臭氧对陶瓷膜超滤-生物活性炭组合工艺效果的影响

利用处理量为3L/d的臭氧陶瓷膜-生物活性炭(BAC)(工艺Ⅰ)和陶瓷膜-BAC(工艺Ⅱ)2种组合工艺处理受污染的原水,研究了工艺对原水中浊度、氨氮和有机物的去除效果,同时考察了臭氧对膜通量和BAC的影响.结果表明,未投加臭氧和2.0mg/L臭氧投加量下,两种组合工艺可去除原水中96%以上的浊度.组合工艺均可去除原水中1.0~2.0mg/L的氨氮.提高溶解氧浓度至30mg/L可强化氨氮的去除能力,两种组合工艺可至少彻底去除5.5mg/L的氨氮.投加2mg/L臭氧后,工艺Ⅰ可去除原水中48.3%的总有机碳(TOC)和51.8%的UV254.工艺Ⅱ对TOC和UV254的平均去除率分别为51.1%和48.2%.臭氧对浊度的去除无影响,但臭氧可改变部分有机物的结构,减轻膜的有机物污染.与未投加臭氧的工艺Ⅱ相比,投加臭氧使工艺Ⅰ中的膜通量提高了25%~30%.但残留臭氧可能影响后续BAC中的微生物,对BAC去除氨氮和有机物的能力产生不利影响.     

臭氧/陶瓷膜对生物活性炭工艺性能和微生物群落结构影响

利用处理量为120m3/d的臭氧/陶瓷膜-生物活性炭(BAC)组合工艺处理微污染原水, 对工艺性能和BAC中的微生物多样性和种群结构进行了研究.结果显示,组合工艺可有效去除微污染原水中的有机物和氨氮.臭氧曝气提高了溶解氧浓度,改善了后续BAC工艺对氨氮的去除效果.组合工艺对氨氮和CODMn的总去除率分别约为90%和84%,其中BAC在污染物的去除中发挥了重要作用.组合工艺和传统工艺中BAC床层共检测到36个门类的细菌.与传统BAC工艺相比,臭氧/陶瓷膜降低了后续BAC中微生物群落结构的多样性和均匀度.组合工艺BAC中存在丰度较高的亚硝化单胞菌属和硝化螺旋菌属,可能对氨氮的去除具有重要的作用.臭氧/陶瓷膜对后续BAC中致病菌和条件致病菌有很好的预处理和抑制作用,显著降低了其相对丰度,提高了饮用水的生物安全性.     

臭氧生物活性炭工艺运行中产生溴酸盐的可能性分析

为合理评估应用臭氧生物活性炭工艺中溴酸盐的生成情况,提出既能保证出水水质又能降低溴酸盐超标风险的方案.进行了小试与中试试验,系统地从原水水质和工艺参数两个方面入手,研究水质因素、初始溴离子浓度和臭氧氧化条件等对溴酸盐生成的影响,同时分析生物活性炭对溴酸盐的去除能力.结果表明:高初始溴离子浓度水平和臭氧接触程度(Ct值)促使更多BrOx-生成.在相同Ct值条件下,升高臭氧投加浓度可使溴酸盐生成量增高200%左右.以长江南京段江心洲夹江下游原水进行臭氧生物活性炭深度处理不会产生溴酸盐超标风险.生物活性炭(BAC)对于溴酸盐去除效果并不明显.运用臭氧生物活性炭工艺进行深度处理时,工艺中应着重注意控制溴酸盐在臭氧化过程中的生成而非依靠后续生物活性炭将其去除.     

O3-PAC-陶瓷膜耦合技术处理苯酚废水性能研究

臭氧-粉末活性炭（O₃-PAC）废水处理技术具备发展潜力,但废水与PAC无法有效分离成为该技术的瓶颈。利用陶瓷膜技术构建了O₃-PAC-陶瓷膜去除苯酚耦合体系,采用反应动力学、串联阻力模型以及Hermans-Bredee模型分别对COD去除和PAC膜分离性能进行研究。结果表明：O₃-PAC在40 min内对COD去除率达到100%,反应速率是臭氧-颗粒活性炭（O₃-GAC）的2.5倍;采用陶瓷膜对PAC和废水进行分离,操作压力超过0.06 MPa时,可逆污染向不可逆污染转化;膜污染是由完全堵塞向滤饼堵塞转化的过程,提高废水在膜表面的流速可以破坏滤饼层的形成;试验连续进行6个周期后,40 min时模拟废水的COD去除率保持在95%以上,但不可逆污染有增加的趋势。

     

