废弃电子垃圾拆解地野生鱼类卤系阻燃剂残留

为了解废弃拆解地环境中电子垃圾相关污染物的含量水平及其生态风险,本文测试了华南某废弃电子垃圾拆解地野生鲮鱼和鲫鱼体内多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)、多溴联苯(PBBs)、得克隆(DP)和替代型溴系阻燃剂(ABFRs)等卤系阻燃剂(HFRs)的含量和组成,评估了这些污染物对于野生鱼类及食鱼野生动物的生态风险.电子垃圾拆解地鲮鱼...     

广东电子垃圾污染区水体底层鱼类对PCBs的富集效应

采用GC/MS分析方法测试了广东电子垃圾回收地水体沉积物中多氯联苯(PCBs)含量,并利用以前测定的底栖性鱼类(鲮鱼、鲫鱼和乌鳢)PCBs含量数据,计算了生物/沉积物富集因子(BSAF)和生物放大因子(BMF),研究底栖性鱼类对PCBs的富集能力及其影响因素.研究表明,沉积物中总PCBs含量达到24.5~38.6μg/g干重,证实当地环境已受到PCBs严重污染.鲮鱼、鲫鱼和乌鳢的BSAF范围分别为0.05~2.52、0.01~1.20和0.01~5.03.根据乌鳢/鲮鱼和乌鳢/鲫鱼食物关系计算的BMF范围分别为0.14~2.23和0.14~4.93, 其中大部分PCB同系物的BMF>1,表明乌鳢对PCBs具有生物放大作用.BSAF及BMF均与PCBs的KOW和氯原子取代数具有显著相关性,说明化合物的理化性质是控制其生物富集的主要因素.     

工业园及电子垃圾区大气中的溴代阻燃剂(BFRs)

对广州市主要的工业园以及清远电子垃圾回收拆解园周边空气中溴代阻燃剂（BFRs）进行了分析.结果表明,两地区大气中均以多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）和十溴二苯乙烷（DBDPE）为主（城市地区占比分别为30.0%和68.0%,电子垃圾区分别为74.5%和22.8%）,其中PBDEs在城市地区和电子垃圾区的浓度中值分别为184和411pg/m³;DBDPE则分别为414和193pg/m³.在城市地区,PBDEs的浓度高值多出现在与机械、电子、装饰材料和汽车制造业有关的工业园,新型阻燃剂DBDPE高浓度则多在与机械和电子产品制造业相关的大气中,而1,2-二（2,4,6-三溴苯氧基）乙烷（BTBPE）可能受当地面源污染影响较大.城市地区低分子量的PBDEs的组成波动较大,与五溴联苯醚的禁用（直接排放减少）和来源复杂有关;而电子垃圾区低分子量PBDEs组成稳定,气-固相分配更接近平衡,说明来源较为单一.通过模型估算,城市地区的21个工业园每年约向空气中释放48.0kg的BDE209与163kg的DBDPE,4个电子垃圾拆解园每年约释放31.8kg的PBDEs与12.0kg的DBDPE.     

电子垃圾拆解地稻田土壤和稻米中重金属污染评估

As、Cd、Cu、Pb等重金属是废旧电子电器产品(电子垃圾)拆解过程释放的一类重要的有害化学物质.大米是电子垃圾拆解地居民主要的食物,大米中的重金属含量直接关系到当地居民的食品安全和健康风险.本研究测定了广东省清远市电子垃圾拆解地4个拆解点稻田土壤和稻米中As、Cd、Cu和Pb的含量水平,并评估了土壤中重金属的生态风险和当地居民食用大米中的重金属的健康风险.电子垃圾拆解地稻田土壤中As、Cd、Cu和Pb的平均含量分别为8.9~9.4、0.73~1.94、75~195和54~87 mg·kg~(-1),稻米中As、Cd、Cu和Pb的平均含量分别为0.11~0.17、0.11~0.66、7.54~21.6和0.27~0.42 mg·kg~(-1)(以稻米干重计).电子垃圾拆解地土壤和稻米中Cd、Cu和Pb的含量是对照区的2~15倍,但As的含量与对照区无显著性差异.土壤中重金属的生态风险评估结果显示,电子垃圾拆解地稻田土壤中的Cd具有极强生态风险.当地居民膳食暴露风险评估结果提示,电子垃圾拆解地当地居民大米中的Cd和Cu可能存在较高健康风险,且Cd具有较高的致癌风险.     

