碳酸盐岩矿区河流沉积物中重金属的形态特征及潜在生态风险

黔西北土法炼锌及铅锌选矿厂对河流造成严重的重金属污染。河流沉积物中重金属的化学形态研究表明，同一采样点中不同重金属的形态分布和同一重金属在不同采样点中的形态分布均有较大差异。这可能与沉积物组分的不同亲和力，不同河段沉积物中粘土矿物、有机质、Fe-Mn氧化物含量的不同以及人为活动(生活污水、选矿剂、矿渣等)的加入等有关，而碳酸盐岩地质背景的河床本身可能也有较大影响。潜在生态危害指数法研究表明，沉积物中重金属表现出强生态风险性，产生生态危害的主要重金属污染物是Pb，其后依次是Cd、Cu和Zn。     

铜陵矿区水系沉积物中重金属污染及潜在生态危害评价

重金属潜在生态危害指数是评价沉积物化学参数生物毒性大小的有效手段．我们于2002年11月和2003年11月对铜陵矿区水系进行了沉积物采样,结合水样分析结果,将不同区段河流沉积物中重金属的含量与国标值进行比较分析,并用潜在生态危害指数法对矿区水系的重金属污染和生态危害进行了评价．     

浙江省海盐县河流水体表层沉积物重金属生态风险评价

以浙江省海盐县水体监测断面位置处表层沉积物为研究对象,分析了表层沉积物中As、Hg、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni和Cd这8种重金属元素含量和形态分布,采用地累积评价法(Igeo)、潜在生态危险指数(IR)、沉积物质量基准(SQC)、平均效应区间中值商法(m ERM-Q)和形态分析等方法评价了重金属的生态风险。研究结果表明:海盐县沉积物中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn均呈现不同程度的污染,以Zn污染最为普遍。地累积评价指数法评价结果显示,大部分水体沉积物重金属呈轻度到偏重度污染,其中Zn和Cd呈轻度以上污染的分别达16和10处。潜在生态危害指数评价结果显示,单个重金属的潜在生态风险指数(Er)由大到小的排列顺序为CdHgAsCuPbNiZnCr,Cd是研究区域内主要的生态风险元素; IR评价结果显示,采样点HN6、HN11和HN20的IR分别为263、193和269,生态风险等级达中等级别。SQC评估结果显示,不同采样点处沉积物中重金属污染水平不同,且对水生生物影响不同; m ERM-Q亦显示各采样点位沉积物中重金属均有不同程度的生态风险。研究区域沉积物中Cr主要以不可迁移态存在,而其他重金属则主要为可提取态,需要重视环境改变后沉积物中重金属的二次污染问题。     

三峡库区香溪河沉积物重金属含量分布及风险评价

为充分了解三峡库区香溪河沉积物中重金属分布特征及其对环境风险的影响,于2017年5月和2018年5月在香溪河汛期采集了表层和柱状沉积物样品,通过电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer,ICP-OES)测定样品中的锌(Zn)、锰(Mn)、钡(Ba)、铬(Cr)、铜(Cu)和镍(Ni)等重金属元素的含量,同时使用地累积指数法(Igeo)和潜在生态危害指数法(RI)两种评价方法对沉积物中重金属的污染水平进行评估。结果发现:三峡库区表层沉积物在采样点各处Zn、Mn、Cr、Cu和Ni的含量变化并不明显,柱状沉积物中Ba和Zn在沉积过程中有累计作用,而Ni变化不大。重金属变异系数分析表明,表层沉积物中Cu受人类活动的影响最大,各采样点的含量变化较大,人为活动带入的污染占主导地位;柱状沉积物中Zn的垂直分布变化最明显,受到人类活动影响比其他重金属严重,根据相关性分析表明不同重金属之间可能来源相同。地累积指数法(I_(geo))和潜在生态危害指数法(RI)评价结果表明,沉积物的重金属属于无污染至轻度污染类别,处于低生态危害等级,不会对环境造成过大的危害。总体而言,三峡库区香溪河沉积物的生态危害程度较低,未发生重大重金属污染,且不同重金属之间存在相同来源。     

大红山铜矿周围河流沉积物中铜、镉和铅的分布特征

本文对云南省大红山铜矿周围5条河流沉积物中Cu,Cd和Pb的总量及形态分布特征进行分析,考察矿区周围重金属污染状况及潜在生态危害.     

