国内外废旧电脑的处置状况

由于电脑技术的高速发展，加快了更新换代，促使大量的电脑被淘汰，因此对废旧电脑的处置成为当务之刀，作者阐述了国外电脑回收再利用的情况，可作为我国废弃电脑处置工作的借鉴。     

国内外对农药包装废弃物回收的主要做法与经验

全面介绍了国内外有关农药包装废弃物回收与处理的相关法律及政策制度,分析了国内外目前对农药包装废弃物回收处理的具体做法。探讨了国内在农药包装废弃物回收处理中存在的问题,最后对农药包装废弃物的安全处置提出政策建议。     

废弃荧光灯的回收处理方法及对策

废弃荧光灯不加处理或处置不当,会对人类健康产生极大危害.同时其中的有价资源可回收再利用.综述了国内外对废弃荧光灯的回收处理现状,总结了国内外废弃荧光灯的资源回收与处理方法,重点介绍了废弃荧光灯中汞和稀土元素的回收处理研究进展,提出了废弃荧光灯回收处理的相应对策.     

超临界丙酮降解废弃线路板中的溴化环氧树脂

探讨废弃线路板中溴化环氧树脂在超临界丙酮中的脱溴降解特性,重点考察了温度、反应时间和有机溶剂添加量对溴化环氧树脂降解特性的影响,确立的最佳实验条件为:温度260℃、保温时间1~2 h、丙酮添加量20~40 mL,系统压强3~6 MPa,此时溴化环氧树脂能够快速降解,脱溴率达到97.94%,降解产物主要为苯酚和异丙基苯酚,含量分别为60.99%和3.12%,降解产物中溴主要以HBr的形式存在于油相中,可以用碱液从油相中萃取脱除。线路板经超临界丙酮处理后,铜箔与玻璃纤维自动分层解离便于后续破碎回收,为废弃线路板的无害化处理和资源回收利用提供了一条新途径。     

超临界丙酮降解废弃线路板中的溴化环氧树脂简

探讨废弃线路板中溴化环氧树脂在超临界丙酮中的脱溴降解特性,重点考察了温度、反应时间和有机溶剂添加量对溴化环氧树脂降解特性的影响,确立的最佳实验条件为：温度260℃、保温时间1~2 h、丙酮添加量20~40 mL,系统压强3~6 MPa,此时溴化环氧树脂能够快速降解,脱溴率达到97.94%,降解产物主要为苯酚和异丙基苯酚,含量分别为60.99%和3.12%,降解产物中溴主要以HBr的形式存在于油相中,可以用碱液从油相中萃取脱除。线路板经超临界丙酮处理后,铜箔与玻璃纤维自动分层解离便于后续破碎回收,为废弃线路板的无害化处理和资源回收利用提供了一条新途径。     

洗涤方式对电解锰渣中锰回收效率及无害化处理的影响

以化浆-滤饼洗涤代替传统化浆洗涤回收锰渣中的硫酸锰及对洗涤后的锰渣进行无害化处置,对比洗涤方式对电解锰渣中锰回收效率及无害化处理的影响。结果表明,在同等6倍渣重用水量的情况下,化浆-滤饼洗涤比传统化浆洗涤硫酸锰回收率提高10%以上,可达到95.82%。同时回收锰后的锰渣用氢氧化钠无害化处置,在保证锰渣浸出液中锰、氨氮离子满足污水综合排放标准(GB 8978-1996)要求的前提下,药剂用量相比未水洗的节省70%以上,大幅度节约药剂成本。洗涤液以碳酸钠为沉锰药剂回收碳酸锰产品,可产生一定的经济价值,进一步降低锰渣无害化处理成本。     

天津市医疗废物处置规划及策略研究

以天津市医疗废物管理现状为研究对象，对处置方式进行深入探讨，分析目前分散处置和集中处置存在的缺陷，提出“区域集中处置”设想；并运用模糊决策模型理论，建立较完善的处置方式评价指标体系，应用模糊综合评价模型得出“区域集中处置”是最佳的医疗废物处置方式，同时提出了相应的区域集中处置策略。     

粉煤灰在水厂污泥处理和处置中的作用研究

在水厂污泥水中加入电厂粉煤灰，不需再添加其他材料，即可以很好地改善水厂污泥的脱水性能。细粉煤灰最佳投加量为20％，粗粉煤灰最佳投加量为30％，不但可以节约能耗，粉煤灰有了新的出路，干化污泥对环境友好，而且还能制成低热值燃料作焚烧处置，回收部分热能。     

