Removal of sulfamethazine antibiotics by aerobic sludge and an isolated Achromobacter sp. S-3

Removal characteristics of sulfamethazine (SMZ) by sludge and a bacterial strain using an aerobic sequence batch reactor (ASBR) were studied. Operating conditions were optimized by varying the reaction time and sludge retention time (SRT). An Achromobacter sp. (S-3) with the ability to remove SMZ was isolated from the ASBR. The effects of different operating parameters (pH and temperature) on the biodegradation of SMZ by S-3 were determined. The results indicate that, between 0.5 and 4 hr, reaction time of the ASBR had a significant effect on the SMZ removal efficiency in the system. The SMZ removal efficiency also increased from 45% to 80% when SRT was prolonged from 5 to 25 days, although longer SRT had no impact on SMZ removal. The SMZ adsorption rate decreased with increasing temperature, which fitted Freundlich isotherm well. The removal of SMZ in the ASBR was due to the combined effects of adsorption and degradation, and degradation played a leading role.     

Biodegradation of aniline by Candida tropicalis AN1 isolated from aerobic granular sludge

The strain AN1 is successfully isolated from the aerobic granular sludge and it can use aniline as sole carbon, nitrogen, and energy source.     

N-亚硝胺在不同处理工艺污水处理厂中的分布及其

以6种典型N-亚硝胺(NAs)为研究对象,基于质量浓度监测数据系统研究了它们在3种不同处理工艺的污水处理厂中的分布及其去除规律,并分析了它们在受纳河水中的污染概况及来源.结果表明,6种NAs在3种不同处理工艺污水处理厂各工艺段废水中普遍存在,其中主要污染物为NPIP、NDMA和NPYR,质量浓度水平为几十到几百ng·L-1. 3种不同处理工艺的污水处理厂都能对NAs起到一定的去除效果,其中改良A~2/O和A~2/O+MBR对NAs的去除效果较好,总体去除率分别为95%和63%,主要依靠生化阶段的微生物降解和转化.在过滤、MBR和消毒阶段,废水处理体系中NAs前驱物经一系列反应后会形成一定的NAs增量. 6种NAs在受纳河流的表层水中也频繁检出,主要污染物和污水处理厂进水中的主要污染物一致,仍然是MDMA、NPIP和NPYR.受纳河流中的NAs来源广泛而复杂,包括污水处理厂尾水排入、未经处理的生活污水和工业废水以及工业区地表径流等的汇入.因此,应该通过增强污水收集和处理能力、优化污水处理工艺等措施减少NAs向受纳河流的输入.     

城市污水水解-厌氧-微氧联合处理工艺

采用水解 -厌氧 -微氧联合处理工艺处理城市污水的研究结果表明 :在总 HRT不超过 8.5h(水解 2.5h、厌氧 4.0h、微氧2.0 h) ,平均温度为 19℃ ,进水COD浓度为300±50 mg/L时 ,总 COD和 SS的去除率分别可达75%和80%以上 .总出水COD、BOD、SS完全达到国家二级排放标准 .微氧单元对厌氧出水中残余有机物去除效果良好 ,HRT不超过 2h,DO控制在 0.2 mg/L～0.5mg/L左右 ,进水为150mg/L时 ,去除率可达 53%以上 .微氧污泥沉降性能良好 ,SVI=38.8ml/g.水解 -厌氧 -微氧工艺在突出低能耗的前提下 ,达到了较高的有机物去除率 ,与现有的城市污水处理工艺相比有一定的优越性 .     

Factors influencing the photodegradation of N -nitrosodimethylamine in drinking water

In order to provide basic data for practical application, photodegradation experiment of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in aqueous solution was carried out with a low-pressure Hg lamp. Effects of the initial concentration of NDMA, solution pH, dissolved oxygen, and the presence of humic acid on NDMA photodegradation were investigated. NDMA at various initial concentrations selected in this study was almost completely photodegraded by UV irradiation within 20 min, except that at 1.07 mmol/L, NDMA could be photodegraded almost completely in the acidic and neutral solutions, while the removal efficiency decreased remarkably in the alkaline solution. Dissolved oxygen enhanced the NDMA photodegradation, and the presence of humic acid inhibited the degradation of NDMA. Depending on the initial concentration of NDMA, NDMA photodegradation by UV obeyed the pseudo-first-order kinetics. Dimethylamine, nitrite, and nitrate were detected as the photodegradation products of NDMA. ¹O₂ was found to be the reactive oxygen species present in the NDMA photodegradation process by UV, based on the inhibiting experiments using tert-butanol and sodium azide.     

