Immunotoxic potential of aeration lagoon effluents for the treatment of domestic and hospital wastewaters in the freshwater mussel Elliptio complanata

Municipal wastewaters are major sources of pollution for the aquatic biota. The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of some pharmaceutical products and the immunotoxic potential of a municipal wastewater aeration lagoon for the treatment of the domestic wastewaters of a small town with wastewater inputs from a 400-bed hospital complex. Endemic mussels were collected, caged and placed in the final aeration lagoon and at sites 1 km upstream and 1 km downstream of the effluent outfall in the receiving river for a period of 14 days. The results showed that the final aeration lagoon contained high levels of total coliforms, conductivity and low dissolved oxygen (2.9 mg/L) as well as detectable amounts of trimethoprim, carbamazepine, gemfibrozil, and norfloxacin at concentrations exceeding 50 ng/L. The lagoon effluent was indeed toxic to the mussel specimens, as evidenced by the appearance of mortality after 14 days (10% mortality), decreased mussel weight-to-shell-length ratio and loss of hemocyte viability. The number of adhering hemocytes, phagocytic activity, total nitrite levels and arachidonic cyclooxygenase activity were significantly higher in mussels placed in the final aeration lagoon. A multivariate analysis also revealed that water pH, conductivity, total coliforms and dissolved oxygen were the endpoints most closely linked with phagocytic activity, the amount of adhering hemocytes and loss of hemocyte viability. In conclusion, exposure of mussels to treated aerated lagoon wastewater is deleterious to freshwater mussels where the immune system is compromised.     

Groundwater pollution due to discharge of tannery effluents in Upper Palar basin, Tamilnadu, India: an assessment through mass transport modeling

The groundwater regime in Upper Palar basin, Tamilnadu has been highly contaminated in several locations due to discharge of effluents from a large number of tanneries. At some places total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration in groundwater was found as high as 8000 mg/l. Transmissivity and storativity of the regional aquifer were estimated at a few locations. The porosity and dispersivity values were not determined in the field. These parameters were assumed based on data available for similar geological formations elsewhere. The aquifer conceptualization thus arrived at formed the basis of a numerical groundwater flow model which was constructed using the finite difference method. The flow model was calibrated for steady state and then for transient condition for the period of 1984-92. The computed heads and calibrated parameters of the flow model were used to compute groundwater velocities. The migration of contaminants for a 20 year period was computed using the hydraulic heads and effective porosity value in a pathline model using FLOWPATH software. Mass transport model was constructed using Method of Characteristics (MOC) computer code in a separate model. The seepage rate of effluent is assumed at a rate of 30% of that discharged on the surface. The mass concentration of solute in the effluent reaching the water table was assumed as 40%, the same as in the surface effluent. The mass transport model was calibrated for a 20 year period. Prediction of contaminant migration from different clusters in the basin was analyzed. The prediction results indicated elevated TDS concentration of more than 4000 mg/l from most clusters. Also the area of the contaminated zone is likely to double in 20 years from contaminated zone of 1992.     

Restoration of Koggala lagoon： Modelling approach in evaluating lagoon water budget and flow characteristics

Groyne system modification is described related to restoration e orts to Koggala lagoon, Sri Lanka.The large-scale unplanned sand removal at the lagoon mouth shifted the formation of sand bar towards the lagoon and made adverse e ects on its ecosystem. After the removal of the natural sand bar, groyne system was constructed to avoid sand deposition in the lagoon and to protect the highway bridge (across the lagoon outlet channel) from the wave attack. The existing groyne system resulted the lagoon mouth being permanently open to sea which in turn led to many environmental problems. Groyne system modification is proposed in this study to reduce the sea water intrusion.Water budget and two-dimensional depth averaged hydrodynamic model were developed for understanding the hydrologic and flow characteristics of the lagoon. Numerical experiments was performed at lagoon mouth area for two cases: (1) existing condition and (2) proposed rubble mound groyne system condition. Comparison of results was obtained for both cases to describe flow pattern at lagoon mouth. Results further showed, the width should be reduced to a maximum of 40 m. Proposed mouth width (40 m) pushed the salting factor towards 0.5 from 0.68. Salting factor reduction with the groyne modification may result a predominant influence of fresh water which may in turn lead lagoon to a fresh water ecosystem.     

