Wintertime peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in the megacity Beijing: Role of photochemical and meteorological processes

Previous measurements of peroxyacetyl nitrate(PAN) in Asian megacities were scarce and mainly conducted for relative short periods in summer. Here, we present and analyze the measurements of PAN, O3, NOx, etc., made at an urban site(CMA) in Beijing from 25 January to 22 March 2010. The hourly concentration of PAN averaged 0.70 × 10 9mol/mol(0.23 × 10 9–3.51 × 10 9mol/mol) and was well correlated with that of NO2but not O3, indicating that the variations of the winter concentrations of PAN and O3in urban Beijing are decoupled with each other. Wind conditions and transport of air masses exert very significant impacts on O3, PAN, and other species. Air masses arriving at the site originated either from the boundary layer over the highly polluted N-S-W sector or from the free troposphere over the W-N sector. The descending free-tropospheric air was rich in O3, with an average PAN/O3ratio smaller than 0.031, while the boundary layer air over the polluted sector contained higher levels of PAN and primary pollutants, with an average PAN/O3ratio of 0.11. These facts related with transport conditions can well explain the observed PAN-O3decoupling. Photochemical production is important to PAN in the winter over Beijing. The concentration of the peroxyacetyl(PA) radical was estimated to be in the range of 0.0014 × 10 12–0.0042 × 10 12 mol/mol. The contributions of the formation reaction and thermal decomposition to PAN's variation were calculated and found to be significant even in the colder period in air over Beijing, with the production exceeding the decomposition.     

京津冀污染物跨界输送通量模拟

发展了关键影响因子加权人为源分配方法(WKIF),增添了依赖于气象条件和下垫面类型的生物源,动态更新了气象场和浓度场的边界条件.然后利用WRF-CAMx模式定量给出了四季北京、天津和河北大气边界层中PM2.5、O3、CO、SO2、NO2和NO跨界输送通量和北京净输入或输出通量.结果表明WKIF方法合理反映了中小城市人为源的空间分布特征,模式重要输入参量、初值与边界条件的改进显著改善了WRF-CAMx模式对京津冀地区6个观测站点近地面NOx、O3和PM2.5浓度的模拟.北京向天津冬、春季主要通过西北方向,夏、秋季主要经过偏西方向输入NO、NO2、SO2、CO、O3、PM2.5,输送通量夏季均最小,冬季均最大,且四季北京向天津输入的CO、O3、PM2.5通量显著高于NO、NO2、SO2通量.河北的污染物冬、春季主要通过西北方向,夏季主要经由偏南方向,秋季主要途径偏西方向进入北京;四季北京向河北输入NO和NO2,但跨界输送通量小于20t·d-1;四季河北向北京输入的CO、O3、PM2.5通量远高于北京向河北输送的NO、NO2通量,明显大于北京向河北输送的SO2通量,且河北向北京输入CO、O3、PM2.5通量夏季均最小,冬季均最大;四季北京大气边界层中NO、NO2、SO2最大净输出通量小于50t.d-1,CO、O3、PM2.5净输入或输出通量分别为111～2309、567～6244、715～1778t·d-1.这些定量结果为京津冀区域污染源调控对策的制定提供了科学依据.     

Characterization, reactivity, source apportionment, and potential source areas of ambient volatile organic compounds in a typical tropical city