生物活性炭老化对滤池过滤阻力和处理效果的影响

利用饮用水厂运行10年的生物活性炭(BAC)装填滤柱,研究活性炭老化对滤柱过滤阻力和处理效果的影响.结果表明,活性炭老化会产生大量小粒径颗粒炭,沉积于活性炭池表层的小粒径颗粒炭产生的过滤阻力是滤柱总阻力的主要来源,其比阻约为底层炭的22倍.强化反冲洗仅可降低初始过滤阻力,移除表层细炭是降低活性炭滤池阻力的有效方法.强化反冲洗对滤柱过滤性能无显著影响.移除表层细炭后,老化活性炭滤柱对总有机碳的去除率由24.71%下降至7.04%,而后恢复至移除前的水平.移除表层炭后老化活性炭对UV₂₅₄和大于2μm颗粒数的去除率与对照组活性炭相似.降低活性炭滤池的反冲强度、延长过滤周期是延长老化活性炭寿命的有效方法.     

钙化物在废弃物基活性炭制备过程中的影响

研究了以城市垃圾中3种典型的固体有机废弃物——锯木屑、纸张和塑料的热解产物（分别简称木炭、纸炭和塑料热解物）为原料,水蒸气为活化剂制备废弃物基活性炭时钙化物含量对活化过程、活性炭吸附性能（以碘值表征）及其孔结构的影响。结果表明,钙化物可加快活化反应的速度,且钙化物含量在1.5%时活化反应速度即已不再随钙化物含量的增加而增加;活性炭的吸附性能则随钙化物含量的增加而减少,同时钙化物对活性炭的孔径分布基本无影响,但降低了活性炭的比表面积、微孔孔容及中孔孔容;钙化物的2种前驱体（即CaO和Ca（OH）2）对活化过程具有相同的催化作用。     

臭氧/活性炭协同降解有机物的初步研究

研究了活性炭对3种与臭氧反应速率相差较大的有机物（苯甲酸、对氯苯甲酸和乙酸钠）的臭氧化降解的影响．结果表明,活性炭能提高这3种有机物的臭氧化降解速率,但是活性炭的影响作用与有机物种类有关,对与臭氧反应速率越小的有机物其作用越显著;三者之中,乙酸钠的相对速率提高最大;是单独臭氧化速率的5倍     

臭氧/活性炭协同作用去除二级出水中DON

为探讨臭氧氧化和活性炭吸附对城市污水厂二级出水中溶解性有机氮(DON)的去除机制,首先测定二级出水DON、溶解性有机炭(DOC)、UV254、pH值等指标.接着通过臭氧氧化试验和活性炭吸附试验来考察二级出水中DON、DOC和UV254变化,以及DON分子量分布和DON亲疏水性变化,并应用三维荧光光谱对二级出水中DON变化进行表征.结果表明,当臭氧投加量为8mg/L,DON的去除率大约为33.9%,DOC和UV254去除率约21.2%、66.7%;当活性炭投加量为2.0g/L,DON、DOC和UV254的去除率大约为43.4%、27.6%、92.2%;臭氧氧化和活性炭吸附组合试验时,对DON的去除率大约为83.3%和81.5%;臭氧氧化提高小分子量( 20kDa)的DON所占比例;活性炭吸附降低小分子量( 20kDa)DON所占比例为;臭氧氧化和活性炭吸附都提高亲水性DON所占比例,而降低疏水性和过渡性DON所占比例;三维荧光光谱证实,二级出水中DON变化与3个主要峰有关,分别代表物质为色氨酸类蛋白质、芳香族类蛋白质和富里酸类物质.     

生物炭降解苯和甲苯混合废气性能研究

该研究以生物炭为过滤介质 ,探讨过滤塔降解气流中苯、甲苯的生物降解性能 .实验表明 ,在总有机负荷低于 3 5 0 g/ (h·m3)、停留时间 1 5～ 90s的实验条件下 ,滤塔对苯和甲苯混合气体有较好的降解性能 ,苯、甲苯的最大削减能力分别为 1 2 0 g/ (h·m3)和 1 5 0 g/ (h·m3) ,甲苯比苯更易被微生物降解 .滤塔中CO2 生成量随苯、甲苯降解量的增加而增加 ,但实验增长速率小于理论增长速率 .菌落分析表明 ,滤塔中微生物主要有真菌、杆菌、芽孢杆菌 ,其中芽孢杆菌为优势菌种 .根据吸附 生物降解机理 ,建立了VOCs去除模型 ,并予以验证 .     

活性炭催化臭氧氧化处理染料废水生化出水研究

采用饱和活性炭作为臭氧氧化催化剂,对染料废水生化出水进行深度处理.以废水COD、DOC去除率为指标,考察饱和活性炭对臭氧的催化效果.使用6种不同的活性炭作为催化剂(编号1^#~6^#),并将6^#活性炭采用KMnO₄、NaOH、ZnCl₂、H₂SO₄、H₃PO₄进行表面处理,在活性炭的孔体积、酸碱基团等表面性质测定的基础上,探讨活性炭性质与催化臭氧化效率的关系.结果显示,活性炭催化效果与大孔体积密切相关;另一方面,使用微孔膜片减小臭氧气泡尺寸,增大臭氧的传质面积,提高臭氧利用率,可以改善臭氧/活性炭催化氧化处理效果.     

