ZnO纳米颗粒对SBR活性污泥活性的影响

建立了模拟的SBR反应器,并研究了ZnO纳米颗粒(ZnO-NPs)对SBR活性污泥活性的影响.结果表明低浓度(10mg/L)ZnO-NPs对活性污泥活性无明显抑制作用.较高浓度下,ZnO-NPs对活性污泥沉降性能?呼吸速率?EPS和SMP产量及其组成?有机物降解效率等具有明显影响.20,50,100mg/L ZnO-NPs使COD去除率分别降低8.1%, 19.5%和27.7%,使污泥沉降性能分别降低24.2%,35.0%和36.0%,使MLVSS/MLSS比值分别降低8.0%,14.7%和21%,使活性污泥呼吸速率抑制率达到54.0%, 79.0%和80.3%;使EPS产量分别降低29.0%,49.9%和65.4%,使SMP产量分别升高48.9%,102.6%和203.0%.研究表明,较高浓度ZnO-NPs能够抑制污泥代谢,降低活性污泥生物量,显著抑制活性污泥活性.     

污水处理厂不同单元工艺水中重金属及其纳米颗粒的分布

以成都双流国际机场污水处理厂中连续处理废水工艺中的9个不同处理单元工艺为研究对象,通过电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）和单颗粒电感耦合等离子体质谱法（SP-ICP-MS）分别对污水处理厂中不同处理单元工艺中的重金属总质量浓度以及重金属纳米颗粒的数量浓度和粒径分布进行了分析,并研究了不同处理单元工艺对重金属元素及重金属纳米颗粒的去除效果.结果表明,不同处理单元工艺对不同重金属元素的去除效果存在差异,对Fe元素的影响最为显著,主要在二沉池中被去除,去除率达98.53%;不同处理单元工艺对不同重金属纳米颗粒的去除效果存在显著差异,对Ni、Pd和Fe纳米颗粒的影响最为显著,不同重金属纳米颗粒在不同处理单元工艺（曝气沉砂池、二沉池和高效沉淀池）中被去除;重金属纳米颗粒在不同处理单元工艺中的粒径分布为23.28~147.83 nm,不同处理单元工艺不会对各重金属纳米颗粒的粒径造成显著影响;pH与Fe元素和Fe纳米颗粒呈显著负相关关系,除Fe元素和Fe纳米颗粒外,其他重金属元素与其纳米颗粒之间均属于不显著相关,不同处理单元工艺对重金属元素和重金属纳米颗粒的去除机制存在差异.     

氧化锌纳米颗粒对膜-生物反应器运行性能的影响

考察了城市污水中典型浓度的氧化锌(ZnO)纳米颗粒对膜-生物反应器(MBR)运行、活性污泥性质以及膜污染的影响.结果表明,ZnO纳米颗粒不利于微生物对有机物的去除,但是不会影响微生物对氨氮的去除.由于微滤膜的截留作用,ZnO纳米颗粒对MBR的出水没有影响.ZnO纳米颗粒的投加导致溶解性微生物产物(SMP)浓度从17.9mg/gVSS上升到35.0mg/gVSS左右,污泥粒径由162.9μm下降到105.2μm,引起了外部阻力的上升,造成了膜污染的加剧.ZnO纳米颗粒会抑制微生物活性和改变活性污泥中微生物的种群结构,这主要与ZnO纳米颗粒释放的Zn2+有关.     

Intracellular biosynthesis of Au and Ag nanoparticles using ethanolic extract of Brassica oleracea L. and studies on their physicochemical and biological properties