Based on one-year observation, the concentration, sources, and potential source areas of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were comprehensively analyzed to investigate the pollution characteristics of ambient VOCs in Haikou, China. The results showed that the annual average concentration of total VOCs (TVOCs) was 11.4 ppbV, and the composition was dominated by alkanes (8.2 ppbV, 71.4%) and alkenes (1.3 ppbV, 20.5%). The diurnal variation in the concentration of dominant VOC species showed a distinct bimodal distribution with peaks in the morning and evening. The greatest contribution to ozone formation potential (OFP) was made by alkenes (51.6%), followed by alkanes (27.2%). The concentrations of VOCs and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) in spring and summer were low, and it was difficult to generate high ozone (O₃) concentrations through photochemical reactions. The significant increase in O₃ concentrations in autumn and winter was mainly related to the transmission of pollutants from the northeast. Traffic sources (40.1%), industrial sources (19.4%), combustion sources (18.6%), solvent usage sources (15.5%) and plant sources (6.4%) were identified as major sources of VOCs through the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. The southeastern coastal areas of China were identified as major potential source areas of VOCs through the potential source contribution function (PSCF) and concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) models. Overall, the concentration of ambient VOCs in Haikou was strongly influenced by traffic sources and long-distance transport, and the control of VOCs emitted from vehicles should be strengthened to reduce the active species of ambient VOCs in Haikou, thereby reducing the generation of O₃.     

天津夏季边界层低层大气中PAN和O3的输送特征分析

采用在线仪器监测分析2017年夏季天津气象铁塔220 m观测平台大气中过氧乙酰硝酸酯(PAN)和O_3的体积分数,并结合气象观测资料和后向轨迹分析PAN和O_3的输送特征.观测期间PAN和O_3体积分数平均值分别为(0.73±0.56)×10~(-9)和(53±25)×10~(-9),最大小时体积分数分别为3.49×10~(-9)和137×10~(-9),PAN和O_3体积分数具有相似的日变化特征,白昼PAN和O_3浓度高于夜间,且PAN和O_3浓度相关系数(R2=0.52)显著高于夜间(R2=0.21).观测期间偏南风下PAN和O_3浓度最高,偏东风下最低,风玫瑰图和后向轨迹聚类分析都表明,来源于西南方向的气流轨迹对应的污染物浓度最高,途经渤海和河北、辽宁沿海地区的偏东气流对应的PAN和O_3体积分数最低,边界层内输送对PAN和O_3的体积分数分布起到了重要作用.     

北京地区大气中卤代烃含量的初步测定

研究了用电子捕获检测器测定大气中多种卤代烃化合物的气相色谱方法.选择的色谱分离柱有气液色谱柱25％DC-200 Chromosorb WAW DCMS(60—80目)和气固色谱柱carbopack CHT(80—100目).在等温条件下,以直接采样和直接进样方式分别测定了大气中多种卤代烃成份,并且比较了两根色谱柱的分析结果间的差异.在北京地区初步测定了主要的卤代烃如CFC-11,CFC-12,CHCl_3,CH_3CCl_3,CCl_4,CHCl=CCl_2和CCl_2=CCl_2的含量,其各自相应的浓度分别是127±24,275±12,49±32,80±27,60±18,8±2和30±17ppt(V/V).     

Sulfur dioxide,hydrogen sulfide,total reduced sulfur,chlorinated hydrocarbons and photochemical oxidants in southern California museums

Indoor and outdoor concentrations of the air pollutants ozone, NO₂, SO₂, H₂S, total reduced sulfur (TRS), peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), methyl chloroform and tetrachloroethylene, have been measured at three southern California museums. Indoor maxima were 175 ppb for NO₂, 77 ppb for O₃, 0.7 ppb for PAN, 1.2 ppb for C₂Cl₄, >6.3 ppb for CH₃CCl₃, 2.5 ppb for SO₂, 1.4 ppb for TRS, and 46 ppt for H₂S. Indoor levels and indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios for the chlorinated hydrocarbons pointed out to indoor sources. Outdoor and indoor levels of SO₂ and TRS were low at all three museums, but I/O ratios for SO₂ were high and averaged 0.89. H₂S concentrations were low, 16–46 ppt at one museum and less than 6 ppt at the other two museums. I/O ratios for the air pollutants with outdoor sources (ozone, PAN and NO₂) showed substantial variations, from low values of 0.02–0.33 at locations without influx of outdoor air to high values of 0.85–0.88 at locations experiencing high influx of outdoor air. Of the 10 institutions we have surveyed in southern California to date, eight exhibit high I/O ratios, e.g. 0.60–1.00 for PAN. Of the four museums surveyed that were equipped with HVAC and chemical filtration, only two yielded the expected low I/O ratios.     

