Technogenic stress and its effect on deciduous trees (an example from parks in Yaroslavl)

A comparative analysis of several morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of leaves has been performed in birch (Betula pendula Roth), linden (Tilia cordata Mill.), and poplar (Populus nigra L.) trees growing in industrial areas of Yaroslavl with different levels of anthropogenic pollution. The results show that high concentrations of pollutants in the atmosphere suppress the growth of leaves, and the number and severity of necrotic lesions in them increase. Water content in leaves becomes lower, whereas ash content increases. The contents of photosynthetic pigments change as well: the leaves contain smaller amounts of chlorophylls a and b, whereas the accumulation of carotenoids increases. Judging from changes in the test parameters, P. nigra is more resistant to pollution than B. pendula and T. nordata.     

Strategies of adaptation to heavy metal pollution in Deschampsia caespitosa and Lychnis flos-cuculi: Analysis based on dose-response relationship

The response to copper pollution was studied in the vegetative progeny of tufted hair grass (Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv.) and ragged robin (Lychnis flos-cuculi L.) plants growing together in chronically polluted areas around the Middle Ural Copper Smelter or in background areas. The root elongation test was used, with copper sulfate (0.006–0.51 mg Cu/L) being added directly to the nutrient medium. Using multimodel inference, dose-response curves were plotted for each of 85 maternal plants, and their parameters (effective Cu concentrations and curve slope in the linear segment) were evaluated. The pattern of transformation in dose dependence of root increment upon transition from background to impact populations proved to be basically different in the two species. The curves for L. flos-cuculi showed a parallel shift, with their shape remaining generally unchanged. In D. caespitosa, this transition was accompanied by a decrease in sensitivity to Cu, but tolerance to this metal was found to increase only at the highest concentration range. These results provide evidence for different strategies of adaptation to heavy metal pollution, which are discussed by comparing the physiological and ecological properties of the two species.     

基于EMD的中国经济增长与能源消费的关系

能源消费对我国经济、社会实现可持续和谐发展起着重要作用,但理论上二者之间的关系并不明确。利用matlab 70软件,通过经验模态分解（EMD）方法对我国 1954~2007年能源消费年增长速度、GDP增长速度进行分析,旨在系统说明我国经济增长与能源消费之间的内在关系,更能体现出经济增长同能源消费增长之间的动态关系,同时也为研究长时间序列的动态变化提供一个全新的研究方法。通过EMD方法,将研究对象的不同时间尺度的波动或趋势逐级分解开来,产生一系列具有不同特征尺度的本征模函数（IMF）,得到系统在不同时间尺度下的演化曲线,可以将这些曲线看成是系统的特解。通过对我国近 54 a 的资料进行EMD分析,结果表明：（1）我国能源消费增长由4个IMF分量及趋势项构成,GDP增长由3个IMF分量和趋势项组成。（2）对于短周期的高频波动,能源消费增长与经济增长之间是高度一致的。（3）对于中尺度的周期波动,能源消费表现出一定的滞后性,平均滞后 1~3 a。（4）从大尺度的周期波动来看,经济增长表现出一定的滞后性,平均滞后 3~5 a,表现出能源对经济的约束作用。     

Determination of nonionic detergents in municipal wastewater

Hard (nonbiodegradable) nonionic surfactants are the most commonly used nonionics in Israel. This has no parallel in western industrial countries. Consequently, available methods for nonionic determination should be appropriately applied and validated under the particular local in vivo conditions. This study presents preliminary results of the application of modified available analycal hydrophilic and hydrophobic methods and procedures for nonionic detergents determination to the complex system of typical sewage effluents in Israel under in vitro (laboratory controlled), simulative, semi-in vivo, and in vivo (real, uncontrolled) local field conditions. Using the hydrophilic Cobalto thiocyanate method and applying several essential modifications and transformations have facilitated the obtaining of “summative,” averaged, factorized calibration curves which represent the local environmental reality. Based on the above in vitro-in vivo transformations, an unexpected low concentration of nonionic surfactants (3–4 mg/L) has been determined in typical local municipal sewage effluents.     

Female territoriality in small rodents: Interrelations with local population persistence

Samples of small rodent populations inhabiting Crabapple Island on Beldany Lake in NE Poland revealed that Clethrionomys glareolus was continously present there, whereas Apodemus flavicollis and Microtus agrestis appeared, stayed for some period, vanished and reappeared. It appears that sexually mature females of the bank vole are strictly territorial, their numbers are limited, and immature individuals hardly disperse at high population size. Sexually mature females of the yellow-necked mouse seem to be territorial only at low population numbers, and their numbers increase linearly with population size. Sexually mature females of the field vole exhibit high level of aggregation, and their numbers increase in streight line with growing population size. We discuss the idea that different social organization of the rodent populations is connected with various strategies (sedentary and nomadic) supporting local population persistence.     