地下含水层中污染物生物降解的机制和数值模拟

对地下含水层污染物生物降解的数学模型建模原则作了补充,对一维均匀介质定常流下生物降解过程进行了模拟研究。对模型适用性的验证结果表明：模型的模拟结果与已发表的模拟结果和已有的实测结果较为一致。对细菌生物降解机制模拟试验结果表明：降解过程是高度非线性相互作用过程,除个别参数有明显趋向作用外,多数过程相应参数的影响后果由特定条件决定。而模型正是能预报这些作用的详细过程。     

鱼腥藻在满江红-鱼腥藻共生体系去除水中铀时的作用

通过分离有藻满江红中的鱼腥藻,获得无藻满江红和鱼腥藻.采用水培试验的方法分别研究了无藻满江红、有藻满江红和鱼腥藻对水中铀的去除行为,并采用红外光谱技术分析了它们富集铀前后化学基团的变化.结果表明,对于初始浓度分别为2.5和5.0 mg·L-1的铀溶液,在有藻满江红的作用下,分别经过27和36 d生物富集后浓度能降低至GB 23727-2009规定的0.05 mg·L-1排放标准以下,而在无藻满江红和鱼腥藻的作用下,铀浓度无法达到排放标准.相对于无藻满江红,鱼腥藻提高了有藻满江红对水中铀的富集量、富集系数及对铀的抗胁迫能力,从而提高了有藻满江红对水中铀的去除效率.红外分析表明,在富集铀后,与无藻满江红相比,有藻满江红体内出现了芳环和醇类或苷类化合物,而这些新的物质是鱼腥藻在富集铀的过程中产生的,其可能促进了有藻满江红对铀的富集.     

Characterization of the fate of lipids in activated sludge

Experiments were carried out to characterize the transformation of lipids in activated sludge under aerobic conditions. Results showed that the overall lipid content in the effluent could not be reduced to values below 300 mg/L from an initial content of 2, 000 mg/L. However, the contents of individual fatty acids underwent drastic decreases and increases during all microbial growth phases. These changes in contents of individual fatty acids showed that fatty acids were used as substrates by microorganisms as well as released into the wastewater as by-products. We have therefore suggested a novel model of transformation of lipids in activated sludge, showing that utilization of microbial activity for complete removal of lipids from wastewater is limited.     

Augmentation of tribenuron methyl removal from polluted soil with Bacillus sp. strain BS2 and indigenous earthworms

Tribenuron methyl (TBM) is a member of the sulfonylurea herbicide family and is widely used worldwide. In this study, TBM-degrading bacteria were enriched with TBM as potential carbon, nitrogen or sulfur source, and 44 bacterial isolates were obtained. These isolates were phylogenetically diverse, and were grouped into 25 operational taxonomic units and 14 currently known genera. Three representatives, Bacillus sp. strain BS2, Microbacterium sp. strain BS3, and Cellulosimicrobium sp. strain BS11, were selected, and their growth and TBM removal from culture broth were investigated. In addition, indigenous earthworms were collected and applied to augment TBM degradation in lab-scale soil column experiments. Results demonstrated that Bacillus sp. strain BS2 and earthworms significantly increased TBM removal during soil column experiments.     

基于数学模型的多模式AAO系统运行优化研究

构建了综合考虑出水水质、污泥产量和系统能耗的运行成本指数CPI,并利用数学模型对多模式厌氧/缺氧/好氧(AAO)系统的AAO、倒置AAO(RAAO)和缺氧/好氧(AO) 3种模式进行对比优化研究.在处理成本相近的前提下,在污泥龄5~25d范围内AAO模式的污染物去除效率和聚磷菌浓度明显高于RAAO和AO模式.在运行模式筛选的基础上,通过回流比优化确定了排放标准约束下AAO工艺的达标运行区域和最佳运行工况.动态模拟结果表明,优化工况能够显著改善出水水质,出水高于一级A的时间由78.4%下降至37.7%,CPI降低3.9%.     