中国典型城市O3与前体物变化特征及相关性研究

为了解我国不同气候背景城市O₃污染及其与前体物的关系,选取北京市、沈阳市、银川市、成都市、南京市和广州市作为典型代表城市,基于这6个城市2014-2016年ρ（O₃）、ρ（NO₂）和ρ（CO）资料对O₃与其前体物质量浓度变化特征及二者相关性进行研究.结果表明:①2014-2016年6个城市ρ（O₃）年均值大小顺序依次为南京市>沈阳市>北京市>银川市>成都市>广州市,ρ（NO₂）年均值大小顺序依次为北京市>成都市>南京市>沈阳市>广州市>银川市,ρ（CO）年均值大小顺序依次为北京市>银川市>成都市>沈阳市>南京市>广州市.2014-2016年除广州市ρ（O₃）下降、沈阳市变化不明显外,其他城市ρ（O₃）总体呈上升趋势;各城市ρ（NO₂）和ρ（CO）普遍呈下降趋势.②广州市ρ（O₃）夏季最高、春季最低,其他城市四季ρ（O₃）大小顺序依次为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季;北京市、沈阳市和银川市四季ρ（NO₂）和ρ（CO）大小顺序依次为冬季>秋季>春季>夏季,成都市、广州市和南京市为冬季>春季>秋季>夏季.各城市ρ（O₃）和ρ（O_x）日变化呈单峰型,ρ（NO₂）和ρ（CO）日变化呈双峰型.③6个城市城区ρ（O₃）均低于清洁对照点,城区ρ（NO₂）和ρ（CO）均高于清洁对照点,并且城区与清洁对照点O₃及其前体物质量浓度差值随城市和月份变化存在一定的差异.④各城市ρ（O₃）与ρ（NO₂）和ρ（CO）均呈负相关,与ρ（O_x）呈显著正相关;城区ρ（O₃）与ρ（NO₂）和ρ（CO）的相关性均好于清洁对照点,清洁对照点ρ（O₃）与ρ（O_x）的相关性则好于城区.⑤各城市ρ（O₃）超标率随ρ（NO₂）和ρ（CO）的增加均呈先迅速上升再快速减小,之后缓慢变化的特征,但ρ（O₃）超标率峰值对应的ρ（NO₂）和ρ（CO）有所差异.研究显示,日照条件较好的银川市、北京市和沈阳市O₃与其前体物相关性较成都市、南京市和广州市强.      

Identification of long-range transport pathways and potential sources of PM2.5 and PM10 in Beijing from 2014 to 2015

Trajectory clustering, potential source contribution function (PSCF) and concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) methods were applied to investigate the transport pathways and identify potential sources of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ in different seasons from June 2014 to May 2015 in Beijing. The cluster analyses showed that Beijing was affected by trajectories from the south and southeast in summer and autumn. In winter and spring, Beijing was not only affected by the trajectories from the south and southeast, but was also affected by trajectories from the north and northwest. In addition, the analyses of the pressure profile of backward trajectories showed that backward trajectories, which have important influence on Beijing, were mainly distributed above 970 hPa in summer and autumn and below 950 hPa in spring and winter. This indicates that PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were strongly affected by the near surface air masses in summer and autumn and by high altitude air masses in winter and spring. Results of PSCF and CWT analyses showed that the largest potential source areas were identified in spring, followed by winter and autumn, then summer. In addition, potential source regions of PM₁₀ were similar to those of PM_2.5. There were a clear seasonal and spatial variation of the potential source areas of Beijing and the airflow in the horizontal and vertical directions. Therefore, more effective regional emission reduction measures in Beijing''s surrounding provinces should be implemented to reduce emissions of regional sources in different seasons.     