清淤疏浚工程对七里海潟湖湿地水体交换的影响

七里海潟湖湿地受到人类活动的影响,湖盆淤积、湖面萎缩、水质恶化,其生态修复工程（一期）通过对湖盆进行清淤疏浚来改善潟湖生态环境.基于三重嵌套非结构网格建立七里海潟湖湿地水动力和物质输运数学模型,采用实测资料对模型的潮位、流速和流向进行验证,运用欧拉法计算潟湖整体滞留时间及其空间分布,分析工程对七里海潟湖水动力和水体交换的影响,结果表明：（1）工程对潮位的影响较小,工程后潮汐通道口门处涨落潮流量增大,涨落潮流速也随之增加;（2）工程后,潟湖纳潮量较工程前提升87%,滞留时间较工程前降低38%,水体交换能力自潮汐通道向潟湖内部逐渐减弱,工程对潟湖水体交换能力的改善主要集中在河道及潟湖中心水域;（3）工程前水体滞留时间的分布主要受到潟湖地貌影响,工程后水深增大,流场受地貌的影响变小,水体交换能力的分布主要受到潟湖流场影响.清淤疏浚工程有助于潟湖改善水体的交换能力和生态环境.     

铁岭市地下水污染防治区划体系构建初探

由于受到人类活动的影响,地下水的污染问题日趋严重,地下水污染防治迫在眉睫。根据铁岭市地下水现状调查监测与评价结果,从水文地质单元因素、自然和人为因素、水资源量和行政分区因素以及地下水水质因素4个方面,初步构建了铁岭市地下水污染防治区划体系,进而提出了地下水污染的预防、治理和管理措施。     

基于微生物生物完整性指数的地下水生态系统健康评价:以包钢稀土尾矿库周边地下水生态系统为例

生物完整性指数是水体生态系统健康评价的重要指标,已被广泛应用于湖泊河流等的生态系统健康评价中.但利用水体中分解者微生物群落构建IBI评价标准的报道很少,针对地下水生态系统的研究更是鲜见.本研究针对包钢稀土尾矿库周边地下水生态系统健康开展评价工作,基于地下水环境中微生物群落Illumina高通量测序信息,筛选关键环境因子,甄别敏感或耐受微生物分类属,确定候选生物参数,探索针对地下水的微生物完整性指数(microbiome index of biotic integrity,M-IBI)评价流程与标准构建方法.结果表明,总计12个地下水样点中,4个样点属于健康等级(Ⅰ级),占总样点的33.3%;2个样点属于亚健康等级(Ⅱ级),占总样点的16.7%;5个样点属于一般等级(Ⅲ级),占41.7%;1个样点属于较差等级(Ⅳ级),占8.3%;总体来看,靠近尾矿库的样点健康等级较低,而远离尾矿库参照点受到的干扰较小,健康等级较高,这可能与人类活动干扰影响程度密切相关.参照该地区地下水理化参数基础上的水质情况分析结果,发现应用M-IBI指数可较合理地评估包头稀土尾矿区周边地下水生态系统健康状况.结合生态系统健康内涵,本研究初步提出针对地下水生态系统健康的M-IBI指数评价体系构建流程.     

Nitrate leaching from a free-draining volcanic soil irrigated with municipal sewage effluent in New Zealand

Land application of municipal sewage effluent is becoming increasingly popular worldwide as a means of disposal, treatment, nutrient recycling, irrigation to meet plants' water requirements, and groundwater recharge. Nitrate leaching from a volcanic soil (Typic Udivitrand) was investigated under a Pinus radiata plantation near Rotorua, New Zealand, which had received, on average, 0, 29, and 88 mm per week of tertiary-treated municipal sewage effluent for the previous 4 years. Four replicates of undisturbed soil monolith lysimeters (200 mm diameter×200 mm depth) from surface soil from each treatment were used to study the influence of the three different rates of effluent application on N leaching. A rapid emergence of nitrate–N occurred in the drainage samples, and indicated that approximately up to half of soil nitrate was readily leached beyond the topsoil. Nitrate–N concentrations in the drainage water increased substantially with effluent application rate, almost reaching the World Health Organisation recommended limits (approximately 10 g m⁻³) in plots receiving effluent at the highest rate. Given that nitrate leaching from the soils may threaten the viability of the land treatment system, due to large N loads being observed in streams which drain irrigated catchments during winter periods, possible strategies for minimising nitrate leaching losses under effluent irrigation may need to be considered.     