董铺水库及入库河流表层沉积物污染状况评价

董铺水库是合肥市重要的水源地之一,其水质状况直接影响合肥市民的身体健康。了解董铺水库及入库河流营养元素和重金属等污染物含量及分布特征,对探究董铺水库污染状况及其控制与管理有重要参考意义。采集了董铺水库及入库河流25个采样点(断面)沉积物样本,测定总氮(TN)、总磷(TN)、有机质(OM)及4种重金属指标,采用氮磷综合污染指数和有机污染指数评价了库区及入库河流表层沉积物营养元素污染状况,并使用地累积指数及潜在生态风险指数评价沉积物4种重金属污染状况。结果显示:董铺水库库区及入库河流氮磷综合污染指数整体上属于清洁范围,库区少数采样点为轻度-中度污染;库区沉积物的总氮单项污染指数以及综合污染指数均高于入库河流,而总磷污染指数则表现出相反的趋势;有机污染指数整体上属于轻度水平,88.9%的河流断面沉积物属于清洁-中度污染,43.8%的库区采样点处于中度污染水平;地累积指数评价显示库区及入库河流沉积物中重金属Zn、Pb、Mn表现出轻度污染水平,Cu为清洁等级,4种重金属的平均污染程度由高到低依次是Zn、Pb、Mn、Cu,水库库区及入库河流潜在生态风险指数RI的平均值分别为12.6和11.8,均处于低风险水平,属于低生态危害程度。     

乌梁素海沉积物中重金属形态分布特征及污染状况评价

以乌梁素海沉积物中重金属为研究对象,对9个采样点的表层沉积物中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg和As7种重金属总量和各形态进行了测定;并采用潜在生态危害评价方法对重金属总量和各形态进行污染评价.结果表明,重金属总量中Hg在全湖的潜在生态危害参数Eir(Eir=215.04)处于高潜在生态风险,全湖生态风险性综合指数RI为294.60,虽然处于中潜在生态风险,但是其值接近较高潜在生态风险.不同形态重金属中除残渣态(B4)以外,(B1+B2+B3)3种重金属形态之和在全湖的潜在生态风险性综合指数RI为122.34,处于低潜在生态风险,其中重金属Hg(Eir=92.20)的污染最为突出,应引起高度重视.     

环太湖主要进出河流重金属污染及其生态风险评价

分析24条环太湖主要进出河流河口表层沉积物中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Cr和Ni等6种金属含量特征,并用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法评价其生态危害,旨在为合理预防和治理太湖重金属污染提供依据.结果表明,对照全国土壤环境质量标准,环太湖诸河口表层沉积物中Cd、Cu和Zn普遍超标,重金属污染强度总体上是北部河流南部河流,入湖河流出湖河流.潜在生态风险评价结果显示,本次监测的各河流河口都不同程度地受到重金属污染,以蠡河河口污染最重,达到很强生态危害.各重金属对太湖生态风险影响程度从高到低依次为CdCuPbNiZnCr.图5表2参17     

苏州河沉积物中重金属的污染特征及其评价

本研究通过对苏州河上海段13个采样断面的沉积物中重金属含量进行测定,揭示苏州河底泥重金属污染的空间分布特征,并运用生态危害指数等对底泥重金属含量进行了评价.     

红枫湖沉积物重金属元素地球化学特征及风险评价

为了研究喀斯特高原深水湖泊沉积物中重金属元素的地球化学特征,以贵州红枫湖为研究对象,分析了该湖13个采样点表层沉积物中的Cd、Pb、As、Hg、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn 8种重金属的含量分布特征,并采用潜在生态危害指数法（R I）与地统计分析对其表层沉积物中重金属生态风险性进行了评价与分析.结果表明,红枫湖沉积物中的重金...     

干旱区绿洲土壤中重金属的形态分布及生物有效性研究

测定了Cd、Pb、Zn和Ni等重金属在不同处理土壤中的全量和各赋存形态,以及它们在盆栽试验油菜（Brassica cole）中的质量分数,并利用Pearson相关系数分析了该区土壤-油菜体系的生物有效性。结果表明,供试绿洲土壤原状土中,Cd、Pb、Zn和Ni均以稳定的残渣态形式存在;而在处理土壤中,重金属被钝化的量有限,Cd的存在形式主要以碳酸盐态为主,Pb、Zn和Ni则主要以铁锰氧化态为主。根据相关性分析,油菜根部和叶部的Ni质量分数均与土壤中Ni的各非残渣态分布系数有相关性,表明当土壤中Ni以非残渣态存在时,活动性Ni的质量分数较高,其被生物吸收利用的可能性也较大;油菜根部的Zn质量分数与土壤中Zn的碳酸盐结合态分布系数显著的正相关性;油菜各部位Cd和Pb的质量分数与土壤中Cd和Pb的各形态分布系数之间无显著相关关系。     

生物扰动对沉积物中重金属迁移转化影响的研究进展

沉积物是重金属在环境中迁移转化的重要媒介。生物扰动能改变沉积物的物理化学组成,从而影响沉积物中重金属的赋存形态和迁移转化特征。文章介绍了生物扰动的定义和种类,生物扰动的影响因素以及扰动过程中影响污染物释放的主要因素,并综述了近年来生物扰动对沉积物中重金属镉、铜、锌、铅和其他重金属的环境行为影响。     

