Effect of bulk density of coking coal on swelling pressure

Coking coals are the important raw materials for the iron and steel industries and play an important role on its sustainable development, especially on the stamp-charging coke making with the characteristics of increasing the bulk density. There is a significance on the reasonable usage of the coking coal resource with the reduced production cost, improved efficiency of the economy to develop the stamp-charging coke making technology. Important effects of the density of coking coal on the coking and caking properties were investigated. In the article, the maximum values of swelling pressure and variation of Laowan gas coal and Xinjian 1/3 coking coal, Longhu fat coal and Didao coking coal, which were mined at Shenyang and Qitaihe respectively, were investigated under different bulk densities during the coking. The results showed that when the values of density increased from 0.85 ton/m³ to 1.05 ton/m³, for the Laowan gas coal, swelling pressure variation and even the maximum value changed slightly. The swelling pressure was 3.63 KPa when the density was improved to 1.05 ton/m³; for the Xinjian 1/3 coking coal, the values of swelling pressure changed significantly and the maximum values was 82.88 KPa with the density improved to 1.05 when the coal was heated to 600°C. The coke porosity, which was investigated by automatic microphotometer, decreased from 47.4% to 33.1% with the increasing of the density from 0.85 ton/m³ to 1.05 ton/m³, and the decreased value was 14.3%. Meanwhile, the pore structures of four cokes were characterized by an optical microscope.     

Effect of mass fraction of long flame coal on swelling pressure and microstructures of cokes

Long flame coal are abundant and widely distributed in China, but the resource utilization is quite low, the production efficiency is not high. Stamp-charging coke making technology can bend some long flame coal, which can reduce production cost and expand the coking coal resources. The long flame coal of different mass fraction is added into prime coking coal including fat coal from Longhu, 1/3 coking coal from Xinjian and coking coal from Didao in experiment. The swelling pressure is tested on-line detection using pressure sensor in coke making process, and the pores are observed by scanning electron microscopy. The results show that, the swelling pressure first increase and then decrease with the temperature increased and the maximum swelling pressure reduces gradually with mass fraction of the Long flame coal from Shenmu increased in coke making process. The SEM images of resultant coke display that the coke get more and more loose and the amount of pores is increased with mass fraction of the long flame coal from Shenmu increased. The amount pores and the pore diameter both is minimum for coking coal from Didao as prime coking coal under the same fraction of long flame coal.     

Effect of mass fraction of long flame coal on swelling pressure and microstructures of cokes

Long flame coal are abundant and widely distributed in China, but the resource utilization is quite low, the production efficiency is not high. Stamp-charging coke making technology can bend some long flame coal, which can reduce production cost and expand the coking coal resources. The long flame coal of different mass fraction is added into prime coking coal including fat coal from Longhu, 1/3 coking coal from Xinjian and coking coal from Didao in experiment. The swelling pressure is tested on-line detection using pressure sensor in coke making process, and the pores are observed by scanning electron microscopy. The results show that, the swelling pressure first increase and then decrease with the temperature increased and the maximum swelling pressure reduces gradually with mass fraction of the Long flame coal from Shenmu increased in coke making process. The SEM images of resultant coke display that the coke get more and more loose and the amount of pores is increased with mass fraction of the long flame coal from Shenmu increased. The amount pores and the pore diameter both is minimum for coking coal from Didao as prime coking coal under the same fraction of long flame coal.     

Research on the evolvement of morphology of coking coal during the coking process

The evolvement of morphology and structure of the coal with different metamorphic degrees during coking process in the vertical furnace was investigated by infrared Image detector. Moreover, the temperature distribution in the radial direction and the crack formation were also studied in heating process. The results show that the amount of crack and the shrinkage level of char decrease with the coal rank rising. In addition, the initial temperature of crack formation for char increases with the coal rank rising.     

Research on the evolvement of morphology of coking coal during the coking process

The evolvement of morphology and structure of the coal with different metamorphic degrees during coking process in the vertical furnace was investigated by infrared Image detector. Moreover, the temperature distribution in the radial direction and the crack formation were also studied in heating process. The results show that the amount of crack and the shrinkage level of char decrease with the coal rank rising. In addition, the initial temperature of crack formation for char increases with the coal rank rising.     