长江常熟段排污口布置方案数值模拟论证研究

为合理确定常熟氟化工项目排污口布置方案，针对长江常熟段水环境特征，尤其是复杂的水地下形和水流流场，建立为较为准确和实用的平面二维水流水质耦合数学模型，应用剖开算子法模拟计算了3套排污方案对重点保护水域影响程序度和范围，并从水流场，水质影响评价，技术经济多角度对方案进行了比较论证，最终推荐污水江中排放的方案，为项目的工程设计和环境管理提供了科学依据。     

Towards sustainability in urban water: a life cycle analysis of the urban water system of Alexandria City,Egypt

Urban water authorities and water planers in many countries are struggling to satisfy the growing urban water and sanitation demands, while at the same time achieving sustainability of the urban water system. This research focused on the assessment of the environmental impact of today's Alexandria's urban water system and on the identification of options to improve the sustainability of the system. Therefore, a life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was used. The urban water system was modelled using SimaPro software, and the impacts of various options on the system were analyzed based on the Eco-indicator 99 assessment method. The results show that the highest impact in today's system is generated by the disposal of primary treated wastewater (68% of the total impact) and by high-energy-consuming water treatment plants (18% of the total impact). The research assessed different scenarios for improving the environmental performance of the system and a paradigm shift (decentralization and separation at-source of different kinds of household wastewater) was found to be the preferred long-term scenario.     

基于DRASTIC的丽水市地下水防污性能评价

地下水防污性能反映地下水系统遭受污染的可能性,可以为土地利用规划、地下水资源保护规划、地下水水质监测等提供科学依据。此论文结合丽水市的水文地质条件,对DRASTIC评价模型进行了改善,建立了符合丽水市的DRAMTIC评价模型。该模型由大气降雨入渗补给量、地下水埋深、包气带介质、水力传导系数、含水层厚度、地下水开采强度、地形坡度等7个因子组成,以乡镇单元等为界线划分不规则评价单元,评分体系由单因子区域分布规律确定,采用主成分—因子分析法分析各因子的权重体系;利用差分法对各因子加权叠加的综合指数进行等级划分,应用GIS技术得到丽水市地下水防污性能评价图。该模型的评价结果客观科学,能有效的为规划部门及地下水资源管理部门服务。     

地下水型水源地水质安全预警技术体系研究

地下水型水源地水质安全预警是城镇集中供水的地下水资源保护和管理的重要依据.为了提高地下水型水源地水质安全预警功能,提出了包括基于水质长序列监测预警、基于污染动态模拟预警及基于区域污染风险评价预警的技术体系.其中,基于水质长序列监测的预警是通过因子分析筛选水源地特征污染物,分析水质数据变幅以确定水源地水质的预警级别,可实现针对水源井的开关控制作用;基于污染动态模拟的预警是在水源地外围污染源特征基础上,模拟其动态迁移过程,进而确定其影响水源地水质的预警级别,可实现对水源地水质变化趋势的预判;基于区域污染风险评价的预警着重于水源地受区域污染风险控制与水源地保护区的耦合效应,同时结合其他预警影响因子作用以确定预警级别,可实现对水源地所在区域的宏观管控.该技术在哈尔滨市利民水源地进行了综合应用,结果显示,基于水质长序列监测预警中,COD_Mn及NH₄+的最大变幅指数均在1~2之间,预警级别确定为一级;根据污染动态模拟的结果得知,位于水源地开采井流场上游较高ρ（NH₄+）的范围在迁移20 a后,污染晕前段尚未到达水源地,确定预警级别为零级;基于区域污染风险评价的预警确定水源地所在区域为零级预警区,综合分析可以确定利民水源地地下水水质存在污染风险,应采取相应的管控措施.      

