渍水土壤中硒迁移行为的研究

用土柱模拟4种加硒处理的土壤还原淋溶过程，研究了硒在土壤中的迁移和积累。结果表明，未加硒处理（土壤背景硒）的溶液中硒的迁移以有机硒占优势，Se(Ⅵ）及Se（Ⅳ）占的比例很小；土壤富野酸硒由上层向下层迁移。外源蛋白硒的处理的溶液中硒迁移为有机硒，部分外源硒以富里酸硒积累在下层土壤。外源Se(Ⅵ）和Se（Ⅳ）处理的溶液中硒迁移量只占加入量的0．2％和0．4％，硒迁移的主要形态前者为有机硒，后者为Se(Ⅳ）和有机硒；外源Se（Ⅵ）和Se(Ⅳ）的绝大部分以富里酸硒的形态积累于土壤，其积累量Se（Ⅵ）处理高于Se(Ⅳ）处理，上层土壤高于下层土壤。     

天津污灌区土壤中多环芳烃的提取、净化和测定

研究了天津污灌区严重污染土壤中 1 6种多环芳烃的提取和测定方法 .考察了加速溶剂提取的提取条件、样品净化方法和GC MS测定条件 .结果表明 ,在 1 4 0℃用1∶1二氯甲烷和丙酮提取 5min ,硅胶柱净化后用GC MS测定可以得到很好的效果 .方法回收率在 5 7%— 1 4 0 %之间 ,检测限为 3 5× 1 0 - 4— 1 1× 1 0 - 3 mg·l- 1,且重现性较好 .天津代表性污灌水稻土中 1 6种PAHs的实测浓度为 0 0 7— 1 2 7mg·kg- 1.     

黄土性土壤对砷的净化作用及迁移规律研究

通过土柱淋滤试验,从动态角度研究了黄土性土壤对砷的净化作用及迁移规律。研究结果表明,黄土性土壤对砷是一次性的吸附净化并达到饱和状态。土壤对砷净化吸附分为3个阶段:全吸附段、部分吸附段和吸附饱和段。受土壤粘粒和钙影响,黄土性土壤中砷运移的速度不同,其顺序为v(粘化层)相似文献   

农药在土壤中迁移的研究方法

农药对地下水的污染已日益为人们密切关注，本文详细介绍了用土壤柱和土壤薄层层析法研究农药在土壤迁移行为用于预测或评价农药对地下水污染程度的研究方法。     

土壤中六价铬的吸附与提取

本文研究了土壤中六价铬的吸附行为及其提取.结果表明,土壤对六价铬的吸附等混线符合Freundlich方程和Langmuir方程.pH及各种阴离子对吸附过程有不同程度的影响,其中以pH和磷酸根、氟离子的影响较为明显.土壤吸附的六价铬不易为H_2O,1mol/1 NH_4Cl和1mol/l NH_4OAc(pH7)提取,但易为0.5mol/l NH_4F(pH8.2),0.5mol/l NaHCO_3(pH8.5)和0.5mol/l Na_2CO_3提取.文章中还就土壤对六价铬的吸附机制以及所提出的土壤中六价格的提取剂的优点进行了讨论.     

污染物在土壤—植物系统中迁移规律的数学模拟研究：I数学模型

对污染物在土壤-植物系统中迁移的数学模型进行了综述。较系统地论述了迁移模型的类型以及它们在该领域运用的局限和发展趋势。可为“中国生态系统研究网络”（CERN）研究项目中相关课题提供一定参考。     