多溴联苯醚在电子废弃物拆卸地沉积物中的垂直分布

采用气相色谱质谱联用仪对采自清远电子废弃物拆卸地水库钻孔沉积物中的多溴联苯(polybrominated diphenyl ethers,PBDEs)进行了分析,调查其在沉积物中的垂直分布.结果表明,PBDEs在所有的样品中均检出,含量为0.43～141 ng/g,平均为9.26 ng/g.PBDEs在下层(16 cm以下)沉积物中含量较低、变化很小(0.43～2.30 ng/g),但在上层沉积物中含量明显增加(2.90～141 ng/g),反映了当地电子废弃物拆卸活动的影响;3种工业源的PBDEs,即五溴、八溴和十溴PBDEs,表现出相似的垂向分布趋势,说明其来源的一致性.其中,十溴PBDEs是最主要的PBDEs,平均占所有PBDEs的79.6%,其次是五溴PBDEs(14.7%),而八溴PBDEs所占比例最低(5.69%).3种PBDEs的组成模式显示,它们与相应的工业品PBDEs组成都有一定差异,可能因其降解行为不同所致.一些PBDE的同族体组成在沉积钻孔的垂直变化也进一步说明高溴代PBDE在沉积物的埋藏期间可能发生了降解,虽然还需要进一步研究证实.     

电子废物拆解区河流沉积物中多氯萘的污染水平、分布特征及来源

为了解路桥地区河流沉积物中多氯萘（PCNs）的污染水平、空间分布特征及来源,用GC-NCI-MS法测定了该区38个沉积物样品中PCNs的含量.结果表明,所有沉积物样品中∑PCNs在0.13～350.00ng·g^-1之间,平均值为17.30ng·g^-1.多数样品中主要的同族体为tri-CNs,占10.2%～85.0%...     

Molecular characterization and developmental expression patterns of thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) and their responsiveness to TR agonist and antagonist in Rana nigromaculata

Considering some advantages of Rana nigromaculata as an experimental species, we propose that this species, like Xenopus laevis, could be used to assay thyroid hormone（TH） signaling disrupting actions. To validate the utilizability of R. nigromaculata, we investigated the responsiveness of R. nigromaculata to a TH receptor（TR） agonist（T3） and antagonist（amiodarone） by analyzing expression, based on characterizing TR cDNA and developmental expression patterns. With high levels of identity with the corresponding genes in X. laevis, both TRα and TRβ in R. nigromaculata exhibited roughly similar developmental expression patterns to those of X. laevis, in spite of some species-specific differences. Both TRα and TRβ expression had greater changes in the liver and intestine than in the tail and brain during metamorphosis. T3 exposure for 2 days induced more dramatic increases of TRβ expression in stage 27 than in stage34 tadpoles but not in stage 42 tadpoles, showing that the responsiveness of R. nigromaculata to TH decreased with development and disappeared at the onset of metamorphic climax.Corresponding to greater changes of TRβ expression in the liver and intestine than in the tail and brain during metamorphosis, the liver and intestine had higher responsiveness to exogenous T3 than the tail and brain. Amiodarone inhibited T3-induced TRβ expression. Our results show that R. nigromaculata can be used as a model species for assaying TH signaling disrupting actions by analyzing TRβ expression, and intestine tissues at stage 27 are ideal test materials due to high responsiveness and easy accessibility.     