Sources,spatial variation,and speciation of heavy metals in sediments of the Tamagawa River in Central Japan

Sediments of the Tamagawa River in central Japan were studied to explain the spatial variation, to identify the sources of heavy metals, and to evaluate the anthropogenic influence on these pollutants in the river. Sediment samples were collected from 20 sites along the river (five upstream, four midstream, and 11 downstream). Heavy metal concentrations, viz. chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, and molybdenum, in the samples were measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy. The chemical speciations of heavy metals in the sediments were identified by the widely used five-step Hall method. Lead isotopes were analyzed to identify what portion is contributed by anthropogenic sources. The total heavy metal concentrations were compared with global averages for continental crust (shale) and average values for Japanese river sediments. The mean heavy metal concentrations were higher in downstream sediments than in upstream and midstream samples, and the concentrations in the silt samples were higher than those in the sand samples. Speciation results demonstrate that, for chromium and nickel, the residual fractions were dominant. These findings imply that the influence of anthropogenic chromium and nickel contamination is negligible, while copper, zinc, and lead were mostly extracted in the non-residual fraction (metals in adsorbed/exchangeable/carbonate forms or bound to amorphous Fe oxyhydroxides, crystalline Fe oxides, or organic matter), indicating that these elements have high chemical mobility. The proportion of lead (Pb) isotopes in the downstream silt samples indicates that Pb accumulation is primarily derived from anthropogenic sources.     

Sources, spatial variation, and speciation of heavy metals in sediments of the Tamagawa River in Central Japan

Sediments of the Tamagawa River in central Japan were studied to explain the spatial variation, to identify the sources of heavy metals, and to evaluate the anthropogenic influence on these pollutants in the river. Sediment samples were collected from 20 sites along the river (five upstream, four midstream, and 11 downstream). Heavy metal concentrations, viz. chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, and molybdenum, in the samples were measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy. The chemical speciations of heavy metals in the sediments were identified by the widely used five-step Hall method. Lead isotopes were analyzed to identify what portion is contributed by anthropogenic sources. The total heavy metal concentrations were compared with global averages for continental crust (shale) and average values for Japanese river sediments. The mean heavy metal concentrations were higher in downstream sediments than in upstream and midstream samples, and the concentrations in the silt samples were higher than those in the sand samples. Speciation results demonstrate that, for chromium and nickel, the residual fractions were dominant. These findings imply that the influence of anthropogenic chromium and nickel contamination is negligible, while copper, zinc, and lead were mostly extracted in the non-residual fraction (metals in adsorbed/exchangeable/carbonate forms or bound to amorphous Fe oxyhydroxides, crystalline Fe oxides, or organic matter), indicating that these elements have high chemical mobility. The proportion of lead (Pb) isotopes in the downstream silt samples indicates that Pb accumulation is primarily derived from anthropogenic sources.     

成都市河流表层沉积物重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

根据流经成都市内的三条河流（府河、南河、沙河）表层沉积物重金属数据，采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对重金属的潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明（1）重金属潜在的生态危害因子（Er^i）说明大多属于轻微生态危害范畴，产牛生态危害的主要重金属是Hg、Cd，Cu、Pb次之，As影响最小；（2）多种重金属的生态系统的潜在生态风险指数（RI）表明河流重金属污染属于轻微生态危害和接近中等生态危害，其受危害程度由强至弱的次序为：府河，南河，沙河。     

Risk-based prediction of metal toxicity in sediment and impact on human health due to consumption of seafood (Saccostrea cucullata) found in two highly industrialised coastal estuarine regions of Eastern India: a food safety issue

Estuarine ecosystems of the Bay of Bengal, India, are considered as the most productive environment, which have been persistently threatened by substantial anthropogenic activity. This study aims to investigate the metal contamination in the sediment of two estuaries and possible biomagnifications in the indigenous edible oyster Saccostrea cucullata and related health hazards due to its consumption. The accumulative ecological risks indicated that the sediment is moderate to strongly contaminated with cadmium and lead. The sediment pollution index and pollution load index suggested that the sediment possesses a little ecological stress on the exposed flora and fauna. The statistical interpretation highlights the most metals which have a similar source of origin and are bound to the finer fractions of the sediment, except nickel. Bioaccumulation of sediment-associated Cu and Zn in oyster reflects their potential biomagnifications through aquatic food chain. HPI range was below the critical limit of safe human consumption. The non-carcinogenic (THQ) and carcinogenic (CR) health hazards were estimated from the PTDI provided by USEPA. Except Cr, Hg and Zn, the THQ of all other metals was > 1 suggesting detrimental non-carcinogenic health effects on humans. The TCR of Cr and Cd above safety limit indicates the exposed population might be under severe carcinogenic threat due to those metals.

