉积物中重金属的来源,发现不同功能区的重金属来源有所差别,各功能区中第一主成分(贡献率70％以上)代表来自交通活动产生的污染源,或者是与工业污染源共同产生的混合污染源;第二主成分代表来自工业污染源或者是生活污染源,并且道路沉积物中重金属与有机质显著相关,最后计算了重金属浓度富集率(CER),以评价人类活动对于重金属污染的影响程度.结果表明,有机质是镇江城市道路沉积物中重金属的重要载体, 人类活动对于该地区重金属污染影响达到中等或中等以上的程度.     

南京北郊大气VOCs变化特征及来源解析

利用2011-03-01~2012-02-29南京北郊大气VOCs观测资料,对大气VOCs浓度变化特征和特征物比值差异展开研究,并应用PCA/APCS受体模型对不同季节VOCs来源进行了解析.结果表明,南京大气总VOCs体积混合比为43.52×10-9,其中烷烃占45.1%、烯烃占25.3%、炔烃占7.3%和芳香烃占22.3%.总VOCs体积混合比呈现夏季高,冬季低的季节变化.VOCs组分中烷烃在冬季最高,烯烃夏季最高,芳香烃春季最高,炔烃冬季最高.特征物比值(VOCs/乙炔)和T/B比值反映出观测点受周边工业区影响较大.VOCs源解析表明,主要来源来自工厂生产、机动车排放、燃料燃烧、生产活动挥发、溶剂使用和自然源.虽然有季节变化,但与工业生产活动相关的来源占大气VOCs 45%~63%,其次为机动车来源占34%~50%.     

兰州市冬夏季大气PM2.5化学组分特征及来源分析

于2019年冬季（1月）和夏季（7月）对兰州市大气PM_2.5进行了连续采集,并结合同时期的气象资料分析了PM_2.5化学组分（有机碳、元素碳、水溶性离子）特征及来源.结果表明,冬季OC浓度为11.58~45.42 μg·m^-3,EC浓度为3.25~13.90 μg·m^-3,夏季OC、EC浓度分别为8.42~23.08、2.85~7.93 μg·m^-3,OC浓度总体高于EC,在PM_2.5中占到了更高的比重.冬季平均OC/EC为3.24,夏季平均OC/EC为2.75,表明有二次气溶胶SOC生成,且机动车排放与冬季燃煤供暖为其主要污染源.冬季OC和EC相关系数为0.94,夏季为0.66,夏季相关系数较低表明其污染来源较冬季复杂.SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺、Ca²⁺是大气PM_2.5中最重要的4种水溶性离子,这4种离子在冬季和夏季分别占到总水溶性离子的84.56%和90.16%,占PM_2.5的45.6%、14.5%.主成分分析法、后向轨迹及浓度权重结果表明,兰州市PM_2.5主要的污染源除了受本地化石燃料燃烧、机动车尾气、生物质燃烧排放、土壤和建筑粉尘的影响外,还可能受到内蒙古高原和新疆塔克拉玛干沙漠等地远距离传输的影响.     

天津滨海新区工业源VOCs及恶臭物质排放特征

参考USEPA TO-14A/15方法,选择天津市滨海新区内的6个不同类型的工业源,包括制药、自行车制造、炼油、石化、树脂合成和橡胶,对各类源工艺流程中有组织排放源排放的挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行定量分析,得到了源成分谱;并将各类源排放的恶臭物质浓度与嗅觉阈值进行对比,对其引发恶臭污染的潜在能力做出评价.结果显示,上述各类排放源的生产工艺中的VOCs总浓度分别为16.8,115.3,204.6,225.3,10.9,191.7mg/m3. 根据源成分谱分析结果,制药源和自行车喷漆车间的排气中甲苯比例分别为79.1%和94%;石化企业源中总二甲苯比例超过60%;橡胶企业脱硫工序,排放以硫化物为主;树脂合成工业,主要原料苯乙烯在排气中检出比例达51.8%;炼油源排气成分复杂,以卤代烃和硫化物为主.同时各类工业源均存在一定的恶臭污染,橡胶、炼油源的硫化物污染,树脂合成工业源的苯乙烯污染,石油化工源的混合污染,都应引起足够的重视.     