In this present study, we reported broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.) as a potential candidate for the synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles (NPs) in green chemistry method. The synthesized metal nanoparticles are evaluated their antimicrobial efficacy against different human pathogenic organisms. The physico-chemical properties of gold nanoparticles were analyzed using different analytical techniques such as a UV–Vis spectrophotometer, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and a Fourier Transform Infrared spectrophotometer. In addition, gold and silver NP antimicrobial efficacy was checked by disc diffusion assay. UV–Vis color intensity of the nanoparticles was shown at 540 and 450 nm for gold and silver nanoparticles respectively. Higher magnification of the Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy image shows the variable morphology of the gold nanoparticles such as spherical, rod and triangular shapes and silver nanoparticles were seen in spherical shapes. The average spherical size of the particles was observed in 24–38 nm for gold and 30–45 nm for silver NPs. X-ray diffraction pattern confirmed the presence of gold nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles which were crystalline in nature. Additionally, the functional metabolites were identified by the Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. IR spectra revealed phenols, alcohols, aldehydes (sugar moieties), vitamins and proteins are present in the broccoli extract which are accountable to synthesize the nanoparticles. The synthesized gold and silver NPs inhibited the growth of the tested bacterial and fungal pathogens at the concentration of 50 μg/mL respectively. In addition, broccoli mediated gold and silver nanoparticles have shown potent antimicrobial activity against human pathogens.     

纳米氧化锌颗粒对大鼠气管上皮细胞动态变化的影响及毒性机理

纳米氧化锌(Zn O NPs)对呼吸道的毒性损伤作用备受关注,但有关其对呼吸道上皮细胞动态变化的影响机理还有待深入研究.因此,本研究通过将大鼠气管上皮细胞(RTE)暴露于不同浓度(1和10 mg·L~(-1))和不同粒径(50和200 nm)的Zn O NPs中,利用细胞电阻抗检测技术(ECIS)检测细胞动态变化,采用CCK8法检测细胞生长抑制效应,并通过胞内ROS和MDA含量变化探讨其影响机制.ECIS检测结果显示,Zn O NPs暴露下,RTE细胞生长和增殖受到明显抑制,且具有浓度依赖效应.当暴露浓度为1 mg·L~(-1)时,与对照组相比,50 nm暴露组细胞电阻抗值的下调幅度为18%,为200 nm暴露组的1.2倍.Zn O NPs诱导的RTE细胞增殖抑制率具有浓度依赖效应,当暴露浓度为10 mg·L~(-1)时,50和200 nm暴露组细胞增殖抑制率分别为暴露浓度为1 mg·L~(-1)时的2.9和1.4倍.Zn O NPs诱导的RTE细胞氧化应激结果显示,胞内ROS和MDA含量随着纳米颗粒暴露浓度的增加而增加,随着纳米颗粒粒径的减小而增加,具有显著的浓度-和剂量-依赖效应.当Zn O NPs浓度分别为1和10 mg·L~(-1)时,ROS含量分别是对照组的2.8和3.7倍;当暴露浓度为10 mg·L~(-1)时,50 nm暴露组细胞内ROS含量是200 nm暴露组的1.7倍;暴露浓度为1和10 mg·L~(-1)时,50 nm氧化锌处理组诱导的细胞内MDA含量分别是对照组的5.4和7.9倍.Zn O NPs能够影响呼吸道上皮细胞动态变化,从而破环RTE细胞屏障并进入细胞,诱导胞内ROS和MDA水平升高,进而抑制细胞的生长与增殖.研究表明,影响Zn O NPs诱导的RTE细胞动态变化和氧化应激的关键因素是颗粒粒径与暴露浓度.     

Effects of TiO2 nanoparticles on the aquatic plant Spirodela polyrrhiza: Evaluation of growth parameters, pigment contents and antioxidant enzyme activities

Plants are essential components of all ecosystems and play a critical role in environmental fate of nanoparticles. However, the toxicological impacts of nanoparticles on plants are not well documented. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂-NPs) are produced worldwide in large quantities for a wide range of purposes. In the present study, the uptake of TiO₂-NPs by the aquatic plant Spirodela polyrrhiza and the consequent effects on the plant were evaluated. Initially, structural and morphological characteristics of the used TiO₂-NPs were determined using XRD, SEM, TEM and BET techniques. As a result, an anatase structure with the average crystalline size of 8nm was confirmed for the synthesized TiO₂-NPs. Subsequently, entrance of TiO₂-NP_S to plant roots was verified by fluorescence microscopic images. Activity of a number of antioxidant enzymes, as well as, changes in growth parameters and photosynthetic pigment contents as physiological indices were assessed to investigate the effects of TiO₂-NPs on S. polyrrhiza. The increasing concentration of TiO₂-NPs led to the significant decrease in all of the growth parameters and changes in antioxidant enzyme activities. The activity of superoxide dismutase enhanced significantly by the increasing concentration of TiO₂-NPs. Enhancement of superoxide dismutase activity could be explained as promoting antioxidant system to scavenging the reactive oxygen species. In contrast, the activity of peroxidase was notably decreased in the treated plants. Reduced peroxidase activity could be attributed to either direct effect of these particles on the molecular structure of the enzyme or plant defense system damage due to reactive oxygen species.     