赣中南柑橘果实生长发育规律与栽培技术关系

通过果实体积的累积生长量,日均生长速度和相对生长速率三个指标的测定。可得到各类果实生长的“Ｓ”形曲线。生长呈三个时期,第一期为细胞分裂期,这个时期,生长速度较慢,而相对生长速率最高,是是实生长能力最高阶段;第二期为细胞膨大期,生长速度最快时期,而相对生长速率则呈下降趋势;第三期为成熟期,日均生长速度和相对生长速率都是低速和稳定时期。主要内部生理变化,柑橘各类果 个指标各异,此外,果实生长过程中,有     

长江靖江段沿岸似鳊生长及种群参数估算

2012年1月~2013年12月连续24个月在长江靖江段沿岸收集似鳊标本2 334尾,采用基于体长频率数据的ELEFAN I技术估算长江近口段沿岸似鳊的生长参数与种群参数。结果表明:似鳊体长(L,cm)与体质量(W,g)幂函数关系为:W=0.0182×L~(2.948)(r=0.9823,n=2334)。Von Bertalanffy生长方程描述的似鳊生长参数为:极限体长(L_∞)=19.25 cm,生长系数(K)=0.2/a,理论生长起点年龄(t_0)为-1.59 a,体质量的生长拐点年龄为3.55 a。采用Pauly的经验公式估算似鳊自然死亡系数(M)为0.556/a。由长度变换渔获曲线法估算出的似鳊总死亡系数(Z)为1.638/a,捕捞死亡系数(F)和开发率(E)分别为1.082/a和0.66/a。2012~2013年长江靖江段沿岸似鳊年均资源重量和资源数量分别为120.59 t和947.4万尾。经相关估算参数和相对单位补充渔获量分析得出,当前长江靖江段沿岸似鳊已处于过度捕捞状态。建议将沿岸水域禁渔期延长至9月(即4~9月),以实现似鳊资源的恢复和可持续发展。     

中国区域污染与经济增长实证:基于面板数据联立方程

考虑区域污染与区域经济增长的双向作用机制,构建联立方程模型,利用我国1998-2008年30个地区的面板数据,实证研究了6类区域污染物指标与区域经济增长的内在关系,对环境库兹涅茨曲线假说进行验证,探讨区域污染的主要影响因素。研究结果表明:①仅工业粉尘、工业SO2与GDP存在倒U型曲线关系,符合环境库兹涅茨曲线假说;工业废水、工业固废与GDP存在正的线性关系,工业废水中污染物化学需氧量、工业烟尘与GDP存在负的线性关系,不支持环境库兹涅茨曲线假说。指出并非经济发展到一定水平,区域污染问题就会得到全面解决。②人口规模对区域污染排放影响不显著;科技水平和能源利用率的提高能有效降低区域污染排放;政府环保管制未能有效控制区域污染排放;加大贸易开放程度对污染排放影响有正有负;产业结构不合理会加剧区域污染排放。③工业烟尘、工业SO2污染对区域经济增长有反作用。现阶段,我国区域污染对区域经济增长的反馈机制较弱,给我们敲醒了环保警钟。指出转变经济增长方式,走经济增长与环境保护协调发展的路子是我国今后的必然选择。     

Variation in Morphophysiological Traits of Male and Female <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aporia crataegi</Emphasis> L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) Depending on the Timing of Adult Emergence

The correlation between the timing of adult emergence and variation in morphophysiological parameters of males and females has been analyzed in the black-veined white Aporia crataegi L. In 2013 to 2015, black-veined white butterflies were collected from a natural population in the south of Sverdlovsk oblast throughout the emergence period; at the same time, adult insects were reared from pupae in individual cages. Comparison of the field observations in nature and the results of rearing preimaginal stages has shown that the largest adults are the first to emerge, while the smallest are the last to emerge. This pattern holds true both for the parameters varying throughout the adult insect life (body weight and relative abdomen weight) and for the permanent characteristic of the “structural” size (wing area). The influence of protandry and food availability to caterpillars on the variation in the size of adult A. crataegi during the period of generation emergence is discussed.     