     

Schwermetallbelastung von Dreissena polymorpha in Donau und Drau und ihre Bedeutung als Bioindikator

Goal and Scope

This study was undertaken to investigate the differences in heavy metal burden between the organisms and environmental compartments and to evaluate the role of Dreissena polymorpha as a bioindicator organism.

Methods

The concentrations of zinc, copper, cadmium and lead in whole soft body and selected tissues of D. polymorpha at two river habitats in Austria were examined using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Concentrations in organisms were compared to those in sediment and water.

Results and Conclusion

Zebra mussels of the river Drau showed generally higher heavy metal concentrations as compared to mussels of the river Danube and contained elevated zinc and cadmium levels as compared to metal concentrations found in soft tissues of zebra mussels from uncontaminated sites in Germany and The Netherlands. The essential metals zinc and copper were mainly accumulated in gills, foot and byssal gland tissue of the mussel, in contrast to the non-essential metals cadmium and lead which were found predominantly in the midgut gland. The heavy metal concentrations in both, sediments and mussel tissue, were higher than in water samples. There was no correlation between the concentrations in water and in the organisms except for zinc. In contrast, correlations were found between concentrations in sediments and mussel soft tissue.

Recommendation and Perspective

Further investigations should include the examination of sediments and consider the mechanism of food uptake to assess the role of D. polymorpha as a bioindicator organism.     

海河流域沉积物中典型重金属的生态风险评估及验证

沉积物重金属污染及其生态风险评估日益受到关注,而沉积物质量基准是开展生态风险评估的有力工具。本研究通过物种敏感度分布法(species sensitivity distributions, SSD)和急慢性毒性比(acute to chronic ratios, ACR)推导了镍、铜、锌、镉和铅的沉积物质量基准(sediment quality guideline, SQG)。在获得合理的重金属沉积物慢性毒性数据的基础上,采用S-Logistic模型拟合镍、铜、镉和铅的慢性SSD曲线,采用S-Gompertz模型拟合锌的慢性SSD曲线。得到镍、铜、锌、镉和铅沉积物质量基准低值(sediment quality guideline low value, SQGlow)分别为18.6、69.9、107、1.26和38.4 mg·kg~(-1),应用ACRs,得到相应的沉积物质量基准高值(sediment quality guideline high value, SQGhigh)分别为167、226、556、10.1和384 mg·kg~(-1)。与加拿大和澳大利亚重金属沉积物基准值具有一定的可比性。选择花翅摇蚊(Chironomus kiiensis)、伸展摇蚊(Chironomus tentans)和霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)3种底栖生物作为受试生物,验证基准值对海河流域沉积物重金属毒性的预测能力。结果表明,利用SQGs预测沉积物毒性的总准确率为76.2%,3种底栖生物验证准确率从高至低为:花翅摇蚊>伸展摇蚊>霍甫水丝蚓。     

施用石灰对Pb、Cd、Zn在土壤中的形态及大白菜中累积的影响

重金属的不同形态对于作物吸收重金属及受害具有十分密切的关系,通过施用石灰改变重金属的形态、毒性以及对作物的影响具有重要的意义。以大白菜(Brassica pekinensis)为研究对象,通过盆栽试验,探讨了在铅、镉和锌污染土壤上,施用石灰对土壤中不同形态镉、铅和锌含量及在大白菜中累积的影响。结果表明,施用石灰后,土壤中碳酸盐结合态Pb、Cd和Zn含量明显减少,铁、锰氧化物结合态和有机物结合态Pb、Cd和Zn含量明显增加;对大白菜吸收Pb、Cd和Zn均起到较好的抑制作用,石灰用量为5g·kg-1土时,对大白菜吸收Pb、Cd和Zn的抑制效果最好。     

上海城市公园灰尘重金属污染及其潜在生态风险评价

通过对上海城市公园灰尘重金属含量的调查,发现上海城市公园灰尘重金属Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、Cd和Ni含量的平均值分别为416.63 mg/kg、906.29 mg/kg2、35.89 mg/kg1、62.59 mg/kg1、.58 mg/kg和92.19 mg/kg,同上海市土壤环境背景值相比,均处于较高的积累水平。公园灰尘重金属空间上的分布特征表现为:内外环线之间公园灰尘各重金属元素含量平均值均高于内环线内公园;通过分析判定公园灰尘中较高的重金属含量可能主要源于交通和工业造成的污染。运用潜在生态危害指数法来评价上海城市公园灰尘重金属污染状况,发现单种重金属造成的潜在生态危害表现为:Cd>Pb>Cu>Ni>Zn>Cr;公园灰尘6种重金属潜在生态危害达到一个相当高的水平,在所调查的公园中,63.6%的公园灰尘重金属生态危害达到极高水平,29.5%的公园达到高水平,6.8%的公园处于较高水平。