Soil pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A comparison of two Chinese cities

Soil samples from Huizhou and Zhanjiang, China were analyzed for 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with harmonized sampling, sample extraction and analysis quantification methods. The concentrations and sources of PAHs in soil samples of the two cities were compared. Almost all of the PAH components were detectable in 103 soil samples. The concentrations of ΣPAHs ranged from 35.40 to 534.5 g/kg in soil samples from Huizhou, and ranged from 9.50 to 6618.00 g/kg in samples from Zhanjiang. Evident differences of concentrations, compositions and sources of PAHs in soils were observed between the two cities. The average concentrations of individual component and the sum of a group of PAHs in soil samples from Zhanjiang were significantly higher than those in Huizhou (P < 0.05). Phe, Flu, Pyr, Bbf and Baa were the dominant PAH components both in soil samples from Huizhou and Zhanjiang. Except for these five components, Bap, I1p, Daa and Bgp were also the dominant PAH components in soil samples from Zhanjiang. Coal combustion and liquid fossil fuel combustion were the same sources of PAHs in the two cities with different contributions, and petroleum played a key role in PAHs release in Zhanjiang.     

河流底泥DOM、营养盐与重金属空间分异特征及响应关系

为探究河流底泥中的溶解性有机物(DOM)和营养盐对重金属迁移转化的影响,以沈阳市新穆河、南小河和老背河为研究对象,利用三维荧光光谱,结合平行因子(PARAFAC)、主成分分析(PCA)和结构方程模型(SEM)研究了底泥中的DOM、营养盐与重金属的空间分异特征及DOM与营养盐对重金属的响应关系.结果表明,3条河流底泥中的总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)呈重度污染状态.南小河底泥中的ω(Zn)、ω(As)、ω(Cu)、ω(Ni)和ω(Cd)分别是辽宁省土壤背景值的2.48、 1.02、 3.45、 3.00和39.05倍,老背河的ω(Zn)、ω(Cu)和ω(Cd)分别是背景值的2.56、 1.92和8.00倍,新穆河的ω(Zn)和ω(Cu)分别是背景值的1.40和1.10倍,总体上3条河流均存在重金属累积现象,累积严重程度为：南小河>老背河>新穆河,其中南小河和老背河Cd污染严重.应用PARAFAC共解析出5类DOM组分,分别为类色氨酸、酚类络合物、微生物代谢产物、类富里酸和类胡敏酸,其中类富里酸和类胡敏酸丰度较高;基于PCA分析,新穆河底泥污染的主控因子为TN、 TP、类富里酸和类...     

Primary and secondary organic aerosol in an urban/industrial site: Sources, health implications and the role of plastic enriched waste burning

PM10 samples were collected from an urban/industrial site nearby Athens, where uncontrolled burning activities occur. PAHs, monocarboxylic, dicarboxylic, hydroxycarboxylic and aromatic acids, tracers from BVOC oxidation, biomass burning tracers and bisphenol A were determined. PAH, monocarboxylic acids, biomass burning tracers and bisphenol A were increased during autumn/winter, while BSOA tracers, dicarboxylic- and hydroxycarboxylic acids during summer. Regarding aromatic acids, different sources and formation mechanisms were indicated as benzoic, phthalic and trimellitic acids were peaked during summer whereas p-toluic, isophthalic and terephthalic were more abundant during autumn/winter. The Benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent carcinogenic power, carcinogenic and mutagenic activities were calculated showing significant (p < 0.05) increases during the colder months. Palmitic, succinic and malic acids were the most abundant monocarboxylic, dicarboxylic and hydrocarboxylic acids during the entire sampling period. Isoprene oxidation was the most significant contributor to BSOA as the isoprene-SOA compounds were two times more abundant than the pinene-SOA (13.4 ± 12.3 and 6.1 ± 2.9 ng/m³, respectively). Ozone has significant impact on the formation of many studied compounds showing significant correlations with: isoprene-SOA (r = 0.77), hydrocarboxylic acids (r = 0.69), pinene-SOA (r = 0.63),dicarboxylic acids (r = 0.58), and the sum of phthalic, benzoic and trimellitic acids (r = 0.44). PCA demonstrated five factors that could explain sources including plastic enriched waste burning (30.8%), oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids (23.0%), vehicle missions and cooking (9.2%), biomass burning (7.7%) and oxidation of VOCs (5.8%). The results highlight the significant contribution of plastic waste uncontrolled burning to the overall air quality degradation.     