地下水污染风险评价中污染源荷载量化方法的对比分析

地下水污染风险评价是地下水资源保护和地下水污染防治区划的重要基础,其评价体系通常由污染源荷载、地下水脆弱性和地下水价值3个要素构成.由于污染源荷载量化方法的差异,必然存在对污染源基础信息的需求差异,以及对最终评价结果的影响未知等问题.为探讨污染源荷载量化方法对地下水污染风险评价的影响,本文选择具有代表性的评分指数法和定量指数法,以滹沱河冲洪积扇中尺度研究区为例,分别进行污染源荷载量化,耦合叠加相同的地下水脆弱性、地下水价值要素,进行地下水污染风险评价,并作对比分析.结果表明,两种方法得出的污染源荷载量化结果存在较大差异,风险评价的最终结果在风险数值特征及风险级别的空间分布上差异也比较显著,说明污染源荷载量化方法的选择对风险评价结果有重要影响;评分指数法适用于基础信息精度较低的大尺度评价区,方法简单,评价结果可靠性程度略低,定量指数法适用于基础信息精度高的中小尺度评价区,方法略复杂,但评价结果可靠性更高,反映出评价区的尺度效应对方法的选择有重要影响.     

城市污水深度处理中有机物的去除

以城市污水地下水回灌为回用目的 ,研究不同的污水深度处理工艺及对二级生物处理出水中有机物的去除 .研究结果表明 ,原水若未经深度处理 ,直接由土壤含水层处理的出水不能满足推荐的回灌水水质要求 .对原水分别采用混凝沉淀、过滤、臭氧氧化、粉末活性炭和粒状活性炭吸附等处理单元及组合工艺进行深度处理效果的对比 ,最终选用由混凝沉淀 ,砂滤 ,粒状活性炭过滤与土壤含水层处理相结合的工艺流程 .城市污水处理厂的二级出水经该工艺处理后 ,出水中的 DOC可降至 3mg/L以下 ,且活性炭柱的产水床体积可达 350 0 BV.     

地下人防项目地下水环境影响评价技术评估要点研究

地下人防项目是指战时用于人员、物资掩蔽,平时为商业用途的地下工程。地下人防项目地下水环境影响评价技术评估,应遵循《环境影响评价技术导则地下水环境》(HJ 610-2011)相关要求,结合项目场区所在地的地下水水位、地下水分布及环境水文地质条件、污染源状况、地下水开采利用状况及具体施工情况,分析地下水水位变化诱发的环境水文地质问题的影响范围、程度及项目建设对地下水水质污染,重点关注水位变化分析和地面沉降分析,污染防治措施主要从防治地下水水质污染、环境水文地质问题两方面考虑。     

基于“生态水位-水质-水源地”协同作用的地下水环境风险评价方法研究

地下水生态水位、地下水水质和地下水水源地是地下水环境的关键敏感属性,而现有关于地下水环境保护的研究多侧重于污染风险评价,常忽视地下水生态水位作为环境要素综合风险的重要性.为突破以往地下水风险评价中以污染要素为主的现状,在区域尺度针对地下水污染及地下水水位变化导致地下水系统生态服务功能失衡等问题,提出以地下水生态水位、地下水水质和地下水水源地作为风险受体,综合研究地下水系统对地下水风险源的暴露途径及响应关系,采用地下水防污性能指数指征地下水环境的空间差异性,构建了基于“生态水位-水质-水源地”协同作用的GERRM模型（地下水环境相对风险模型,groundwater environmental relative risk model）,定量描述地下水污染和地下水水位突变耦合的地下水环境风险,并将建立的方法在下辽河平原进行案例研究.结果表明:①Ⅳ、Ⅴ级风险区主要位于化工企业、危险废物填埋场周围一定范围区域及沈阳市地下水水源地保护区和生态水位敏感性较高区,面积为2 107.33 km2,占总面积的8.93%.②Ⅰ、Ⅱ级风险区主要为农田种植区、林地种植区和农业城镇建设区,面积为17 704.51 km2,占总面积的75.01%.研究显示,GERRM模型适用于区域地下水环境风险评价,下辽河平原区化工企业、危废填埋场周围一定范围区域以及沈阳地下水水源地保护区相对风险最高,需采取相应的管理保护措施.      