蒽降解菌烟曲霉A10的分离及降解性能研究

从污染环境中筛选出1株蒽降解菌A10,经鉴定为烟曲霉（Aspergillus fumigatus）,其对蒽的降解率随时间的延长逐渐升高,在12～84 h,蒽降解率增长速率较快;此后降解率的增加趋于平缓,最终（168 h）能够达到83%左右.当无机盐培养液中蒽初始浓度为10 mg/L,A10投菌量为50 g/L（以湿重计）,菌龄为36 h时, 5 d内蒽降解率为79.37%.蒽浓度对菌发挥降解作用有较大影响,浓度为5 mg/L时,降解率最高,达92.17%.培养液初始pH为5.0～7.5时,降解率维持在60%左右;温度为30℃、氧气量为4.30 mg/L时蒽降解效果较好.一定量的营养盐的添加能在一定程度上促进蒽的降解.共代谢底物乳糖的添加,能使蒽的降解率提高37.15%.对蒽降解过程的初步研究表明,菌株A10对蒽的降解是一个胞外吸附/胞内降解的动态变化过程.红外光谱分析显示,在微生物作用下,蒽的结构发生改变,生成了含有1～2个苯环的芳香酸、芳香酮、芳香醛和饱和碳氢化合物等一系列降解产物.     

Pd/Fe0双金属复合催化纤维降解水中痕量亚硝基二甲胺

存在于环境水体中的亚硝基二甲胺(NDMA)是一种强致癌性有机物,采用零价铁催化还原技术可以将其降解转化为低毒性物质,针对水中痕量NDMA的去除,需要深入开展基于高效零价铁材料、还原性能及还原机制方面的研究.以聚丙烯(PP)纤维为基材,采用紫外辐射接枝-金属离子配位-化学还原方法制备了含Pd/Fe~0双金属的复合催化纤维(Pd/Fe~0-PP-gAA),开展水中亚硝基二甲胺的去除研究.通过SEM、ICP-AES和XPS分析等对Pd/Fe~0/PP-g-AA进行表征.研究了不同制备条件和反应条件下,复合催化纤维对NDMA的降解性能.结果表明,丙烯酸单体质量分数为20%时,通过配位还原制备的复合催化纤维对NDMA的催化降解效果最佳,降解过程符合准一级反应动力学模型.在痕量浓度范围,NDMA初始浓度和溶液pH对复合纤维还原NDMA的性能影响不大.CO_3~(2-)和NO_3~-的存在显著抑制NDMA的降解,SO_4~(2-)、HCO_3~-和腐殖酸的存在对NDMA降解影响较小.     

Accelerated biodegradation of nitrophenols in the rhizosphere of Spirodela polyrrhiza

We investigated the biodegradation of 2-nitrophenol (2-NP), 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), and 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) in the rhizosphere of Spirodela polyrrhiza plants by conducting degradation experiments with three river water samples supplemented with each nitrophenol (NP). We then isolated NP-degrading bacteria both from the S. polyrrhiza roots and from the river water. In the river water samples, removal of the three NP was accelerated in the presence of S. polyrrhiza plants. The three NPs persisted in an autoclaved solution with sterile plants suggests that NP removal was accelerated largely by bacterial NP biodegradation rather than by adsorption and uptake by the plants. We isolated 8 strains of NP-degrading bacteria: 6 strains from the S. polyrrhiza roots and 2 strains from river water without the plants. The 2-NP- and 2,4-DNP-degrading bacteria were isolated only from the S. polyrrhiza roots. The 4-NPdegrading bacteria different from those isolated from the river water samples were also found on S. polyrrhiza roots. The 2-NP- and 4-NP-degrading strains isolated from the roots utilized the corresponding NP (0.5 mmol/L) as the sole carbon and energy source. The 2,4-DNP-degrading strains isolated from the roots showed substantial 2,4-DNP-degrading activity, but the presence of other carbon and energy sources was required for their growth. The isolated NP-degrading bacteria from the roots must have contributed to the accelerated degradation of the three NPs in the rhizosphere of S. polyrrhiza. Our results suggested that rhizoremediation with S. polyrrhiza may be effective for NP-contaminated surface water.     