煤焦化残渣污染特性与环境风险研究

以某煤焦化企业生产过程产生的焦油渣、煤焦油、硫铵酸焦油、焦粉、剩余污泥5种残渣为研究对象,采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析残渣中16种优先控制的多环芳烃（PAHs）浓度和环数分布,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定8种重金属浓度,通过计算残渣的苯并[a]芘（BaP）等效毒性和重金属潜在生态危害指数分析煤焦化残渣的环境风险。结果表明,5种残渣的PAHs总浓度为0.94~238 367 mg/kg,表现为煤焦油>焦油渣>硫铵酸焦油>焦粉>剩余污泥,焦油渣、煤焦油、硫铵酸焦油中高致突变性物质、致癌性物质浓度超过GB 5085.6—2007《危险废物鉴别标准 毒性物质含量鉴别》标准限值;焦油渣、煤焦油、焦粉、剩余污泥中Zn浓度最高,硫铵酸焦油中As浓度最高;5种残渣的BaP等效毒性为0.31~9 586.96 mg/kg,煤焦油、焦油渣、硫铵酸焦油具有更高的致癌风险;Hg是5种残渣中潜在环境风险最大的重金属,5种残渣对土壤均具有很强的潜在生态风险。     

炼焦煤尾煤热解特性及富氢气体析出研究

基于热重分析和固定床热解试验,研究了升温速率和温度对高灰炼焦煤尾煤热解规律及产物的影响。采用Coats-Redfern积分法拟合计算了尾煤热解的动力学参数,得出尾煤热解反应活化能为22.6~66.2 kJ/mol,热解反应过程用三个二级反应进行描述。结果表明,温度对尾煤挥发分析出有重要的影响,600 ℃前气体缓慢析出,之后随温度升高,气体产量和热值增加显著,氢气、甲烷和二氧化碳先增加后减,一氧化碳随温度升高而增加;氢气在600 ℃前析出缓慢,之后大量析出,约900 ℃时达到最大析出量（72.61%）,之后下降;甲烷（22.09%）和二氧化碳在约800 ℃时达到最大值。30 g尾煤热解气体产量为4.3 L,氢气产量为1.72 L,产物具有较高的再利用价值。     

焦煤比对烧结烟气中挥发性有机物排放特性的影响

采用PF-300便携式甲烷、总烃、非甲烷总烃测试仪对烧结杯实验产生的烟气进行挥发性有机物含量分析,研究了烧结燃料焦煤比对烟气挥发性有机物排放特性的影响,结果表明：挥发性有机物在烧结过程中持续释放,其排放趋势与NOx相一致;TVOCs和MHC的生成与煤粉和焦粉的挥发分有显著的相关性,以煤粉为主要燃料时,适当配加焦粉不仅对TVOCs和MHC具有物理减排效应,还存在煤焦混合协同减排的效应.同时对国内某钢铁烧结机进行TVOCs排放浓度及分样组成检测,表明：该钢铁烧结机烟气中挥发性有机物排放浓度较高,其结果与烧结杯实验所得曲线一致;烧结工序VOCs分样检测主要化合物为乳酸乙酯、丙酮、苯、甲苯、正己烷等.     

川西高原甘孜黄土-古土壤容重的特征及其古环境意义

川西高原一带黄土沉积广泛分布,研究该地区黄土-古土壤序列的容重对于理解黄土沉积过程,探讨青藏高原东部地区的环境演化具有重要意义。论文详细分析了甘孜地区末次间冰期以来的典型黄土-古土壤序列的容重变化,结果表明该区土壤容重在1.63—2.53 g?cm~(-3)变化,黄土地层中容重较大,平均为2.01 g?cm~(-3);古土壤地层中容重较小,平均为1.94 g?cm~(-3)。土壤容重与磁化率、粒度2μm组分具有很好的负相关关系,而与平均粒径、粒度63μm组分呈明显正相关,可能表明了土壤化过程和沉积过程对土壤容重的影响;进一步的环境指标相关分析表明甘孜黄土-古土壤容重可以作为西风和高原冬季风变化的替代性指标。详细研究该区黄土的容重变化将有助于深入理解区域环流的演化过程和高原内部的干旱化历史。     

焦化废水中有机物在A1-A2-O生物膜系统中的降解机理研究

对焦化废水中有机物在A1 A2 O生物膜系统各段的降解进行了研究 .结果表明 ,废水中主要有机组份为苯酚类和含氮杂环类化合物 ,它们所占比例分别为 5 0 %和 4 0 % .经过厌氧酸化处理后 ,苯酚类中简单酚得到了较大程度的降解 ,随着苯酚甲基取代基数目的增加 ,降解率逐渐降低 ,对三甲酚则没有降解 ;简单的含氮杂环化合物如喹啉、异喹啉、吲哚、吡啶在厌氧过程中也得到了较大的降解 ,而有取代基的含氮杂环化合物则有所增加 ;喹啉和甲基喹啉的降解可生成羟基喹啉和甲基 2(1H)喹啉酮中间产物 .经过厌氧酸化段处理后 ,废水的BOD5 COD有较大提高 .厌氧出水的大部分有机物可在缺氧段得到降解 .最终出水中有机物基本上为大分子难降解物质 .     