掺杂废弃线路板非金属粉末的粉刷石膏复合材料的力学性能

废弃印刷线路板非金属粉末(WPCBNP)是电子废弃物中印刷电路板经破碎和分离其中有价金属部分后,剩余的废弃物,主要由玻璃纤维、热固性环氧树脂和各种添加剂组成。由于其价值低及潜在的溴代环氧树脂污染性等特点,已成为废弃电子产品安全处理、处置亟待解决的问题。采用2种固体废弃物掺杂复合的方法,研究了不同粒径的WPCBNP对粉刷石膏力学性能的影响。研究表明:随着WPCBNP粒径的减小,粉刷石膏复合材料的抗折强度呈先升高后下降趋势,抗压强度呈先下降后升高再下降趋势;其中粒径为80~106μm的WPCBNP对粉刷石膏复合材料的强度增强效果最好且优于国家标准,尤其对其抗折强度的增强效果达到36.9%。该研究将为该类废弃物的安全处理处置提供依据。     

某地放射性废物处置工程及其效果评价

江苏省某经济开发区发现一历史遗存的放射性物质暂存库，经多方努力，该暂存库内的放射性废物得到有效处置。介绍了处置工程的各个主要环节及其效果，并对处置中可能存在的问题进行了讨论。     

电选法回收利用废印刷线路板

废印刷线路板含有多种有价值的物质,随意丢弃或处理处置方法不当既污染环境,又造成资源流失。采用剪切式破碎和电力分选技术对废印刷线路板的机械分离进行了研究。结果表明,电选法可以实现废印刷线路板中金属和玻璃纤维、树脂的分离;在实验的粒径范围内(-14+20目到-120+200目分为5个粒径级别),金属主要集中在-20+120目粒级范围内,且该粒级范围分选效果最好。     

负载工艺对ACF担载二氧化钛光催化性能的影响

采用分散液中添加环氧树脂黏结剂并进行热处理的方法,制备出活性炭纤维(ACF)担载二氧化钛光催化材料。并对光催化材料的表面形貌和孔结构进行表征,评价复合光催化材料对亚甲基蓝溶液的光催化降解性能。重点探讨了负载方式、负载时间以及光催化剂的添加量等方面对光催化活性的影响。研究表明,当采用浸渍方式、负载时间控制在15 min左右、光催化剂添加量达11 g/L时,ACF/TiO2光催化复合材料中光催化剂负载量最佳,在15%左右,对亚甲基蓝(初始浓度为50 mg/L)的降解效果最好,在2 h内可以达到90%。     

Lysosomal and lipid alterations in the digestive gland of mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis (L.) as biomarkers of environmental stress

Lysosomal and lipid alterations in the digestive gland cells of the common mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis collected from six stations along Thermaikos Gulf (Northern Greece) were monitored through a 1-year period. The ultrastructural observations of the digestive cells of sampled mussels indicated a higher incidence of "granular" or "dark" residual bodies in the relatively more polluted stations compared to less polluted ones. Alterations in the lysosomal system of digestive cells were assessed: (1) using the lysosomal membrane stability test (2) quantifying lysosomal structural alterations of the residual bodies and the heterolysosomes of the digestive cells at the ultrastructural level, and (3) determining the elemental composition of lysosomes by means of X-ray microanalysis on epoxy resin sections. Evaluation of neutral lipids was realized using image analysis on histochemical resin sections. Mussels from the most heavily polluted stations exhibited reduced lysosomal membrane stability, higher volume density and diameter of heterolysosomes and residual bodies, and, in some cases, relatively higher lysosomal heavy metal content compared to mussels from less polluted stations. The results showed that the lysosomal membrane stability and the volume density of the residual bodies are more sensitive to general stress compared to the other biomarkers used, and could be used successfully as early warning tools in biomonitoring programs.     

Encapsulation of nonmetallic fractions recovered from printed circuit boards waste with thermoplastic

The present work includes a process for encapsulation by combining substantially simultaneously dry nonmetallic printed circuit boards (PCBs) powder and recycled high-density polyethylene (rHDPE) in an extruder to form a homogenous matrix. The extruded materials were then molded into standard tensile, flexural, and impact properties testing specimens. Nonmetallic PCB mainly consists of large amount of glass fiber–reinforced epoxy resin materials. Incorporation of 50 wt% nonmetallic PCB in rHDPE matrix had increased the flexural strength and modulus by 35% and 130%, respectively. Tensile strength reported to be constant without much improvement. However, the Young’s modulus has increased by 180%, with incorporation of 50 wt% nonmetallic PCB. The addition of 6 phr (parts per hundred) maleated polyethylene (MAPE) resulted in 2-fold increase in tensile and flexural strength. Regarding the leaching properties, Cu was identified as the metal that leached at the highest level from the raw nonmetallic PCB, at 59.09 mg/L. However, after the nonmetallic PCB was filled in rHDPE/PCB composites, the concentration of Cu was reduced far below the regulatory limit, to only 3 mg/L. Thermal properties of composites were studied, and it was found out that incorporation of nonmetallic PCB fillers in rHDPE resulted in low thermal conductivity, whereas mechanical strength of the composites showed maximum improvements at 220 °C. Overall, the encapsulation technique using nonmetallic PCB waste has formed a monolithic waste form that provides a barrier to the dispersion of wastes into the environment.