降解芘的分枝杆菌M11的分离鉴定和降解特性

从多环芳烃污染的土壤中分离到1株能高效降解四环芳烃芘的放线菌M11,经形态观察、生理生化和16S rDNA鉴定,属于分枝杆菌属(Mycobacterium sp.).菌株M11能以菲、蒽、荧蒽和芘为唯一碳源生长,在含芘50、100和200 mg/L的无机盐液体培养基中培养16 d降解率分别达到76.9%、91.8%和79.23%.菌株M11对芘的降解具有较广泛的pH范围,在芘浓度100 mg/L,pH为5～9的液体条件下,均可生长.根据已报道的芘降解菌的双加氧酶同源序列设计引物,PCR扩增出编码双加氧酶大亚基和小亚基的基因片段,序列分析表明与已知降解芘的分枝杆菌的双加氧酶基因具有高度同源性.     

Heterotrophic ammonium removal characteristics of an aerobic heterotrophic nitrifying-denitrifying bacterium, Providencia rettgeri YL

Bacterium Providencia rettgeri YL was found to exhibit an unusual ability to heterotrophically nitrify and aerobically denitrify various concentrations of ammonium (NH₄⁺-N). In order to further understand its removal ability, several experiments were conducted to identify the growth and ammonium removal response at different carbon to nitrogen (C/N) mass ratios, shaking speeds, temperatures, ammonium concentrations and to qualitatively verify the production of nitrogen gas using gas chromatography techniques. Results showed that under optimum conditions (C/N 10, 30°C, 120 r/min), YL can significantly remove low and high concentrations of ammonium within 12 to 48 h of growth, respectively. The nitrification products hydroxylamine (NH₂OH), nitrite (NO₂⁻) and nitrate (NO₃⁻) as well as the denitrification product, nitrogen gas (N₂), were detected under completely aerobic conditions.     

耐高浓度沼液产油小球藻的分离鉴定与特征分析

本研究从长期在空气中放置的沼液中分离得到1株可以耐受高浓度沼液的藻株,经形态和分子生物学方法鉴定为小球藻属的一种,命名为Chlorella sp.BWY-1.本研究所用的沼液来自于以固液分离后的猪场废水为发酵原料的沼气工程.与普通小球藻Chlorella regularis(FACHB-729)的对比研究表明,Chlorella sp.BWY-1在BG11和不同浓度的沼液中都有相对较强的生长速率、生物量积累能力和氮磷等污染物去除能力.Chlorella sp.BWY-1在BG11中有最高的生长速率和生物量生产力(324.40 mg·L-1,以dw计),但是其含油量和油脂生产力随着沼液浓度的增加而增加.在未稀释的沼液中Chlorella sp.BWY-1的含油量可达44.43%,油脂生产力达108.70 mg·L-1.分析结果表明该藻株在养殖废水处理和生物能源方面具有一定的应用潜力,可以结合固液分离、厌氧发酵等其他技术用于养殖场废水的处理和生物柴油的制取.     

联合厌氧/微好氧的A/(O/A)n强化好氧颗粒污泥脱氮除磷

设置3组规格相同的SBR反应器R1、R2和R3,分别采用A/O/A-A/O/A、A/O/A-A/O、A/（O/A）_n-A/O方式运行,以模拟废水为进水基质,接种实验室4℃长期饥饿储存的好氧颗粒污泥及絮状污泥（70%颗粒污泥+30%絮状污泥）,在相同初始条件下,探讨了不同运行方式下颗粒污泥的活性恢复情况及短程硝化反硝化除磷性能.实验结果表明,联合厌氧/微好氧的A/（O/A）_n交替运行模式在实现颗粒污泥的活性恢复及污染物处理性能上表现出较大的优势,R3形成了平均粒径为802.98μm的密实颗粒,分泌的胞外聚合物（EPS）含量达到了94.52mg/gVSS,表明联合厌氧/微好氧的交替运行模式刺激了微生物分泌更多的EPS,颗粒结构更稳定.在稳定运行期间,R3的COD、TP、TN去除率分别达到了92.45%、93.72%和97.24%.系统内以亚硝酸盐为电子受体的反硝化聚磷菌所占比例达到了51.46%,实现了氨氧化菌（AOB）与反硝化聚磷菌（DPAOs）的同步富集,具有良好的污染物去除效果.     