河南省18个城市大气污染物分布特征、区域来源和传输路径

河南省大气污染严重且与周边区域污染传输及交互影响明显,以2017年1、4、7和10月为研究对象,将河南省内18个地市的排放源分别标记,并应用于WRF-CMAQ溯源模型进行模拟.污染物分布结果表明,由于排放和气象的共同影响,河南省PM_2.5、NO₂和SO₂浓度表现为冬季最高,夏季最低.O₃-8h浓度的季节变化则为夏季最高,春季次之,冬季最低.不同季节间污染物浓度差距较大,河南省PM_2.5、NO₂和SO₂冬季浓度平均值分别是夏季的4.17、4.12和6.24倍,而O₃-8h在夏季的浓度是冬季的2.24倍.由于PM_2.5、NO₂和SO₂与一次排放关系密切且具有一定的同源性,这3种污染物的高值分布为北高南低,季节趋势较为一致.而O₃-8h季节分布差异较大,夏季气象条件有助于O₃的生成,O₃-8h高值主要分布于河南省东北区域;冬春秋季由于气象条件的抑制和NO_x的消耗O₃-8h高值主要分布在河南省的南部.传输结果表明,冬季省外传输和天然源对河南省PM_2.5、O₃-8h、NO₂和SO₂浓度的贡献率都是最大的,分别为36.20%~72.32%、77.96%~96.08%、49.45%~78.80%和59.05%~88.85%.在仅考虑本地排放和省内传输时,夏季河南省内各市的排放对本地4种污染物浓度的贡献率均为最高;春季省内传输对各市PM_2.5和O₃-8h浓度的贡献率较大,分别为25.63%~74.69%和30.21%~80.01%,冬季省内传输对各市NO₂和SO₂浓度的贡献率较大,分别为26.02%~76.96%和20.30%~82.34%.河南省内PM_2.5、NO₂和SO₂的传输路径相似,冬季多由北向南传输,春季多由西向东,西南向东北传输,夏季多由西南向东北传输,秋季多由北向南传输,但PM_2.5的传输更加复杂.而O₃-8h传输路径与其他3种较为不同,特别是在秋季O₃-8h由西南向东北的传输路径明显.     

广州番禺大气成分站一次典型光化学污染过程PAN和O3分析

通过对广州番禺大气成分站（GPACS）的光化学相关污染物（O₃、PAN、VOCs、NO₂、NO）以及气象要素进行观测,分析2010~2016年期间发生在广州地区一次典型光化学污染过程.结果表明,该光化学污染过程期间,O₃和PAN总体体积分数比较高,最大O₃小时体积分数为140.6×10^-9,而最大PAN小时体积分数为4.7×10^-9.NO整体体积分数较低,对O₃的化学滴定和PAN的去除影响较小.NO₂整体体积分数较高、辐射较强和风速较低则有利于O₃和PAN的形成和积累.PAN和O₃具有一定的线性关系（R²=0.55）,而形成PAN和O₃前体物VOCs物种不完全相同影响着它们的线性关系,在生成PAN的VOCs物种中,乙烯、丙烷、异戊二烯和甲苯所占的比例较大,而对臭氧生成潜势较大的物种有异戊二烯、1,3,5-三甲苯、丙烯、间,对-二甲苯以及甲苯.对PA自由基体积分数进行估算,发现它的日均值体积分数在0.11×10^-12~0.16×10^-12范围变化,远高于其它地区,表明此次发生的光化学反应较为强烈.     

Vertical profiles of biogenic volatile organic compounds as observed online at a tower in Beijing