Dynamics of growth and seed production in the Siberian stone pine: The level and pattern of variation in characters

A statistical analysis of interannual variation in a set of vegetative and generative characters over 13 years has been performed to characterize the growth and seed production dynamics of the Siberian stone pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) in the southeast of the forest zone in western Siberia. The results have shown that the range of fluctuations in most of vegetative characters is ordinary and their distribution is close to normal. The range of fluctuations in many generative characters is enormous (from 0 to +∞), and the distribution of their values is usually skewed, with low values being recorded several times more frequently than high values. Most variable are the proportion of abortive cones and other characters that are determined mainly in the spring of the pollination year. These characters account for a very high level of variation in the total seed production.     

Size distributions and growth of natural and chernobylderived submicron aerosols in Tennessee

The median aerodynamic diameters of aerosol-associated SO₄²⁻, ²¹⁰Pb, ⁷Be, and Chernobyl-derived fission products in Tennessee were examined using high-volume cascade impactors. Regardless of season, the ‘steady-state’ size distributions of SO₄²⁻ shifted to larger sizes than found for either ²¹⁰Pb or ⁷Be, and for ⁷Be sizes showed a weaker seasonal dependency than for either SO₄²⁻ or ²¹⁰Pb. It is suggested that the size differences are the result of the different spatial distributions of these species in the atmosphere during aerosol formation and growth. The mean growth rate of aerosols between ≈0·2 μm and ≈0·4 μm was estimated to be ≈0·03 μm d⁻¹ from a comparison of the median diameter of ²¹⁰Pb when it is first produced from ²¹⁴Po decay with the median diameter after a mean atmospheric residence time of 7 d.Measurements of the size distributions of radioactive aerosols released during the nuclear reactor accident at Chernobyl were made in May and June 1986, and provided rare information on growth rates of aerosols released to the atmosphere over a short time period. A linear growth rate of ≈0·013 μm d⁻¹ was observed in the lower troposphere after the median diameter had reached ≈0·4 μm. Chernobyl-derived ^134,137Cs was less soluble than ⁷Be, suggesting the presence of an aerosol core derived from reactor constituents. An analysis of time intervals and trends in both concentrations and isotopic ratios, when compared to Soviet data on the time course of radioactive releases from the damaged reactor, suggested that the large releases which occurred in early May were an important component of the globally transported ¹³⁷Cs.     

Crystallisation kinetics of mullite glass-ceramics obtained from alumina–silica wastes

Mullite-based glass-ceramics were produced from aluminium hydroxide sludge resulting from the anodisation process and waste glasses. Phase development for crystallisation of amorphous mullite was investigated between 900°C and 1200°C. The kinetic parameters such as activation energy of crystallisation and Avrami exponent for the samples were evaluated from differential thermal analysis curves using various heating rates (5–30°C) and particle size ranges ( < 45, 80–125 and 355–400 μm). The growth morphology parameters ‘n’ and ‘m’ are in the range of 2.5–5.4 and 1.5–4.4, respectively, indicating that bulk nucleation is dominant in mullite crystallisation followed by two- to three-dimensional growth of mullite crystals controlled by diffusion from a varying number of nuclei.     

Data driven modelling of vertical atmospheric radiation

In the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute (CHMI) there exists a unique set of meteorological measurements consisting of the values of vertical atmospheric levels of beta and gamma radiation. In this paper a stochastic data-driven model based on nonlinear regression and on nonhomogeneous Poisson process is suggested. In the first part of the paper, growth curves were used to establish an appropriate nonlinear regression model. For comparison we considered a nonhomogeneous Poisson process with its intensity based on growth curves. In the second part both approaches were applied to the real data and compared. Computational aspects are briefly discussed as well. The primary goal of this paper is to present an improved understanding of the distribution of environmental radiation as obtained from the measurements of the vertical radioactivity profiles by the radioactivity sonde system.     