污染物在土壤——植物系统中迁移规律的数学模拟研究：Ⅱ…

论述了大孔隙和优先水流的成因，类型及其对溶质和污染物在土壤中迁移的影响。介绍了优先水流的实验研究方法和数据模型的研究进展。     

北京地区3种污灌土壤镉最大吸附容量的推求

土壤对重金属的吸附容量是土壤重金属污染风险评价的一项重要指标,研究土壤对重金属的最大吸附容量对加强土壤环境的科学管理具有重要意义.采用阳离子交换量、平衡吸附方程和实验实测法推求了北京地区3种污灌土壤对重金属镉的最大吸附容量.由阳离子交换量(CEC)推求的北野厂、衙门口和永乐店3种污灌土壤对镉的最大吸附容量分别为:4822、4148和4721mg·kg-1;由单表面Langmuir方程推求的3种污灌土壤对镉的最大吸附容量均为5000mg·kg-1,由传统双表面Langmuir方程推求的3种土壤对镉的最大吸附容量分别为7040、6950和6994mg·kg-1,由双表面Langmuir方程的Sposito方法推求的3种污灌土壤对镉的最大吸附容量均为6200mg·kg-1;恒温25℃条件下,上述3种污灌土壤对镉的单分子层最大吸附容量实测值分别为5700、5600和5600mg·kg-1,多分子层最大吸附容量实测值分别为9000、8000和8120mg·kg-1.比较而言,双表面Langmuir方程是目前推求污灌土壤对镉最大吸附容量的较好方法.     

污灌土壤中铜和锌含量及其微域分异

本文通过对污灌土壤中铜和锌总量和形态含量及其分布的研究,揭示了铜和锌总量和诸形态含量的微域分异规律,从而为污灌区农田土壤重金属污染的评价提出了新的依据。     

菜园土壤铜吸附—解吸特性的研究

研究了菜园土壤铜的吸附－解吸特性。结果表明,３种菜园土壤吸附Ｃｕ＾２＋的量均随平衡液中Ｃｕ＾２＋浓度的增加而增大,可用Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ方程和Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ方程来描述,由Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ方程求得的菜园土壤对Ｃｕ＾２＋的最大吸附量和最大缓冲容量的大小顺序为：黄松土〉江涂土〉粉泥土,菜园土壤对Ｃｕ＾２＋的解吸量和解吸率均随其吸附量的增加而增加,吸附量与解吸量之间呈显著或极显著线性正相关。     

含铬(Ⅵ)污水对地下水、土壤污染的研究

通过模拟含铬（Ⅵ）污水的土壤淋滤过程,结合受污染区域土壤垂直含铬分布分析,研究了含铬污水渗漏对地下水、土壤的污染。结果表明：含铬污水在亚粘土、亚砂土、砂土中的平均渗透系数分别为６．０２×１０－６ｃｍ／ｓ、３．８７×１０－４ｃｍ／ｓ、５．３２×１０－４ｃｍ／ｓ。含铬污水排放会在土壤中沉积铬,引起土壤污染,并污染地下水。     

Chromium speciation in the blood of metal-on-metal hip implant patients

The objective of this study was to determine the valence state of chromium (Cr) in the blood of individuals with Cr-containing metal hip implants. Serum and red blood cell (RBC) Cr concentrations from 52 patients with Cr-containing total hip arthroplasties were measured preoperatively and at 3, 12, and 24 months postoperatively. Geometric mean and median pre-surgery serum Cr concentrations were consistently below 0.2 µg/L, while geometric mean and median pre-op RBC Cr concentrations were typically about four- to six-fold higher than the serum values. A significant 5- to 13-fold increase was found in the mean and median serum Cr concentrations three months post-surgery, with an 8- to 18-fold rise at 12 and 24 months, respectively. Steady-state serum concentrations were reached between 3 and 12 months. In contrast, there were no marked differences in mean and median RBC Cr concentrations pre- and post-surgery. Slope regression analysis for our data was similar to those reported for Cr(III) in spiked blood samples. The analysis showed that Cr released from hip implants preferentially distributed into serum and not RBC, indicating that the form of Cr present in blood of hip implant patients was in the form of non-toxic Cr(III). Our findings indicate that blood Cr concentrations Cr(III) associated with metal implants do not pose an adverse health risk to patients, which is in agreement with findings published by most investigators.     

Chromium sorption on grape stalks encapsulated in calcium alginate beads

A novel sorbent based on 2% grape stalk wastes encapsulated in calcium alginate beads was investigated for the removal of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) from aqueous solutions. The sorbent proved to be efficient for chromium removal in both hexavalent and trivalent forms from aqueous solution at pH 3.0. In binary mixtures, the presence in solution of one of the forms enhances the sorption of the other which results in an increase of the amount of total chromium removed. This study suggests that the proposed sorbent can be used for the removal of chromium from wastewaters through a cost-effective and environmentally friendly process.     