中国南方喀斯特地区石灰土容重传递函数模型及影响因素研究

土壤容重(BD)数据的缺失严重影响了我国南方喀斯特地区土壤碳储量的估算,亟待利用已有数据来构建容重传递函数模型(PTFs)。本文利用南方喀斯特分布省份的石灰土土壤普查数据,首次较为系统地研究了喀斯特地区石灰土的容重传递函数模型及影响因素。研究结果表明:(1)国内外已发表的容重PTFs对中国南方喀斯特地区非地带性石灰土的适用性较差,需要进行优化或重新建立新的容重函数预测模型;(2)优化后的模型Shiri et al(2017)~*、韩光中等(2016)-a~*和韩光中等(2016)-c~*的预测精度得到明显提高;(3)基于石灰土亚类建立的PTFs具有很高的拟合度和预测精度,比优化模型更加适宜于喀斯特石灰土的土壤容重预测;(4)不同石灰土亚类容重预测的影响因素存在差异,其中土壤有机质含量是石灰土容重预测的关键因素,与各亚类土壤的BD都有很高的相关性;(5)土壤容重传递函数模型的适用性不仅与研究区域有关,同时也与研究的土壤类型有关。建议在今后喀斯特地区土壤容重预测模型研究中充分考虑地域差异性和土壤类型因素。     

炼焦行业危险废物精准管控关键问题与对策

炼焦过程中会产生大量的废气、废水和危险废物,炼焦行业是重污染行业,也是我国重点管控行业。炼焦行业危险废物的精准管控和安全利用处置,既可改善生态环境,也可保障人类健康。炼焦行业危险废物的产生现状是产生节点多样、产生量大、污染物种类繁杂,采取的主要利用处置方式包括从高温煤焦油和中低温煤焦油中提取多种化工原料、以脱硫废液为原料进行提盐和制酸、现阶段无法有效利用的炼焦危险废物水泥窑协同处置和焚烧处置。对当前利用处置方式存在的主要问题进行了剖析,提出了3个提高炼焦危险废物利用率和加强安全处置的建议:1)遵循《危险废物豁免管理清单》利用环节豁免条件,促进高温煤焦油和中低温煤焦油利用;2)通过制定污染控制标准或技术规范、“点对点”利用、开发高效的提盐和制酸技术、园区统一规划集中利用等方式,合力提高脱硫废液提盐和制酸的利用水平;3)在环境风险可控和利用新型干法回转窑工艺以及危险废物科学配伍的前提下,将现阶段无法有效利用的炼焦危险废物进行水泥窑协同处置和焚烧处置。     

焦化废水治理现状分析

通过对焦化企业性质、废水回用用途、废水处理技术、废水治理投资等方面的调研分析,结果表明,在废水资源综合利用方面,联合型的焦化企业跟独立焦化企业相比,优势非常明显;从节约水资源的角度考虑,必须加大废水资源化利用方面的研究力度,提高废水处理水平。     

Effect and mechanism of coking residual ammonia water treating by flue gas

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炼焦煤中直接添加含铅锌冶金粉尘的焦炉煤气脱硫研究

将含铅锌冶金粉尘直接添加到炼焦煤中实现煤气脱硫的新技术，使得焦炉煤气脱硫不需要添加专门的脱硫设备成为可能，并可同时完成含铅锌冶金粉尘的回收利用。研究结果表明，在加入的冶金粉尘中的Zn和Pb的摩尔数与挥发出的硫的摩尔数之比大于1的条件下，煤气中的硫可以完全脱除，并且焦炭的质量与未加入含铅锌冶金粉尘的没有区别，焦炭的收得率没有降低。     

疏水性分子筛对焦化废水生物处理尾水的吸附过程解析

采用表面活性剂为模板剂常温一步合成疏水性介孔分子筛(MCM-41-dry)和通过煅烧去除模板剂得到亲水性介孔材料(MCM-41-cal).分别以制备的两种分子筛作为吸附剂吸附焦化废水生物出水中COD和TOC组分,考察吸附剂浓度、pH值等对吸附过程的影响,并对吸附过程进行动力学拟合.结果表明,MCM-41-dry的吸附效果远远强于MCM-41-cal,归因于含有模板剂的材料表面具有较强的疏水性及含有高吸附容量的季铵基团.在25℃、吸附剂浓度为2g·L-1时,MCM-41-dry对焦化废水中COD和TOC的去除率分别达53%和66%,吸附量分别为64mg·g-1和17mg·g-1.拟二级动力学模型能够真实反映整个吸附过程.水样吸附前后的GC/MS数据表明,焦化废水生物出水中残留了长链烷烃、卤代物、多环芳烃等难降解有机物,经MCM-41-dry吸附后,各种物质浓度均得到降低,MCM-41-dry尤其对疏水性烷烃类有较好的吸附效果,表明该吸附剂能够优先吸附疏水性物质.此外,吸附剂对水具有一定的润湿性能,能与废水充分接触,从而利于其吸附水中的污染物,这使其用于实际废水的处理成为可能.     