纳米银对小球藻光合作用和呼吸作用的影响

使用硼氢化钠还原硝酸银,聚乙烯醇(PVA)作为分散剂,制备出粒径为(7 ± 3)nm的纳米银,分别使用计数法和溶解氧法,研究了纳米银对小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)生长、光合作用和呼吸作用的影响,并调查了对叶绿素a的抑制状况.结果显示,黑暗条件下加入3mg/L的纳米银,基本抑制了小球藻的呼吸作用,当暴露于4mg/L的纳米银时,小球藻生长的抑制率为93%;而光照条件下加入10mg/L纳米银时,才能抑制其光合作用,此时对小球藻生长的抑制率达到90%.光照时,叶绿素a在10mg/L纳米银的作用下,抑制率达到77%.研究表明了纳米银对小球藻呼吸作用有很强的抑制作用,对光合作用的影响可能通过抑制叶绿素a的合成或破坏叶绿体的结构来完成;光照能够明显减弱纳米银的毒性.     

Engineering of responsive polymer based nano-reactors for facile mass transport and enhanced catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

Silver nanoparticles with average diameter of 10 ± 3 nm were synthesized within the sieves of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate-acrylic acid)(p(NIPAAm-HEMA-AAc))polymer microgels. Free radial emulsion polymerization was employed for synthesis of p(NIPAAm-HEMA-AAc) polymer microgels. Silver nanoparticles were introduced within the microgels sphere by in situ reduction method. Microgels and hybrid microgels were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultra violet-visible spectroscopy,transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering measurements. Catalytic activity of Ag-p(NIPAAm-HEMA-AAc) hybrid microgels was studied using catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol(4-NP) as a model reaction in aqueous media. The influence of sodium borohydride(Na BH4) concentration, catalyst dose and 4-NP concentration on catalytic reduction of 4-NP was investigated. A linear relationship was found between catalyst dose and apparent rate constant(kapp). The mechanism of catalysis by hybrid microgels was explored for further development in this area. The deep analysis of catalytic process reveals that the unique combination of NIPAAm, HEMA and AAc does not only stabilize silver nanoparticles in polymer network but it also enhances the mass transport of hydrophilic substrate like 4-NP from outside to inside the polymer network.     

Effects of silver nanoparticles with different dosing regimens and exposure media on artificial ecosystem

Due to the wide use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in various fields, it is crucial to explore the potential negative impacts on the aquatic environment of AgNPs entering into the environment in different ways. In this study, comparative experiments were conducted to investigate the toxicological impacts of polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles (PVP-AgNPs) with two kinds of dosing regimens, continuous and one-time pulsed dosing, in different exposure media (deionized water and XiangJiang River water). There were a number of quite different experimental results (including 100% mortality of zebrafish, decline in the activity of enzymes, and lowest number and length of adventitious roots) in the one-time pulsed dosing regimen at high PVP-AgNP concentration exposure (HOE) compared to the three other treatments. Meanwhile, we determined that the concentration of leached silver ions from PVP-AgNPs was too low to play a role in zebrafish death. Those results showed that HOE led to a range of dramatic ecosystem impacts which were more destructive than those of other treatments. Moreover, compared with the continuous dosing regimen, despite the fact that higher toxicity was observed for HOE, there was little difference in the removal of total silver from the aquatic environment for the different dosing regimens. No obvious differences in ecological impacts were observed between different water columns under low concentration exposure. Overall, this work highlighted the fact that the toxicity of AgNPs was impacted by different dosing regimens in different exposure media, which may be helpful for assessments of ecological impacts on aquatic environments.     