Vertical profiles of isoprene and monoterpenes were measured by a proton transfer reaction-time of flight-mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) at heights of 3, 15, 32, 64, and 102 m above the ground on the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP) tower in central Beijing during the winter of 2016 and the summer of 2017. Isoprene mixing ratios were larger in summer due to much stronger local emissions whereas monoterpenes were lower in summer due largely to their consumption by much higher levels of ozone. Isoprene mixing ratios were the highest at the 32 m in summer (1.64 ± 0.66 ppbV) and at 15 m in winter (1.41 ± 0.64 ppbV) with decreasing concentrations to the ground and to the 102 m, indicating emission from the tree canopy of the surrounding parks. Monoterpene mixing ratios were the highest at the 3 m height in both the winter (0.71 ± 0.42 ppbV) and summer (0.16 ± 0.10 ppbV) with a gradual decreasing trend to 102 m, indicting an emission from near the ground level. The lowest isoprene and monoterpene mixing ratios all occurred at 102 m, which were 0.71 ± 0.42 ppbV (winter) and 1.35 ± 0.51 ppbV (summer) for isoprene, and 0.42 ± 0.22 ppbV (winter) and 0.07 ± 0.06 ppbV (summer) for monoterpenes. Isoprene in the summer and monoterpenes in the winter, as observed at the five heights, showed significant mutual correlations. In the winter monoterpenes were positively correlated with combustion tracers CO and acetonitrile at 3 m, suggesting possible anthropogenic sources.     

北京及周边6个城市大气PM2.5中左旋葡聚糖及其异构体的时空分布特征

采集北京及周边6个城市春、夏、秋、冬这4个季节大气PM_2.5样品,用离子色谱法测定其中的左旋葡聚糖(LG)、甘露聚糖(MN)和半乳聚糖(GT),对比这3种脱水聚糖与PM_2.5及有机碳(OC)的浓度水平和时空分布特征,应用SPSS 24.0软件分析了数据间的显著性差异.结果表明, 6个城市PM_2.5、OC和LG浓度水平的季节分布规律高度相似,呈现冬季>春季>秋季>夏季, 4个季节3种脱水聚糖的浓度水平有显著性差异.从空间角度分析3种脱水聚糖浓度水平,北京与天津、保定、石家庄无显著性差异,但北京与济南、郑州有显著性差异.根据6个城市的LG/MN和LG/(MN+GT)等浓度水平的比较,初步判断该区域PM_2.5中的生物质燃烧源主要来源于农作物秸秆和硬木.春季的PM_2.5污染过程中,北京、天津、石家庄和济南的左旋葡聚糖在PM_2.5中的含量变化基本保持稳定,显示该污染过程受生物质燃烧排放的影响较弱.     

辽河下游CDOM吸收与荧光特性的季节变化研究

有色溶解有机物(CDOM)是一类广泛分布于水体中的溶解有机物(DOM),是水环境中最大的溶解有机碳贮库.辽河是中国七大河流之一,年径流量为14.8亿m3,因此对于辽河CDOM的研究对辽河有机碳通量的估算具有重要意义.基于吸收光谱和荧光光谱分析了不同季节辽河下游河流中CDOM的光学特性.通过分析CDOM的吸收光谱及斜率(S)得到春季水样CDOM在355 nm的吸收系数[aCDOM(355)]低于秋季和冬季;秋季CDOM的分子量要小于冬季和春季,而春季CDOM的分子量大于秋、冬季.通过对比分析3期荧光强度及各荧光峰(类腐殖酸荧光峰,峰A、峰C;类蛋白质荧光峰,峰B、峰T),发现辽河下游水体CDOM的荧光特性表现明显的季节性,而且都表现出较强的类蛋白质荧光峰(峰B和峰T).春季的两个类腐殖质荧光之间以及秋、冬季两个类蛋白质荧光之间均存在很强的相关性(R2>0.9),说明来源或性质相同.春季CDOM的两个类蛋白质荧光峰的相关性较差(R2=0.21),反映了其组分的复杂性和来源的多样性;春季水体显现出较强的类腐殖酸荧光峰,说明外源输入是春季水体CDOM中类腐殖酸成分的主要来源.另外,本研究将aCDOM(355)和Fn(355)进行分析发现冬季两者相关性最好(R2=0.75),秋季次之(R2=0.48),冬季结果较不理想(R2=0.01).通过荧光峰值与CDOM浓度之间的相关分析可以得到荧光峰B是秋、冬季CDOM荧光的主要控制发光基团(R=0.66;R=0.89),而春季CDOM的类腐殖酸荧光(峰A和峰C)表现比较突出(R=0.74;R=0.82).     