地下水环境质量评价的研究进展

随着地下水的开发利用规模日益增大,造成地下水位不断下降和水质变差,研究地下水环境问题就成为了刻不容缓的事情,地下水环境质量评价就是一项重要手段。本文首先总结了地下水评价的概念及评价标准原则等,介绍了地下水环境质量评价的标准和方法,也对国内外地下水质量的现状评价综合指数（或模式）进行了详细介绍,并对地下水评价的指标体系进行了系统的阐述,最后提出了最新的研究方向,从而为地下水评价的研究提供依据和方法。     

郑州市地下水自备井计划用水交易市场设计

根据水权交易市场建设的基本要求,文章设计了郑州市地下水自备井计划用水交易市场,并对相关的水资源管理制度改革提出了建议。郑州市地下水自备井计划用水交易市场首先需要明晰初始水权、实施总量控制和完善监测计量系统;然后建立相应的市场交易制度,包括年度用水计划制定、跨年度用水指标使用、交易产品选择、交易周期选择、交易价格生成和网上在线交易系统建设等。在建立水权交易市场以后,还需要对现有的水资源管理制度进行改革,包括新水权发放、生态与环境影响评价、市场信息公布、现有的用水计划制定和超计划累进加价制度改革等。     

排水综合评价中的生物毒性测试技术

随着工业化和城市化的发展,工业废水和城市污水成为环境水体的主要污染源. 发达国家在实施基于BAT(the best applicable technology,最佳可行技术)的排放政策后,针对成分复杂的有毒排放废水,以排水生物毒性测试为基础,分别建立了WET(whole effluent toxicity,排水综合毒性)评价技术体系,将生态毒理学测试和毒性指标应用于排放废水的管理. 各国和区域组织选用的排放废水生物毒性测试方法存在较大差异: 美国、加拿大和澳大利亚国土面积大、气候类型复杂、生物物种差异大,开发了许多本土生物的毒性测试方法;德国、OSPAR(欧洲大陆国家组织《保护东北大西洋海洋环境公约》15国)和COHIBA(波罗的海有害物质控制项目8国)则重视开发标准受试生物的测试方法,并且开发了遗传毒性和内分泌干扰性等新型测试方法,便于不同国家采用统一测试方法和排放限值;英国和新西兰是岛国,河流较短,更加关注海岸带生态系统. 我国从20世纪80年代开始开展排水生物毒性测试技术研究,相关测试标准门类和数量不足,应充分借鉴发达国家的经验,分步、分区建立排水综合毒性测试标准体系.      

DGB处理二级出水用于地下回灌的风险评价

以北京高碑店二级出水为对象,进行了二级出水地下回灌的DGB深度处理工艺的风险评价.GC/MS探测到的优先污染物四氯化碳引起的致癌风险小,可以忽略.二级出水经深度处理,除Cd,Cr略高于回灌标准,其余重金属含量低于回灌要求;通过加氯消毒,可满足回灌水卫生要求.DGB和土壤含水层处理工艺可去除部分致突物,残余的主要是移码型氯化致突物,它们有较强的致突性.      

高地下水位地区透水铺装控制径流污染的现场实验

为确定高地下水位地区使用透水铺装对地下水水质的影响,在上海市区建造了3种实验性透水铺装停车场及1个不透水铺装对照,监测实际降雨条件下3种实验设施进、出水水质,考察其对径流中污染物的去除效果并评价设施对地下水造成污染的可能性.结果表明,3种设施对TP、TSS、COD、Cr、Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb及石油类均有良好的去除效果,而对TN的去除效果较差;3种设施中均发生了明显的NO-3-N释放现象;以水泥稳定碎石为基层的缝隙透水砖铺面以及碎石基层的缝隙透水砖铺面对NH+4-N去除效果明显好于透水混凝土铺面;不同透水铺装设施出水水质除NH+4-N之外无显著差异;现场地下水质总体上劣于上海市地下水背景值,而3种透水铺装出水总体上劣于现场地下水,且多项指标属于或接近地下水V类标准.在高地下水位地区使用无防渗衬垫透水铺装存在污染地下水的风险.