纳米材料对环境中微生物活性的影响研究

研究纳米材料对环境中微生物细胞活性的影响可为纳米材料的生物安全性评价提供一定的理论基础.以大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌为受试生物,采用电导率仪测定细菌培养液电导率变化,分别研究了纳米TiO2、纳米ZnO、纳米Fe3O4、纳米SiO2、纳米二氧化钛载银、纳米磷酸锆载银、纳米棕色银对细菌细胞膜通透性的影响.结果表明,纳米材料对革兰氏阳性枯草芽孢杆菌细胞活性影响更大;同种纳米材料,粒径越小,对细菌的细胞活性影响越强;对细菌细胞活性影响最大的是纳米棕色银,对细菌细胞活性影响最小的是纳米SiO2和Fe3O4.     

不同pH条件下赤铁矿纳米粒子的聚集和再分散行为研究

纳米粒子的聚集和再分散行为是影响纳米粒子在环境中归趋的重要因素.选取赤铁矿纳米粒子作为研究对象,用Zeta电位和粒径测定仪系统研究其在不同pH条件下的聚集和再分散过程.结果表明,当pH在7.0～8.7之间时,赤铁矿纳米粒子发生较快的聚集(如当pH为8.2时平均粒径在400s内由31nm增加到1400nm).当pH≤6.3时,赤铁矿纳米粒子几乎不发生聚集.不经老化聚集的赤铁矿纳米粒子均能发生再分散,但是再分散过程并不完全可逆,而是呈现一定的非线性.老化使得更多的赤铁矿纳米粒子发生不可逆的聚集,在等电点处老化后的样品不发生再分散.当pH为7.0和8.9时,老化的样品再分散后的平均粒径(约500nm)大于不老化的样品(约250nm).纳米粒子聚集-再分散过程的非线性对预测其在环境中的存在状态和生态效应带来了大的困难.     

天然水体中多壁纳米碳管对纳米氧化锌颗粒团聚与沉降行为的影响

研究了淡水湖泊水体中氧化多壁纳米碳管(Oxidized-multiwalled carbon nanotubes,o-MWCNTs)对纳米氧化锌(ZnO nanoparticles,nZnO)颗粒团聚与沉降行为的影响,探讨了天然胶体及o-MWCNTs的浓度对nZnO颗粒团聚粒径、团聚速率及沉降行为的作用.结果表明,nZnO在天然水体中会发生明显沉降,相比去除天然胶体的天然水而言,天然胶体的存在显著减少了nZnO的沉降.这主要归因于nZnO-天然胶体颗粒间的作用能垒高于nZnO-nZnO颗粒间的作用能垒,使得天然胶体的存在降低了nZnO-nZnO之间的颗粒碰撞效率,从而促进nZnO悬浮.o-MWCNTs对nZnO在天然水体中沉降行为的影响与天然胶体密切相关.相比于nZnO的单独沉降,在不过膜天然水中(含天然胶体),低浓度o-MWCNTs的存在增加了颗粒间的团聚速率,从而促进nZnO的沉降,而高浓度o-MWCNTs降低了颗粒间的团聚速率和团聚体粒径,从而降低了nZnO的沉降.而在过膜天然水中(不含天然胶体),o-MWCNTs的存在显著降低了颗粒间的团聚粒径和团聚速率,从而降低了nZnO的沉降,且o-MWCNTs的浓度越高,对nZnO悬浮稳定性的促进作用越明显.     

纳米银对反硝化无色杆菌的毒性作用

为研究纳米银(AgNPs)对反硝化无色杆菌(Achromobacter denitrificans)的毒性作用,选择室内培养方式,探究纳米银对Achromobacter denitrificans的生长抑制、氨化作用、同化吸收NH₄+-N、细胞膜表面结构和活性氧生成的影响。研究发现,纳米银可抑制细菌生长,抑制效果与浓度和暴露时间呈正相关。添加10 mg/LAgNPs在硝化培养基中,Achromobacter denitrificans生长抑制率12h后达38.2%,而添加1 mg/LAgNPs时生长抑制率仅为11.5%。不同AgNPs暴露浓度条件下,4~6 h后生长抑制率均趋于稳定。暴露培养后的细菌生化活性降低,AgNPs投加浓度从1 mg/L提高到10 mg/L时,NH+₄-N生成速率从2.77 mg/(L·h)降低至2.07 mg/(L·h),降低了25.3%;NH₄+-N同化速率从5.52 mg/(L·h)降低至1.71 mg/(L·h),降低了69.1%。pH是影响毒性作用的重要因素,弱酸(pH 5.0)与弱碱(pH 9.0)均不利于细菌生存。通过毒性作用机理分析可知,纳米银可导致细胞膜表面凹陷破裂,膜内物质泄漏流出,细胞内发生活性氧的累积。     