贵州典型酸雨城市降尘中有毒重金属时空分布及来源分析

对2012年贵阳、遵义、安顺市区和背景点降尘样品进行逐月采集,并利用微波消解、ICP-MS对降尘中Cr、As、Cd、Hg、Pb的含量进行测定,分析其来源与贡献。结果表明,降尘五种重金属元素中,Pb含量最高,Hg含量最低。与土壤背景值相比,除Cr外,其它四种重金属元素含量总体明显升高;As、Cd、Hg含量季节性变化明显,Cr、Pb不明显。从降尘中五种重金属元素总量看,安顺夏季最高,市区点降尘总量均高于背景点,遵义和贵阳冬季最高,且在秋冬季背景点含量高于市区点。相关系数和主成分分析表明,贵阳、安顺、遵义降尘中重金属污染均受燃煤影响,其贡献率分别为61%、35%、75%。此外,安顺市交通尘贡献率为50%,遵义市风沙扬尘贡献率为21%。与其他城市相比,研究区城市降尘重金属元素除Cr外,As、Cd、Hg、Pb含量均较高。     

天津市大气降水化学组分变化趋势及来源研究

2001—2013年对天津市降水样品进行了采集,分析了p H、电导率(EC)、主要离子浓度(SO2-4、NO-3、Cl-、F-、NH+4、Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+、K+).结果表明:2001—2013年,降水的雨量加权平均p H、EC分别为5.48、87μS·cm-1.降雨的p H、EC及总离子当量浓度呈现上升趋势,酸雨频率呈现下降趋势.降水中各离子雨量加权平均当量浓度排列顺序为:SO2-4Ca2+NH+4NO-3Cl-Mg2+Na+F-K+,SO2-4、Ca2+、NH+4和NO-3是降水中的主要离子,占离子总量的84.8%.SO2-4雨量加权平均当量浓度表现为先轻微上升,后显著下降趋势.NO-3、Ca2+雨量加权平均当量浓度表现为明显上升趋势.NH+4雨量加权平均当量浓度显示为下降趋势.F-、Cl-、K+、Mg2+、Na+等雨量加权平均当量浓度变化趋势基本保持平稳.SO2-4对总阴离子的分担率、NH+4总阳离子的分担率均呈现下降趋势.NO-3对总阴离子的分担率、Ca2+对总阳离子的分担率均呈现明显上升趋势.[NO-3]/[SO2-4]、[Ca2+]/[NH+4]呈现出明显上升趋势.富集因子计算结果表明:Ca2+主要来自地壳.Mg2+和K+部分来自海源输入,但绝大部分来自地壳.大部分Cl-来自海源的输入,其余小部分来自地壳和人为排放.降水中SO2-4、NO-3主要来自人为活动.     

Pollution sources of atmospheric fine particles and secondary aerosol characteristics in Beijing

To investigate the secondary formation and pollution sources of atmospheric particles in urban Beijing,PM_2.5 and its chemical components were collected and determined by URG-9000 D ambient ion monitor(AIM) from March 2016 to January 2017.Among water-soluble ions(WSIs), NO_3-,SO₄^2- and NH₄⁺(SNA) had the largest proportion(77.8%) with the total concentration of 23.8 μg/m³.Moreover,as fine particle pollution wors...     

成都平原典型区地下水污染时空异质性及污染源分析

成都平原地下水是该地区生活、工农业生产用水的重要来源,但由于长期过量使用化肥,以及畜禽养殖、乡镇企业及生活污废水的无组织排放,已对该区地下水环境构成了威胁.本研究选取成都平原某典型城镇农村区进行不同时季地下水水质监测分析,并联合ArcGIS空间分析技术、相关矩阵分析和主成分分析(PCA),以揭示研究区地下水水质时空异质性、污染影响因素、潜在污染源及污染源时季变化规律.结果表明,研究区"三氮"(NO~-_3、NO~-_2、NH~+_4)、铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)、氯离子(Cl~-)、硫酸根离子(SO■)存在不同程度的超标,其中,氨氮(NH~+_4)超标最为突出;地下水中氨氮含量及"三氮"之间的转化主要受土地利用类型、地下水铁锰分布及含水层氧化还原条件的影响.PCA结果显示,农业活动、生活污水和工业排放是造成研究区地下水污染的主要影响因素,从春季到夏季地下水污染源由生活污染为主转向农业污染为主,冬季地下水污染源以生活和工业源为主.ArcGIS空间分析和PCA分析的结合,有助于探讨地下水水质及潜在污染源的时季变化规律,可为地下水环境保护、污染控制和减缓方案制定提供理论依据.     

正交与斜交旋转主成分分析法在气象因子影响细颗粒物研究中的应用

基于cost733模型及大量再分析资料、观测资料,对2013-2019年冬季海平面气压及近地面风场进行正交和斜交旋转主成分分析,讨论这两种分型方法及不同分型数量下我国天气形势、降水及细颗粒物(PM2.5)的差异.结果表明,斜交旋转主成分分析法相比于正交方法,划分的天气形势更具代表性,其中,划分为4类天气形势最具代表性,...