环境影响后评价的最新进展与建议

结合《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》的有关条款,探讨了环境影响后评价的概念、分类、适用对象、意义和内容,提出了环境影响后评价的管理和实施程序.结合多年的实践,分析了目前环境影响后评价工作在理论、方法和管理上存在的问题,提出了改进和完善的建议.案例实践表明,开展环境影响后评价有助于提高环境影响评价制度的有效性.     

浅谈建设项目环境影响后评价

简述了建设项目环境影响后评价的定义、工作程序、工作内容、必要性以及国内外开展建设项目环境影响后评价的情况。指出了目前中国建设项目环境影响后评价存在的问题,指出,应加快建立和逐步完善环境影响后评价工作的政策、法规体系,规范环境影响后评价的工作方法体系。进一步明确环境影响后评价的地位,由权威部门制定技术导则和实施管理办法,尤其要明确实施主体、适用对象和实施程序,指导各级环境保护管理部门组织实施环境影响后评价工作。     

环境影响跟踪评价实施机制初探

从环境影响跟踪评价的适用范围和目标两方面对跟踪评价的定义进行了深入的分析,在此基础上,以实现环境影响跟踪评价的目标为原则,制定了环境影响跟踪评价的工作程序;以实现环境影响跟踪评价与规划实施前编制的环境影响报告书的有机衔接为原则,确定了环境影响跟踪评价的工作内容.     

开展环境影响后评价和跟踪评价

新颁布的<环境影响评价法>,提出了环境影响的跟踪评价和后评价,因此,重点论述开展这两项工作对于提高环境管理水平的重大意义,并且简单介绍了如何开展这两项工作.     

规划环境影响跟踪评价初探

2003年开始实施的<中华人民共和国环境影响评价法>对跟踪评价提出了明确规定.对跟踪评价方法在规划环境影响评价中的运作程序进行了分析,包括判别规划是否需跟踪评价、现状调查、环境影响识别、回顾性评价、有效性分析、预测评价和战略调整7个步骤.并基于压力-状态-响应(PSR)模型建立了指标体系,采用指标体系法有效简化了跟踪评价工作的复杂性.并以<上海市某区国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划纲要>跟踪评价为例,进行了规划环境影响跟踪评价的案例研究.通过回顾性评价和预测评价,识别出了主要环境问题以及环境制约因素,并根据规划总目标、阶段目标和环境保护规划、环境功能区划,进一步提出环境保护对策和措施,且对规划目标进行了调整.     

防水材料生命周期环境影响的比较研究

为客观评价并比较不同类型防水材料的环境影响,选择2种典型防水材料(SBS改性沥青防水卷材和丙烯酸酯乳液水泥防水涂料).根据生命周期评价理论,基于建筑工程环境影响评价系统,通过建立防水材料生命周期环境排放清单,进行货币化加权评价,得到防水材料环境影响的社会支付意愿.评价结果表明,单位面积的SBS改性沥青防水卷材环境影响的...     

对城市不同燃料供热系统方案的分析证评价方法研究

针对土地资源商品化和传统燃煤供热方面的价值规律及其对大气环境的影响，综合环境影响分析、建筑方案，动态投资费用和动态成本等四方面因素，提出了对城市不同燃料供热方案的分析评价方法，为推广使用清洁燃料，改善城市大气环境质量，实现环境，经济，社会三个效益的统一提供了依据。     

循环流化床锅炉燃煤技术热电厂生命周期评价

运用生命周期评价方法,应用Gabi5.0软件对采用循环流化床锅炉燃煤技术的热电企业进行资源耗竭和环境影响分析,计算各生产单元生命周期清单的全球变暖潜值、酸化效应潜值、富营养化潜值、非生物资源耗竭潜值、人体毒性潜值以及光化学烟雾和臭氧生成潜值等主要环境影响类型,对燃煤发电过程进行生命周期评价。结果表明,全球变暖和非生物资源耗竭为发电运行过程中主要的环境影响因素,分别占53%和15.05%;锅炉燃烧阶段的环境影响最重,占整个生命周期影响值的77.12%,并且除生物耗竭潜值外的其他5项指标均为发电运行阶段各个单元中最高。采用SNCR脱硝技术减少燃烧过程中NOx的排放量,并对该技术方案进行生命周期评价,比较方案实施前后的环境影响。     

中国交通规划战略环境评价的若干问题探讨

《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》实施5年多以来,交通规划战略环境评价的开展有效推进了中国交通建设的可持续发展。目前,该领域在理论研究和实践应用方面都取得了一定的成绩,但也存在一些不足。在回顾国内外交通规划战略环境评价发展历程和特点的基础上,就中国交通规划战略环境评价在层次性、定性与定量评价的把握以及如何有效融入决策过程等方面的问题进行了初步探讨,并建议尽早开展利益相关方分析、推广"综合情景+定量模型"的技术方法、引入制度分析方法并开展广泛的公众参与等,为完善中国的交通规划战略环境评价提供参考。     

燃料型炼油厂生产过程生命周期评价研究

石油炼制过程存在高盐废水排放、挥发性有机物(VOCs)生成等诸多环境问题,识别和量化该过程的环境影响是必要的。使用生命周期评价方法,对燃料型炼油厂生产的全过程进行环境影响分析,分别考虑了中点、终点环境影响类型。其系统边界包括9套主要装置和4套辅助装置。结果表明：燃料型炼油厂生产过程最大的终点环境影响类型是生态系统质量,主要由气候变化贡献,主要源于CO₂的现场排放;催化裂化装置的环境影响最大,但从单位加工量考虑,加氢装置的环境影响不容忽视;燃料型炼油厂降低环境影响应该从控制CO₂、VOCs的现场排放,提高能源利用效率以及选择来源更环保的辅剂等方面考虑。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.