Impact of density of coating agent on antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticle impregnated plasma treated activated carbon

To use stabilized nanoparticles(NPs) in water as disinfectants over a very long period, the amount of coating agent(for NP stabilization) needs to be optimized. To this end, silver nanoparticles(Ag-NPs) with two different coating densities of tri-sodium citrate(12.05 and46.17 molecules/nm~2, respectively), yet of very similar particle size(29 and 27 nm, respectively)were synthesized. Both sets of citrate capped NPs were then separately impregnated on plasma treated activated carbon(AC), with similar Ag loading of 0.8 and 0.82 wt.%, respectively. On passing contaminated water(containing 10~4 CFU Escherichia coli/m L of water) through a continuous flow-column packed with Ag/AC, zero cell concentration was achieved in 22 and 39 min, with Ag-NPs(impregnated on AC, named as Ag/AC) having lower and higher coating density, respectively. Therefore, even on ensuring similar Ag-NP size and loading, there is a significant difference in antibacterial performance based on citrate coating density in Ag/AC.This is observed in lower coating density case, due to both:(i) higher Ag~+ ion release from Ag-NP and(ii) stronger binding of individual Ag-NPs on AC. The latter ensures that, Ag-NP does not detach from the AC surface for a long duration. TGA-DSC shows that Ag-NPs with a low coating density bind to AC with 4.55 times higher adsorption energy, compared to Ag/AC with a high coating density, implying stronger binding. Therefore, coating density is an important parameter for achieving higher antibacterial efficacy, translating into a faster decontamination rate in experiments, over a long period of flow-column operation.     

不同环境条件下水铁矿和针铁矿纳米颗粒稳定性

纳米颗粒的团聚和分散是控制许多重要环境过程的关键因素.本研究通过测定水铁矿纳米颗粒(FHNPs)和针铁矿纳米颗粒(GTNPs)的粒径和Zeta电位,计算DLVO相互作用能,探究了不同pH、离子和有机质条件下两种纳米颗粒的稳定性.结果表明Na⁺和Ca²⁺通过离子强度的作用促进FHNPs和GTNPs团聚;低浓度PO₄^3-(2mmol·L^-1)、HA和FA(2 mg·L^-1和10 mg·L^-1)吸附在铁矿物纳米颗粒上,改变其表面电荷,提高FHNPs和GTNPs在中高pH条件下的稳定性.高浓度的PO₄^3-(10mmol·L^-1)虽然也可改变铁矿物纳米颗粒的电性,但由于离子强度的作用,对GTNPs的稳定性贡献不大.FHNPs或GTNPs的Zeta电位接近于0时,其相互作用的一级势垒和次级势阱常常同时不存在,两种纳米颗粒主要以不可逆的方式在一级势阱中团聚;当一级势垒和次级势阱同时存...     

化感物质对硝酸还原酶活性影响的研究

３种来自小麦秸杆腐解过程中产生的化感物质,在不同浓度及不同ＰＨ条件下对硝酸还原酶活性的影响实验结果表明,阿魏酸在０．２６、２．５８、５．１５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ浓度下对硝酸还原酶活性均表现出一定的抑制作用,抑制率分别为０．５２％,１１．６％和９．０２％;     