Pilot plant study on ozonation and biological activated carbon process for drinking water treatment

A study on advanced drinking water treatment was conducted in a pilot scale plant taking water from conventional treatment process. Ozonation-biological activated carbon process （O3-BAC） and granular activated carbon process （GAC） were evaluated based on the following parameters： CODMn, UV254, total organic carbon （TOC）, assimilable organic carbon （AOC） and biodegradable dissolved organic carbon （BDOC）. In this test, the average removal rates of CODMn, UV254 and TOC in O3-BAC were 18.2%, 9.0% and 10.2% higher on （AOC） than in GAC, respectively. Ozonation increased 19.3-57.6 μg Acetate-C/L in AOC-P17, 45.6-130.6 μg Acetate-C/L in AOC-NOX and 0.1-0.5 mg/L in BDOC with ozone doses of 2 8 mg/L. The optimum ozone dose for maximum AOC formation was 3 mgO3/L. BAC filtration was effective process to improve biostability.     

复合式膜生物反应器处理生活污水

采用以粉末活性炭(PAC)作为填料的复合式膜生物反应器处理小区生活污水.该反应器在不人为排泥,不对膜进行任何处理(不空曝、不清洗)的情况下,连续运行100d.结果表明,系统运行稳定,出水水质优良(COD<25mg/L,NH₄⁺-N<0.6mg/L,无色无味,无SS,没有检测出大肠杆菌).PAC不仅改善了膜生物反应器中的污泥混合液的沉淀性能与可过滤性,同时也改善了膜表面滤饼层的水力特性,从而达到了减小膜过滤阻力,延缓膜污染的目的,而且还降低了运行成本.     

多种进水碳源条件下侧流活性污泥工艺的脱氮除磷机制

为提高污水氮磷营养盐的去除能力和稳定性,侧流活性污泥工艺开始被应用于世界多地的污水处理项目.污水有机碳的水解代谢行为影响侧流工艺的营养盐去除机制,但目前的研究多侧重简单碳源物质.本文采用多种碳源种类(简单碳源乙酸钠,大分子碳源葡萄糖、淀粉、蛋白胨、豆油及其组合)模拟实际污水有机碳组成,以探索更复杂碳源在侧流工艺(主流一...     

Effect of calcium on adsorption capacity of powdered activated carbon

We investigated the effect of calcium ion on the adsorption of humic acid (HA) (as a target pollutant) by powered activated carbon. The HA adsorption isotherms at different pH and kinetics of two different solutions including HA alone and HA doped Ca²⁺, were performed. It was showed that the adsorption capacity of powdered activated carbon (PAC) for HA was markedly enhanced when Ca²⁺ was doped into HA. Also, HA and Ca²⁺ taken as nitrate were tested on the uptake of each other respectively and it was showed that the adsorbed amounts of both of them were significantly promoted when HA and calcium co-existed. Furthermore, the adsorbed amount of HA slightly decreased with the increasing of Ca²⁺ concentration, whereas the amount of calcium increased with the increasing of HA concentration, but all above the amounts without addition. Finally, the change of pH before and after adsorption process is studied. In the two different solutions including HA alone and HA doped Ca²⁺, pH had a small rise, but the extent of pH of later solution was bigger.     

Effect of calcium on adsorption capacity of powdered activated carbon

We investigated the effect of calcium ion on the adsorption of humic acid (HA) (as a target pollutant) by powered activated carbon. The HA adsorption isotherms at different pH and kinetics of two different solutions including HA alone and HA doped Ca²⁺, were performed. It was showed that the adsorption capacity of powdered activated carbon (PAC) for HA was markedly enhanced when Ca²⁺ was doped into HA. Also, HA and Ca²⁺ taken as nitrate were tested on the uptake of each other respectively and it was showed that the adsorbed amounts of both of them were significantly promoted when HA and calcium co-existed. Furthermore, the adsorbed amount of HA slightly decreased with the increasing of Ca²⁺ concentration, whereas the amount of calcium increased with the increasing of HA concentration, but all above the amounts without addition. Finally, the change of pH before and after adsorption process is studied. In the two different solutions including HA alone and HA doped Ca²⁺, pH had a small rise, but the extent of pH of later solution was bigger.     