全氟辛酸在紫贻贝体内的富集、分布与消除

以紫贻贝为受试生物,采用半静态暴露的方式,研究了全氟辛酸（PFOA）在紫贻贝体内的富集特征、器官分布与消除规律.结果表明,紫贻贝可快速富集PFOA,整贝在不同浓度PFOA暴露下,于4~6d达到平衡态,半衰期为0.34~0.44d（约8~10h）,生物富集系数（BCFs）为5.10~9.55mL/g.PFOA在紫贻贝鳃和内脏团中的富集作用大于外套膜、性腺和闭壳肌.紫贻贝中PFOA的含量在净化6~9d后趋于空白组水平,主要代谢途径可能为鳃的作用.紫贻贝对PFOA的富集作用与暴露浓度相关,浓度越低,吸收系数和生物富集系数越大.     

土壤铜、 铬(Ⅵ)复合污染重金属形态转化及其对生物有效性的影响

通过盆栽试验和室内化学分析相结合的方法,研究了外源铜、铬（Ⅵ）单一和复合污染中土壤金属形态转化及其对生物有效性的影响.结果表明,外源铜、铬（Ⅵ）单一污染土壤中,铬主要以残渣态和有机结合态形式存在,而铜则主要以铁锰氧化物结合态和残渣态形式存在.铜、铬（Ⅵ）复合污染时,低浓度铜（≤400 mg.kg-1）促进铬向交换态转化...     

Anatomical and physiological divergences and compensatory effects in two Leymus chinensis (Poaceae) ecotypes in Northeast China

The purpose of this study was to investigate the anatomical and physiological differences between two Leymus chinensis ecotypes coexisted in semi-humid meadow and semi-arid steppe. The study addressed the hypothesis that, at same habitat, the two ecotypes exhibit remarkable divergences in adaptive strategies under drought and salinity, and the function of these strategies is compensatory. Leaf samples were collected from each type at the two sites in field. Sections of 2 cm × 2 cm were cut from the middle of fully expanded leaves and fixed in FAA. Leaf anatomical traits (e.g. stomatal density, leaf thickness and vessel diameters) were examined, and leaf mass per area (LMA), relative water content (RWC), proline, K⁺ and Na⁺ were measured. Compared with the gray green type (GG), the yellow green type (YG) with relative greater LMA and leaf thickness, lower stomatal density and index exhibited more obvious xerophil-liked anatomical traits, while higher RWC, proline, K⁺ and K⁺/Na⁺ for the GG type suggested that the ability of osmotic adjustment and salt tolerance of the GG type were stronger than the YG type. Stronger xerophytic anatomical traits were the supplementary strategies of the YG type for its low ability of osmotic adjustment and salt tolerance to drought and salinity.Concluding, there exist significant differences in anatomical and physiological strategies between the two ecotypes and the compensatory effects of these strategies enable the two ecotypes coexist at similar habitat.     

陕西泾惠渠灌区土壤-小麦体系中硒的空间分布特征

查明一个地区土壤和主食中硒含量及其空间分布特征,是探究该地区人体硒营养状况的重要基础.基于陕西泾惠渠灌区104个表层土壤样品和对应的小麦籽粒硒含量的测定,运用地统计的方法,对该地区硒含量的空间分布特征进行了分析,评价了土壤硒的有效性及其对人体硒摄入量的影响.结果表明:泾惠渠灌区土壤总硒含量变化为0.020~0.603 mg·kg-1,平均为(0.154±0.085)mg·kg-1,76.9%的地区处于临界缺硒状态,其中以阎良区土壤硒含量显著高于高陵区、临潼区、泾阳县和三原县;小麦籽粒硒含量为0.003~0.485 mg·kg-1,平均为(0.076±0.070)mg·kg-1,各地区间无显著差异,69.2%达到适度硒水平.造成土壤硒含量处于临界缺硒水平而小麦硒含量达到适度硒水平的原因是该地区土壤有效硒占土壤总硒含量的11.6%,硒的有效性相对较高.该灌区土壤和小麦的硒含量分布存在显著空间分布不均一性,在粮食硒强化中应综合考虑土壤供硒及作物硒吸收两个方面.     