电-多相臭氧催化工艺深度处理焦化废水

本文采用新型电-多相臭氧催化（E-catazone）工艺深度处理焦化废水生化二级出水,开展工艺可行性研究.通过与O₃/TiO₂纳米花（TiO_2-NF）与O₃/TiO_2-NF/H₂O₂及单独电化学氧化工艺相比较,对E-catazone工艺技术优势及氧化机理进行探究.结果表明：在相同条件下（O₃浓度84mg/L）,电-多相臭氧催化获得的COD和TOC的去除率（分别为67.9%,50.0%）显著优于O₃/TiO_2-NF获得的去除率（25.8%,20.9%）,即便在O₃/TiO_2-NF体系中投加5g/L的H₂O₂以促进臭氧均相催化效果,但COD和TOC去除率也仅分别提高到63.6%,43.6%.     

电-多相臭氧催化工艺深度处理焦化废水

本文采用新型电-多相臭氧催化（E-catazone）工艺深度处理焦化废水生化二级出水,开展工艺可行性研究.通过与O₃/TiO₂纳米花（TiO_2-NF）与O₃/TiO_2-NF/H₂O₂及单独电化学氧化工艺相比较,对E-catazone工艺技术优势及氧化机理进行探究.结果表明：在相同条件下（O₃浓度84mg/L）,电-多相臭氧催化获得的COD和TOC的去除率（分别为67.9%,50.0%）显著优于O₃/TiO_2-NF获得的去除率（25.8%,20.9%）,即便在O₃/TiO_2-NF体系中投加5g/L的H₂O₂以促进臭氧均相催化效果,但COD和TOC去除率也仅分别提高到63.6%,43.6%.     

焦化废水厌氧生物降解影响因素的识别

基于一系列焦化废水处理实地工程考察而尚未发现高浓度焦化废水厌氧产甲烷成功案例的实际问题,以广东韶钢焦化废水工程中COD为(4100±200)mg·L~(-1)的原水为研究对象,通过检测COD、TOC和苯酚等关键水质指标浓度变化及气体产量,以浓度梯度稀释的方法考察影响焦化废水厌氧降解的因素及其浓度阈值,主要涉及硫氰化物、苯酚、硫化物和氰化物,同时分析碳源结构改变所带来的厌氧降解特性的变异.结果发现:在pH为(7.0±0.5)、温度为(35.0±0.5)℃的条件下,当焦化废水COD被稀释至1500~1800 mg·L~(-1),接种活性污泥,能够检测到厌氧产甲烷的现象;在COD稀释至1800 mg·L~(-1)左右的焦化废水中分别投加不同浓度的硫氰化物、苯酚、硫化物和氰化物时,发现其单抑制浓度分别处在500~1500、1100~1250、200~250和30~40 mg·L~(-1);向未解除抑制的焦化废水(COD为2100 mg·L~(-1))中投加等COD浓度的乙酸钠、葡萄糖和甲醇3种常用的工业碳源改变原有的碳源结构时,发现乙酸型产甲烷菌的活性被抑制,而氢营养型产甲烷菌的活性并没受到明显抑制.上述研究结果说明,高浓度焦化废水难以厌氧降解,抑制因素的解除可以使厌氧菌激活,其中,氢营养型产甲烷菌较乙酸型产甲烷菌能够耐受更高的毒性物质浓度阈值.     

焦化废水中不同极性组分的光谱分析及可生物降解特性

焦化废水是典型难降解工业有机废水,构成其成分的复杂及种类的繁多使其难以实现高效的生物降解过程,制约了水处理的水质达标.为了探明其中生物降解强抑制组分,采用DAX-8大孔树脂将焦化废水分离出疏水酸性组分(HOA)、疏水碱性组分(HOB)、疏水中性组分(HON)和亲水性组分(HIS)等4种极性不同的组分,分析了各组分的有机物含量分布,紫外吸收光谱和三维荧光光谱,并用两种方法考察了各组分的可生物降解性能.结果表明,HOA是主要的有机组分,其COD和TOC分别占比55.9%和56.8%;HOA也是主要的芳香物质及荧光组分,而HON是芳香构造化程度最高和类腐殖质占比P(Ⅲ+Ⅴ)最高的组分;各组分的BOD5/COD值及脱氢酶活性的抑制结果显示其难降解程度依次为HONHOBHIS原水HOA,而HON是焦化废水中生物抑制最强组分,其BOD5/COD值仅为0.21±0.02,对脱氢酶活性的抑制达到38.5%;SUVA和P(Ⅲ+Ⅴ)与可生物降解性的关联分析发现,焦化废水中难降解组分并不都是芳香性化合物造成的,类腐殖质对其中难降解有机组分的指示作用相比SUVA更加灵敏.