广州地区SO42-、NO3-、NH4+与相关气体污染特征研究

本文获得了2009年12月1日至2011年12月31日广州二次无机离子(SO2-4、NO-3、NH+4)及相关反应性气体(NOx/SO2/HNO2/HNO3等)的小时浓度数据,并分析了其污染特征.研究结果表明:PM2.5的浓度季节变化特征为冬秋春夏,SO2-4的浓度季节变化特征为秋冬春夏,NH+4的为冬秋春夏,NO-3则为冬春秋夏,SO2-4、NO-3和NH+4之和占PM2.5的比重大小为秋夏春冬;硫氧化率(SOR)均大于0.1,秋冬季节的值高于春夏季节,与SO2-4的浓度变化趋势一致;氮氧化率(NOR)日变化呈单峰形式,最大值出现在06时,最小值出现在14时,春冬季节的值高于夏秋季节,与NO-3的浓度变化趋势一致;广州地区NH3/NH+4除10—12月外,其月均值均大于1;在典型过程中,SO2-4、NO-3、NH+4、SOR、NOR和NH3/NH+4与能见度的变化都存在较好的对应关系,说明广州地区低能见度与二次离子(SO2-4、NO-3、NH+4)的生成有关.     

The influence of the nocturnal boundary layer on secondary trace species in the atmosphere at Dorset,Ontario

The impact of the nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) on the concentrations of O₃, H₂O₂, PAN and CH₂O has been studied for two 4-day periods, one in the summer of 1989 and the other in the spring of 1990. Where the presence of the nocturnal layer is clear, O₃, PAN and CH₂O concentrations decrease rapidly and these species appear to be deposited to the surface. Break-up of the inversion in the morning returns concentrations to levels typical of the previous day. H₂O₂ is removed much faster than the other species and it is replenished much more slowly. This appears to be due to the H₂O₂ dissolving in water droplets resulting from the rapid cooling of the air. There is evidence for a morning maximum in PAN, likely due to the combination of high concentrations being brought downwards during the break-up of the NBL followed by thermal decomposition.     

Observations of atmospheric pollutants at Lhasa during 2014–2015: Pollution status and the influence of meteorological factors

Atmospheric pollutants including SO₂, NO₂, CO, O₃ and inhalable particulate matter (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) were monitored continuously from March 2014 to February 2015 to investigate characteristics of air pollution at Lhasa, Tibetan Plateau. Species exhibited similar seasonal variations except O₃, with the peaks in winter but low valleys in summer. The maximum O₃ concentration was observed in spring, followed by summer, autumn, and winter. The positive correlation between O₃ and PM₁₀ in spring indicated similar sources of them, and was assumed to be turbulent transport. Temperature was the dominant meteorological factor for most species in spring. High temperature accelerates O₃ photochemistry, and favors air disturbance which is conductive to dust resuspension in spring. Relative humidity (RH) and atmospheric pressure were the main meteorological factors in summer. RH showed negative correlations with species, while atmospheric pressure posed opposite situation. Wind speed (WS) was the dominant meteorological factor in autumn, the negative correlations between WS and species indicated diffusion by wind. Most species showed non-significant correlations with meteorological factors in winter, indicating the dependence of pollution on source emission rather than restriction by meteorology. Pollution weather character indicated that emissions were from biomass burning and dust suspension, and meteorological factors also played an important role. Air stream injection from the stratosphere was observed during O₃ pollution period. Air parcels from Southwest Asia were observed during air pollution period in winter. An enhancement in air pollutants such as O₃ would be expected in the future, more attention should be given to countermeasures for prevention of air pollution in the future.     