不同碳源下硫还原地杆菌对反硝化过程的影响机制探讨

硝酸盐是废水中常见的污染物,其具有较高的氧化还原电位,在水中的去除主要依靠微生物的反硝化作用.目前的初步研究表明,电活性细菌能够和反硝化细菌通过互营生长加速反硝化过程.为探究在不同外加碳源下电活性细菌对反硝化过程的影响,选取不能够利用硝态氮作为电子受体的模式电活性细菌硫还原地杆菌(G.sulfurreducens PCA)与不同碳源(乙醇、丙酸或葡萄糖)驯化得到的反硝化细菌进行共培养.结果表明,改变碳源为乙酸盐后,不同体系中硝态氮的去除效率达到了94%.碳源的改变造成了不同程度的反硝化滞后现象,在当以乙醇为外加碳源时,G.sulfurreducens PCA的加入能够将迟滞时间缩短3 h,其反硝化速率可达到186 g·m~(-3)·d~(-1),同时产生的亚硝氮含量也相对最低.但以葡萄糖作为反硝化外加碳源时,迟滞时间最短,但加入G.sulfurreducens PCA后会延长反硝化所需的时间,这可能是与反硝化细菌同G.sulfurreducens PCA竞争体系中的乙酸盐碳源有关.分析微生物群落结构变化发现,G.sulfurreducens PCA的加入提高了反硝化细菌的相对丰度,使其能够适应因碳源改变而产生的对反硝化细菌的生长抑制现象.     

Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by Pseudomonas sp. JM2 isolated from active sewage sludge of chemical plant

It is important to screen strains that can decompose polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) completely and rapidly with good adaptability for bioremediation in a local area. A bacterial strain JM2, which uses phenanthrene as its sole carbon source, was isolated from the active sewage sludge from a chemical plant in Jilin, China and identified as Pseudomonas based on 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. Although the optimal growth conditions were determined to be pH 6.0 and 37℃, JM2 showed a broad pH and temperature profile. At pH 4.5 and 9.3, JM2 could degrade more than 40% of fluorene and phenanthrene (50 mg/L each) within 4 days. In addition, when the temperature was as low as 4℃, JM2 could degrade up to 24% fluorene and 12% phenanthrene. This showed the potential for JM2 to be applied in bioremediation over winter or in cold regions. Moreover, a nutrient augmentation study showed that adding formate into media could promote PAH degradation, while the supplement of salicylate had an inhibitive effect. Furthermore, in a metabolic pathway study, salicylate, phthalic acid, and 9-fluorenone were detected during the degradation of fluorene or phenanthrene. In conclusion, Pseudomonas sp. JM2 is a high performance strain in the degradation of fluorene and phenanthrene under extreme pH and temperature conditions. It might be useful in the bioremediation of PAHs.     

Adsorption behavior of sulfamethazine in an activated sludge process treating swine wastewater

Swine wastewater is an important pollution source of antibiotics entering the aquatic environment. In this work,the adsorption behavior of sulfamethazine(SMN),a commonlyused sulfonamide antibiotic,on activated sludge from a sequencing batch reactor treating swine wastewater was investigated. The results show that the adsorption of SMN on activated sludge was an initially rapid process and reached equilibrium after 6 hr. The removal efficiency of SMN from the water phase increased with an increasing concentration of mixed liquor suspended solids,while the adsorbed concentration of SMN decreased. Solution pH influenced both the speciation of SMN and the surface properties of activated sludge,thus significantly impacting the adsorption process. A linear partition model could give a good fit for the equilibrium concentrations of SMN at the test temperatures(i.e.,10,20 and 30°C). The partition coefficient(Kd) was determined to be 100.5 L/kg at 20°C,indicating a quite high adsorption capacity for SMN. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that SMN adsorption on activated sludge was an exothermic process. This study could help to clarify the fate and behavior of sulfonamide antibiotics in the activated sludge process and assess consequent environmental risks arising from sludge disposal as well.