生物活性炭法处理ABS树脂生产废水

采用负载经驯化后微生物的活性炭与未负载微生物的空白活性炭处理ABS凝聚干燥工段废水,研究生物活性炭系统中存在的生物再生作用.结果表明,生物活性炭能够高效分解转化ABS废水中的有机腈类及芳香类污染物,其处理出水的COD、TOC及Org-N的去除率均达到80%以上,并且废水中的有机氮主要分解转化为NH3-N,其NH3-N转化率高达65%.生物活性炭表面繁殖了大量的长杆菌、钟形虫及少量的球菌,活性炭能够为微生物生长提供适宜的环境,并保护微生物避免受有毒难降解污染物的抑制作用,同时活性炭表面生长的微生物能够对活性炭进行生物再生,使其长期保持高效的吸附能力.     

生物活性炭处理循环水产养殖废水及其影响因子研究

通过现场中试研究了生物活性炭（BAC）处理循环水产养殖废水中氨氮、亚硝态氮、硝态氮和COD的效果,考察了运行条件对硝化反硝化的影响.中试运行条件：滤速4m·h-1,水温22℃,pH7.21～7.65.在BAC进水溶解氧10.4～15.1mg·L-1、氨氮2.34～4.01mg·L-1、亚硝酸盐氮0.83～1.67mg·...     

生物活性炭去除水中挥发性苯系物的基础研究

采用连续流生物活性炭(BAC)工艺处理水中挥发性苯系物(BTEX,包括苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯),评价进水负荷、活性炭炭型等因素对于BAC处理性能的影响.研究表明,在40d的处理时间内,除苯之外,其余BTEX的BAC出水中均未检出苯系物(进水为6mg/L).为了检验BAC在高BTEX负荷情况时的处理效果,将进水浓度设定为19~32mg/L左右,在EBCT为1.2min条件下同样只有苯的出水浓度上升至10mg/L(C/Cin为0.45),然后略有下降,最终保持在5~10mg/L(C/Cin为0.3以下),其余苯系物出水浓度均一直保持小于5mg/L.这表明BAC可以有效地处理高负荷BTEX(8.68~12.9kgTOC/(m3·d))的进水.生物活性炭对于活性炭吸附容量的恢复有比较明显的作用,煤质炭和椰壳炭的生物再生效率分别为53.6%和26.6%,煤质炭再生效率高的原因可能是其具备更多的大型中孔和大孔.     

Removal of anaerobic soluble microbial products in a biological activated carbon reactor

The soluble microbial products (SMP) in the biological treatment effluent are generally of great amount and are poorly biodegradable. Focusing on the biodegradation of anaerobic SMP, the biological activated carbon (BAC) was introduced into the anaerobic system. The experiments were conducted in two identical lab-scale up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors. The high strength organics were degraded in the first UASB reactor (UASB1) and the second UASB (UASB2, i.e., BAC) functioned as a polishing step to remove SMP produced in UASB1. The results showed that 90% of the SMP could be removed before granular activated carbon was saturated. After the saturation, the SMP removal decreased to 60% on the average. Analysis of granular activated carbon adsorption revealed that the main role of SMP removal in BAC reactor was biodegradation. A strain of SMP-degrading bacteria, which was found highly similar to Klebsiella sp., was isolated, enriched and inoculated back to the BAC reactor. When the influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) was 10,000 mg/L and the organic loading rate achieved 10 kg COD/(m 3 ·day), the effluent from the BAC reactor could meet the discharge standard without further treatment. Anaerobic BAC reactor inoculated with the isolated Klebsiella was proved to be an effective, cheap and easy technical treatment approach for the removal of SMP in the treatment of easily-degradable wastewater with COD lower than 10,000 mg/L.     

Effect of oxidation treatment on the adsorption and the stability of mercury on activated carbon

Oxidation treatment on the adsorption and the stability of Hg on activated carbon （AC） was inrestigated. Both MnO2-AC and FeCl3-AC were produced during oxidation treatment. The measurement of modified AC＇s mercury adsorption capacity was conducted in a simulated coal-fired flue gas by adsorbing test apparatus. TCLP and column leaching methods were used to test the stability of mercury adsorbed on ACs. The results indicate that the oxidation treatment changed the pore structure of the AC and modified the carbon surface by creating chemical components such as MnO4^-, Mn^4＋, O, NO^3-, Fe^3＋, Cl^-, etc. The Hg sorption capacity on MnO2-AC or FeCl3-AC was about three times higher than that of untreated carbon. In addition, the mercury control cost of each of the formers was about the half cost of the untreated carbon. The stability of Hg absorption was studied, it found that mercury adsorbed on the oxidation treated AC was not better than that of untreated carbon. It could concluded that the insoluble form of Hg is very important to the stability of mercury adsorbed on AC. This study suggests that the FeCl3-AC is the best absorbent for Hg with high adsorption capacity, better Hg adsorption stability in leaching environment, and lower cost among the three ACs tested.