Measurements of gaseous hydrogen peroxide and PAN in rural southern England

Continuous measurements of gaseous H₂O₂ and PAN made over approximately a 2-year period at a site in rural southern England are reported. The concentrations of both species show diurnal and seasonal trends. PAN and H₂O₂ reached peak concentrations during the afternoon period with the H₂O₂ tending to peak later than the PAN. Seasonal peak concentrations tended to occur in the spring and early summer but photochemical episodes could strongly influence the concentrations of both species. One photochemical episode is examined in detail where the influence of air mass origin is clearly evident. Correlations with ozone during the episode and for the whole data period are given.     

岗南水库沉积物间隙水有色溶解有机物的时空分布特征及差异分析

有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)作为溶解性有机物的重要组分,影响着水体中污染物质的形态特征和迁移转化过程.本研究运用紫外-可见光谱技术(UV-vis)以及三维荧光光谱(EEMs)技术结合平行因子分析法(PARAFAC),对岗南水库自入库河口到坝前主库区四季演变过程中沉积物间隙水CDOM的分布、光谱特征以及来源进行解析.结果表明,岗南水库沉积物间隙水CDOM的相对浓度a₂₅₄、a₂₆₀、a₂₈₀和a₃₅₅存在显著的季节差异,并且相对浓度大小为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季;沉积物间隙水CDOM的E2/E3、E3/E4、E4/E6以及S_R存在显著的季节差异,呈现冬季高夏季低的特征;秋冬季的E2/E3以及E3/E4明显高于春夏季,并且秋冬季的E3/E4大部分均大于3.5,表明秋冬季沉积物间隙水CDOM具有更小的分子量和更低的腐殖化程度;三维荧光光谱通过PARAFAC解析出3种组分,分别为类酪氨酸(C1)、短波类富里酸(C2)和降解的腐殖类物质(C3),并且3种荧光组分间具有显著...     

Ozone concentrations, flux and potential effect on yield during wheat growth in the Northwest-Shandong Plain of China

Ozone (O₃) concentration and flux (F_o) were measured using the eddy covariance technique over a wheat field in the Northwest-Shandong Plain of China. The O₃-induced wheat yield loss was estimated by utilizing O₃ exposure-response models. The results showed that: (1) During the growing season (7 March to 7 June, 2012), the minimum (16.1 ppbV) and maximum (53.3 ppbV) mean O₃ concentrations occurred at approximately 6:30 and 16:00, respectively. The mean and maximum of all measured O₃ concentrations were 31.3 and 128.4 ppbV, respectively. The variation of O₃ concentration was mainly affected by solar radiation and temperature. (2) The mean diurnal variation of deposition velocity (V_d) can be divided into four phases, and the maximum occurred at noon (12:00). Averaged V_d during daytime (6:00–18:00) and nighttime (18:00–6:00) were 0.42 and 0.14 cm/sec, respectively. The maximum of measured V_d was about 1.5 cm/sec. The magnitude of V_d was influenced by the wheat growing stage, and its variation was significantly correlated with both global radiation and friction velocity. (3) The maximum mean F_o appeared at 14:00, and the maximum measured F_o was − 33.5 nmol/(m²·sec). Averaged F_o during daytime and nighttime were − 6.9 and − 1.5 nmol/(m²·sec), respectively. (4) Using O₃ exposure-response functions obtained from the USA, Europe, and China, the O₃-induced wheat yield reduction in the district was estimated as 12.9% on average (5.5%–23.3%). Large uncertainties were related to the statistical methods and environmental conditions involved in deriving the exposure-response functions.     

夏季北京市大气中PAN与PPN的监测分析

采用在线监测仪器,在2005-08对北京市中关村地区大气中的PAN和PPN浓度进行了监测.结果表明,大气中存在着高浓度的PAN和PPN,其最高体积分数分别为2 493.2×10^-12和509.2×10^-12;PPN与PAN的浓度相关性很强,相关系数R²=0.949 5;［PPN］/［PAN］为20.2%. PAN和PPN的浓度在夜间有1个峰值出现,白天高浓度的PAN和PPN出现在NO₂浓度较高而NO浓度较低的时段,PAN与O₃的浓度变化趋势基本一致并显示出一定的相关性.