ImplicationsNonmetallic materials reclaimed from waste PCBs were used to analyze the chemical composition, and it was found that nonmetalllic PCBs mainly consist of glass fiber–reinforced epoxy resin materials. With such millions of glass fibers in nonmetallic PCBs, there are mass-excellent supporting bodies that enhance the mechanical properties of composites. In fact, utilization of nonmetallic PCB waste as filler in composites can dramatically restrain the solubility of heavy metals in leachate solution, thus making it safe to be used in practical products.     

酸化油渣与膨胀型阻燃剂协效阻燃环氧树脂

餐厨垃圾生产柴油中产生酸化油渣固废(AR)。采用红外光谱(FTIR)法对AR进行分析,认为AR具有较好的阻燃成炭性能。将AR与多聚磷酸铵/三聚氰胺/季戊四醇(APP/MEL/PER)膨胀阻燃体系(IFR)复配,协效阻燃环氧树脂(EP),用极限氧指数法(LOI)、垂直燃烧法(UL94)对其阻燃性能进行了检测,并通过对燃烧残渣的分析讨论了阻燃机理。结果表明,当APP/MEL/PER/AR质量分数为25%,其中AR的质量分数为2%~6%时,阻燃EP的LOI达到30%,具有良好的阻燃性能,并降低了阻燃剂及阻燃材料总体成本。研究成果对餐厨垃圾能源化起到积极推动作用。     

天津市医疗废物处置规划及策略研究

以天津市医疗废物管理现状为研究对象,对处置方式进行深入探讨,分析目前分散处置和集中处置存在的缺陷,提出"区域集中处置"设想;并运用模糊决策模型理论,建立较完善的处置方式评价指标体系,应用模糊综合评价模型得出"区域集中处置"是最佳的医疗废物处置方式,同时提出了相应的区域集中处置策略.     

Thermal formation of PBDD/F from tetrabromobisphenol A--a comparison of polymer linked TBBP A with its additive incorporation in thermoplastics

For a long period, polybrominated flame retardants are under discussion because of the formation of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDD)/dibenzofurans (PBDF) (PBDD/F) in case of thermal stress. Concerning polymer linked tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBP A), formation of PBDD/F was commonly presumed to be sterically hindered because of the covalent fixation into the polymer backbone. Combustion experiments with additively incorporated TBBP A compared with its polymer linkage revealed, that this assumption is incorrect and has to be revised. Under same conditions, similar PBDD/F concentrations in the range of 17.5-19.6 mg PBBD/F per kg TBBP A applied were analyzed. PBDD/F homologue distribution patterns were almost identical predominated by low brominated PBDF. These findings for PBDD/F formation have to be considered in future discussions regarding thermal stress caused by combustion or recycling processes, including other flame retardants bound in polymer matrix, e.g. polybrominated polystyrene (PS), or those with molecular structures showing less analogy to PBDD/F, like hexabromocyclododecane. The second aspect introduced, is the influence of different plastics on the formation rates of PBDD/F. In this context, combustion experiments were performed in an atmosphere consisting of synthetic air and HBr. PBDD/F concentrations were 8.47 mg/kg polyethylene, 1.67 mg/kg PS, 3.92 mg/kg phenolic resin and 18.1 mg/kg epoxy resin. Distribution patterns of PBDD/F homologues could partly be correlated with the occurrence of the precursors polybrominated benzenes and phenols.     

中国城市污水处理厂污泥处理、处置问题探讨分析

明确了有关污泥处理、处置的术语和定义,通过对我国污水处理厂污水处理工艺与污泥处理、处置现状的调查分析,认为污水处理工艺与污泥处理和最终处置方式有关;同时对污水处理厂污泥处理、处置中土地利用问题和处理、处置费用问题进行探讨,并提出了相关建议.     

Benthic population studies of a North Sea disposal area used for industrial liquid waste

The disposal of industrial waste at sea is a subject which, justifiably, arouses a great deal of public interest. This paper presents the data from one aspect of a continuing, multi-disciplinary, programme which monitors the disposal of acid waste to a liquid waste disposal area. The benthic infaunal populations of both the disposal and a control area have been studied over a five-year period. The resulting data are analysed, using multi-variate techniques, and it is concluded that there is no evidence that disposal operations have altered the diversity or abundance of the benthic fauna. The distribution of the different faunal groupings within the areas appears to be related to sediment type.