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in different tissues of the cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) from Dongting Lake, China

Tissue distribution provides important information regarding the pharmacokinetic behavior of pollutants and is invaluable when analyzing the risk posed to avian species by the exposure to such kind of pollutants. In this study, concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were determined in muscle, liver, spleen, kidney, stomach, gall bladder, skin, heart, pancreas, intestine and lung tissue extracts of cormorants collected from Dongting Lake, China. Tissue distribution results showed preferential accumulation of PCDD/Fs in both liver and skin. The total concentration of PCDD/Fs ranged from 421 to 5696 pg/g lipid weight. Octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) was the predominant congener in all tissues and contributed between 31% and 82% to all 17 PCDD/Fs in different tissues. The liver/muscle ratios progressively increased with the degree of chlorination of PCDDs, except for OCDD. The relative toxic potential of PCDDs and PCDFs in tissues were calculated using the World Health Organization (WHO) Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEFs) for birds. The concentrations of WHO-toxic equivalent in different tissues ranged between 14.8 and 2021 pg/g lipid weight. These results indicated PCDD/Fs may have been bio-accumulated in cormorant via food-web. Furthermore, when compared with studies reported in the literatures, the PCDD/Fs levels in the cormorant collected from Dongting Lake were still relatively high.     

南岭箭竹生物源挥发性有机物排放特征

本研究于2018年9～11月采用动态顶空套袋法采样与热脱附-气相色谱质谱联用(TD-GC-MS)分析技术,获得了南岭箭竹排放的20种生物源挥发性有机物(BVOCs)的排放组成特征与排放速率.结果表明,异戊二烯是南岭箭竹排放的最主要的BVOCs,其排放速率((1.36±0.99)x104μgC/(m2·h))远高于单萜烯...     

Distribution of persistent organochlorine pesticides in tissue/organ of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) from Guanting Reservoir, China

The concentration of organochlorine pesticides（OCPs） in tissues and organs of silver carp（Hypophthalmichthys mofitrix） from Guanting Reservoir were investigated to evaluate the pollution potential and distribution of OCPs. A total of 16 OCPs were measured and the concentrations were in the range of 1.61-69.01 ng/g wet weight（ww） for total OCPs, 0.16- 0.75 ng/g ww for HCB. 0.75 -26.80 ng/g ww for SHCH（sum of α-,β-, γ- and δ-HCH） and 0.68-35.94 ng/g ww for SDDT（ sum of p, p＇-DDE, p, p＇-DDD, o, p＇-DDT and p, p＇- DDT）. The mean concentrations of total OCPs, HCB, ∑HCH, and ∑DDT were 18.04, 0.96, 7.14 and 9.28 ng/g ww, respectively. Among the organochlorine pesticides, β-HCH and p, p＇-DDE were the most dominant compounds in tissue and organ with the average concentrations of 4.42 and 8.14 ng/g, respectively. The results obtained in this study show that the levels of 16 OCP residues found in silver carps are low and pose no threat to human health and wildlife fed upon them on the basis of existing related quality guidelines. However, recent input of lindane and DDT might still exist in the area investigated and further investigation should be carried on.     

Cu2+和Cu-EDTA对鲫鱼脑组织应激蛋白HSP70诱导的影响

以鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)作为实验对象,经过40d不同浓度铜(Cu²⁺)及其配合物(Cu-EDTA)的暴露后,运用SDS-PAGE和Western Blotting方法检测鱼脑组织内应激蛋白HSP70的诱导表达情况.结果表明:在实验浓度下,与对照组相比,Cu²⁺和Cu-EDTA对鱼脑内HSP70有显著的诱导(p<0.05),而将Cu²⁺和Cu-EDTA实验组相对比,络合剂EDTA一定程度上改变了Cu的生物可利用性,从而降低了其毒性.实验还发现,Cu²⁺浓度在国家渔业水质标准0.01mg/L下时,鱼脑组织内HSP70已经有明显的表达,说明运用分子生物学指标要比传统的环境监测指标更敏感,具有对污染物早期预警的作用.     