Comparative toxicity of silver nanoparticles and silver ions to Escherichia coli

With the increase in silver(Ag)-based products in our lives, it is essential to test the potential toxicity of silver nanoparticles(Ag NPs) and silver ions(Ag ions) on living organisms under various conditions. Here, we investigated the toxicity of Ag NPs with Ag ions to Escherichia coli K-12 strain under various conditions. We observed that both Ag NPs and Ag ions display antibacterial activities, and that Ag ions had higher toxicity to E. coli K-12 strain than Ag NPs under the same concentrations. To understand the toxicity of Ag NPs at a cellular level, reactive oxygen species(ROS) enzymes were detected for use as antioxidant enzymatic biomarkers. We have also studied the toxicity of Ag NPs and Ag ions under various coexistence conditions including: fixed total concentration, with a varied the ratio of Ag NPs to Ag ions; fixed the Ag NPs concentration and then increased the Ag ions concentration; fixed Ag ions concentration and then increasing the Ag NPs concentration.Exposure to Ag NPs and Ag ions clearly had synergistic toxicity; however, decreased toxicity(for a fixed Ag NPs concentration of 5 mg/L, after increasing the Ag ions concentration) to E. coli K-12 strain. Ag NPs and Ag ions in the presence of L-cysteine accelerated the bacterial cell growth rate, thereby reducing the bioavailability of Ag ions released from Ag NPs under the single and coexistence conditions. Further works are needed to consider this potential for Ag NPs and Ag ions toxicity across a range of environmental conditions.Environmental Significance Statement: As silver nanoparticles(Ag NPs)-based products are being broadly used in commercial industries, an ecotoxicological understanding of the Ag NPs being released into the environment should be further considered. Here, we investigate the comparative toxicity of Ag NPs and silver ions(Ag ions) to Escherichia coli K-12 strain, a representative ecotoxicological bioreporter. This study showed that toxicities of Ag NPs and Ag ions to E. coli K-12 strain display different relationships when existing individually or when coexisting, and in the presence of L-cysteine materials. These findings suggest that the toxicology research of nanomaterials should consider conditions when NPs coexist with and without their bioavailable ions.     

NiO纳米颗粒对小球藻(Chlorella sp.)细胞胁迫性的研究

从小球藻生长及细胞微观结构方面对比研究了纳米NiO与Ni2+对小球藻(Chlorella sp.)的胁迫性.结果表明概率单位法计算得纳米NiO对小球藻96 h EC50为31.4 mg/L,而Ni2+对小球藻96h EC50为1.73 mg/L,利用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜研究了受纳米NiO和Ni2+胁迫前后小球藻细胞微观结构变化,结果表明,受Ni2+胁迫的小球藻多数出现细胞缩小、变形、细胞器损坏、空泡等细胞凋亡现象,而受纳米NiO胁迫的细胞则部分表现细胞凋亡现象,表明Ni2+对小球藻的毒性远大于纳米NiO.     

量子点在环境污染物检测中的应用研究进展

量子点是半径小于或接近于激子玻尔半径的一类半导体纳米晶,具有激发光谱宽、发射光谱窄且对称、最大发射波长位置可调、不易光降解的特点。作为一种新型的荧光标记物,量子点因其独特而优良的光学性质已在生物和医学研究领域中得到了广泛的应用。文章对量子点在环境有机污染物、重金属离子、微生物分析检测中的应用进行了综述,介绍了量子点荧光淬灭法、荧光增敏法、量子点标记免疫分析法、量子点表面印迹法、荧光共振能量转换法等不同的作用机制在环境污染物检测中的应用,并对方法的检出限及所应用的环境样品进行了阐述,在重金属的检测中,对量子点和稳定剂不同时方法的检出限进行了对比研究。同时指出了需要进一步关注的问题,展望了其发展方向。     

Effects of silica nanoparticles on growth and photosynthetic pigment contents of Scenedesmus obliquus

To assess the aquatic ecosystem safety for silica (SiO2) nanoparticles (NPs), the growth inhibition and photosynthetic pigment contents of Scenedesmus obliquus in logarithm growth phase exposed to SiO2 NPs and SiO2 bulk particles (BPs) suspensions were measured. SiO2 NPs with 10-20 nm diameters were found to be toxic. The 20% effective concentration (EC20) values for 72 and 96 hr were 388.1 and 216.5 mg/L, respectively. The contents of chlorophyll decreased significantly under moderate and high concentratio...