Dynamic model for radionuclide uptake in lichen

Samples of atmospheric particulate material and terrestrial plants, including lichens, were collected in New Brunswick, Canada between 1980 and 1983 and analyzed for a wide range of artificial and naturally-occuring radionuclides, including fission products (¹⁴¹Ce, ¹⁴⁴Ce, ¹⁰³Ru, ¹⁰⁶Ru, ⁹⁵Zr and ¹³⁷Cs) derived from the 16 October 1980 Chinese nuclear test. Activity ratios of some of the short-lived fission products in air particulates and lichens are in reasonable agreement with those predicted from fission product yields for nuclear weapons tests, indicating that only minor fractionation occurred for these radionuclides during their transport through air particulate and lichen environmental phases. The ⁷Be inventories measured in a suite of lichen (Cladonia rangiferina) samples were used to calibrate each lichen plant for its collection efficiency for atmospheric particulates and fallout radioactivity.A lichen model has been developed to predict lichen inventories of radioactivity for different lichen growth functions and bio-elimination rates. Assuming that lichen growth results in a linear increase in surface area with time, the experimental results yield biological residence times of 1–2 years for ²¹⁰Pb and Pu and 5–8 years for ¹³⁷Cs. The more efficient retention of ¹³⁷Cs is probably due to its physiological uptake in lichen plants as a proxy for potassium, as evidenced by an observed, inverse relationship between ¹³⁷Cs and ⁴⁰K activities in lichen.     

Response of photosynthetic and growth characteristic of Mosla chinensis and congenerous weed M. scabra to soil water content

Heterogeneity of precipitation could influence various physiological and ecological processes of plants. We present a comparative study on the ecophysiological responses of two congenerous species, Mosla chinensis (an endemic species) and M. scabra (a weedy species), to four soil water content (20%, 40%, 60% and 90% of water holding capacity (WHC), referred to as W20, W40, W60 and W90, respectively) to understand their ecophysiological responses and ecological differentiation. Results showed that both species grew well from W40 to W90, as they showed higher photosynthetic rate and biomass and bigger plants under these soil water content. However, biomass, chlorophyll a to b ratio (Chl _a/b) and root to shoot ratio (R/S) of M. scabra but not M. chinensis were significantly reduced under W20, indicating M. chinensis showed stronger capacity of sun-acclimation under severe drought than M. scabra. M. chinensis showed priority in adapting severe drought in comparison with M. scabra. We hypothesize that the different adaptive abilities to soil water content are partly responsible for their ecological differentiation observed in the field and may affect their fate in their native habitat.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.     

Ecology of reproduction of the red king crab

Conditions for reproduction of the red king crab Paralithodes camtschatica (Tilesius) on scallop plantations in Primorye have been studied. It has been found that the settling of larvae and the growth of juveniles to the size sufficient for their survival take place only in the cleanest water areas of Peter the Great Bay. Solar activity (expressed as the Wolfer number) is one of the most important abiotic factors affecting P. camtschatica reproduction. The population dynamics of juvenile crabs are characterized by fluctuations with two-year and five-year cycles.     

Postnatal growth and development of the northern mole vole in natural populations in the northwestern part of its range

Long-term studies (1975–1999) and large amounts of field data (collections and observations on marked animals) have been used to analyze the growth and development of the northern mole vole (Ellobius talpinus Pall., 1770). Data are presented on the postnatal development and life spans of particular age groups of this species and on the dynamics of growth and life spans in the resident and migrant parts of the population. It is shown that the population is divided into slowly growing and rapidly growing groups, which is related to population dynamics. The timing of sexual maturation of the northern mole vole depending on the time of birth is clarified. It is shown that stable reproduction of this underground species is accounted for by the presence of seasonal generations.     

The South Australian lobster fishery management model

Modelling the rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii) fishery in South Australia was the focus of a three-year data gathering program. In collaboration with fishers, a tool for assisting in the sustainable management of the resource was developed. The goal was to test management policies to allow increases in reproductive output while enhancing economic yield. The model's user interface was developed to an ease of use comparable to commercial software for use by fishers in comanagement of the resource. This paper describes the modelling framework, user interface, and results for management strategies under consideration. The framework is comprised of five principle submodels: catch, effort, growth, economics, and population reproduction, with the lobster population divided into 8 mm length classes by sex and spatial cell. The mortality of lobsters occurs by commercial harvest, natural mortality, incidental release mortality, predation inside pots before retrieval, illegal harvesting, and recreational catch. Five categories of management control scenario were simulated: catch quota, effort regulation (as total pot retrievals), size regulations (allowing minimum, maximum, and mid-range slice length protection), and seasonal and area closures. Model outputs imply that size strategies have limited potential compared with effort limitations and quota.     

我国投资拉动的宏观成本分析

我国多年来坚持的是一种高投入、高消耗的投资拉动型增长模式．而高投资高增长则更多地以宏观成本积累为代价。未来投资的增速不仅取决于经济增长的预期目的．更多的取决于资金、技术、资源支撑和环境容量。通过对高投资高增长发展模式的高宏观成本分析，提出了贯彻落实科学发展观、促进经济方式转变的若干结论性建议。