Extraction and characterization of bound extracellular polymeric substances from cultured pure cyanobacterium (Microcystis wesenbergii)

Preliminary characterization of bound extracellular polymeric substances（bEPS） of cyanobacteria is crucial to obtain a better understanding of the formation mechanism of cyanobacterial bloom. However,the characterization of bEPS can be affected by extraction methods. Five sets（including the control） of bEPS from Microcystis extracted by different methods were characterized using three-dimensional excitation and emission matrix（3DEEM） fluorescence spectroscopy combined chemical spectrophotometry; and the characterization results of bEPS samples were further compared. The agents used for extraction were NaOH,pure water and phosphate buffered saline（PBS） containing cationic exchange resins,and hot water. Extraction methods affected the fluorescence signals and intensities in the bEPS. Five fluorescence peaks were observed in the excitation and emission matrix fluorescence spectra of bEPS samples. Two peaks（peaks T1 and T2） present in all extractions were identified as protein-like fluorophores,two（peaks A and C） as humic-like fluorophores,and one（peak E） as a fulvic-like substance.Among these substances,the humic-like and fulvic-like fluorescences were only seen in the bEPS extracted with hot water. Also,NaOH solution extraction could result in strong fluorescence intensities compared to the other extraction methods. It was suggested that NaOH at pH 10.0 was the most appropriate method to extract bEPS from Microcystis. In addition,dialysis could affect the yields and characteristics of extracted bEPS during the determination process. These results will help us to explore the issues of cyanobacterial blooms.     

Mercury levels and estimated total daily intakes for children and adults from an electronic waste recycling area in Taizhou, China: Key role of rice and fish consumption

In order to assess the potential health risks of Hg pollution, total mercury (T–Hg) and methyl mercury (MeHg) concentrations were determined in air, dust, surface soil, crops, poultry, fish and human hair samples from an electronic waste (e-waste) recycling area in Taizhou, China. High concentrations of T–Hg and MeHg were found in these multiple matrices, and the mean concentration was 30.7 ng/m³ of T–Hg for atmosphere samples, 3.1 μg/g of T–Hg for soil, 37.6 μg/g of T–Hg for dust, 20.3 ng/g of MeHg for rice and 178.1 ng/g of MeHg for fish, suggesting that the e-waste recycling facility was a significant source of Hg. The inorganic Hg (I–Hg) levels (0.84 μg/g) in hair samples of e-waste workers were much higher than that in the reference samples. Pearson''s correlation coefficients showed that strong positive correlations (p < 0.01) between hair I–Hg and time staying in industrial area (r = 0.81) and between MeHg and fish consumption frequency (r = 0.91), imply that workers were mainly exposed to Hg vapor through long-time inhalation of contaminated air and dust, while other population mainly exposed to MeHg through high-frequency fish consumption. The estimated daily intakes of Hg showed that dietary intake was the major Hg exposure source, and Hg intakes from rice and fish were significantly higher than from any other foods. The estimated total daily intakes (TDIs) of MeHg for both children (696.8 ng/(kg·day)) and adults (381.3 ng/(kg·day)) greatly exceeded the dietary reference dose (RfD) of 230 ng/(kg·day), implying greater health risk for humans from Hg exposures around e-waste recycling facilities.     

Influence of metal-contamination on distribution in subcellular fractions of the earthworm (Metaphire californica) from Hunan Province, China

Earthworms have the ability to accumulate of heavy metals,however,there was few studies that addressed the metals in earthworm at subcellular levels in fields.The distributions of metals(Cd,Cu,Zn,and Pb) in subcellular fractions(cytosol,debris,and granules) of earthworm Metaphire californica were investigated.The relationship between soil metals and earthworms were analyzed to explain its high plasticity to inhabit in situ contaminated soil of Hunan Province,south China.The concentration of Cd in subcellular compartments showed the same pattern as Cu in the order of cytosol debris granules.The distribution of Zn and Pb in earthworms indicated a similar propensity for different subcellular fractions that ranked as granules debris cytosol for Zn,and granules cytosol debris for Pb.The internal metal concentrations in earthworms increased with the soil metals(p 0.05).Significant positive correlations were found between soil Cd and Cd concentrations in cytosol and debris(p 0.01).Moreover,the soil Pb concentration significantly influenced the Pb concentrations in cytosol and debris(p 0.01),similar to that of Cd.The soil Cu concentrations was only associated with the Cu in granules(p 0.05).Soil Zn concentrations correlated with the Zn concentrations in each subcellular fraction(p 0.05).Our results provide insights into the variations of metals partitioning in earthworms at subcellular levels and the relationships of soil metals,which could be one of the detoxification strategies to adapt the long-term contaminated environment.     

8:2氟调聚羧酸在虾夷扇贝体内的蓄积、分布与转化

以虾夷扇贝（Patinopecten yessoensis）为受试生物,研究了8：2氟调聚羧酸（8：2FTCA）在虾夷扇贝不同组织（肝脏、鳃、性腺、外套膜、闭壳肌）中的蓄积、分布和生物转化特征.结果显示,8：2FTCA蓄积浓度最高的组织为肝脏,达峰值最快的组织为鳃.在8：2FTCA代谢过程中,检测到8：2氟调聚不饱和酸（8：2FTUCA）、7：3氟调聚羧酸（7：3FTCA）、全氟辛酸（PFOA）、全氟壬酸（PFNA）和全氟庚酸（PFHpA）5种代谢产物,其中7：3FTCA和PFOA为含量最丰富的2种代谢产物.它们主要分布在鳃和肝脏组织中,鳃和肝脏是8：2FTCA进行生物转化的主要器官,并且鳃组织中代谢产物的浓度最高.推测出虾夷扇贝体内8：2FTCA的生物转化路径,与虹鳟的生物转化行为相比,虾夷扇贝在代谢产物产量和半衰期上均有差异,说明水生生物的生物转化行为具有物种差异性.8：2FTCA在虾夷扇贝体内可转化为PFOA、PFNA和PFHpA等全氟烷基羧酸（PFCAs）,是虾夷扇贝体内PFCAs的一个间接来源.     

8:2氟调聚羧酸在虾夷扇贝体内的蓄积、分布与转化

以虾夷扇贝（Patinopecten yessoensis）为受试生物,研究了8：2氟调聚羧酸（8：2FTCA）在虾夷扇贝不同组织（肝脏、鳃、性腺、外套膜、闭壳肌）中的蓄积、分布和生物转化特征.结果显示,8：2FTCA蓄积浓度最高的组织为肝脏,达峰值最快的组织为鳃.在8：2FTCA代谢过程中,检测到8：2氟调聚不饱和酸（8：2FTUCA）、7：3氟调聚羧酸（7：3FTCA）、全氟辛酸（PFOA）、全氟壬酸（PFNA）和全氟庚酸（PFHpA）5种代谢产物,其中7：3FTCA和PFOA为含量最丰富的2种代谢产物.它们主要分布在鳃和肝脏组织中,鳃和肝脏是8：2FTCA进行生物转化的主要器官,并且鳃组织中代谢产物的浓度最高.推测出虾夷扇贝体内8：2FTCA的生物转化路径,与虹鳟的生物转化行为相比,虾夷扇贝在代谢产物产量和半衰期上均有差异,说明水生生物的生物转化行为具有物种差异性.8：2FTCA在虾夷扇贝体内可转化为PFOA、PFNA和PFHpA等全氟烷基羧酸（PFCAs）,是虾夷扇贝体内PFCAs的一个间接来源.