1,3,5-triazine-triethylenetetramine polymer: an efficient adsorbent for removal of Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solution

The synthesis of 1,3,5-triazine-triethylenetetramine (TATETA), its characterization by infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis, and its application for removal of Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solution is reported. The effects of pH, contact time, initial concentration of Cr(VI), sorbent dose, and temperature on adsorption were investigated and optimized by batch adsorption experiments. Adsorption was highest at acidic conditions with an equilibration time of 25 min. The adsorption followed a Langmuir model, with an adsorption capacity of 303 mg g^?1, was second order in its kinetics, and exothermic and thus spontaneous.     

Removal of cadmium(II), lead(II), and chromium(VI) ions from aqueous solution using clay

Removal of cadmium(II), lead(II), and chromium(VI) from aqueous solution using clay, a naturally occurring low-cost adsorbent, under various conditions, such as contact time, initial concentration, temperature, and pH has been investigated. The sorption of these metals follows both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The magnitude of Langmuir and Freundlich constants at 30°C for cadmium, lead, and chromium indicate good adsorption capacity. The kinetic rate constants (K _ad) indicate that the adsorption follows first order. The thermodynamic parameters: free energy change (ΔG ^o), enthalpy change (ΔH ^o), and entropy change (ΔS ^o) show that adsorption is an endothermic process and that adsorption is favored at high temperature. The results reveal that clay is a good adsorbent for the removal of these metals from wastewater.     

Yttrium Normalisation: a New Tool for Detection of Chromium Contamination in Soil Samples

The measurement of chromium and yttrium concentration could give a chance to detect 5–10 times less chromium contamination in soil by using the yttrium normalisation method. The principle of the method is the following: elements such as chromium and yttrium exist naturally in the soil in a strongly bonded form. Therefore, in a noncontaminated area there should be a close correlation between the yttrium and chromium concentrations. If the measured Cr concentration in a sample is not on the Cr–Y trend line then the distance of plotted point from the line indicates the amount of anthropogenic chromium. Anthropogenic chromium can be detected only in the case when the contamination does not contain yttrium. This theory was tested in an agricultural–toxicological field experiment where Cr(VI) was added to the soil. Applying the yttrium normalisation method a much smaller anthropogenic effect was detected than by other evaluation methods.     

土壤总铬测定方法的改进

硝酸－－硫酸－－磷酸消解,高锰酸钾氧化,二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法检测土壤总铬是土壤总铬检测方法之一。文章在上述方法原理基础上通过实验进一步研究建立新方法。该方法检出限低0．075μg,灵敏度、准确度高,精度小于等于3％。新方法操作更科学,降低实验成本、省力、省时、准确、快捷。     

湖北省土壤有效硅含量分布

在全省主要土壤上布点，取土壤样品529个．全省土壤有效硅（SiO2）平均含量为202.6mg／kg，含量变化范围为15．7－725.5mg／kg，低于缺硅临界值（＜95mg／kg）的样点占总样点的38.2％．其土壤有效硅平均含量高的有：黄褐土（471．3mg／kg）、石灰土（377.3mg／kg）和灰潮土（332.7mg／kg）；平均含量中等的有：紫色土（189、5mg／kg）、水稻土（174.7mg／kg）、潮土（110.7mg／kg）、黄棕壤（106.0mg／kg）；平均含量低于缺硅临界值的有红壤（89.1mg／kg）和黄壤（41.4mg／kg）土壤有效硅含量对土壤母质有依赖关系．土壤pH值及水稻上不同水型对土壤有效硅含量也有影响，土壤有效硅含量与土壤有效磷、铁、锰存在着相关关系．     

Absorption and retention of polydimethylsiloxanes (silicones) in fish: Preliminary experiments†

Hydrophobicity and bioaccumulation potential of linear and cyclic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) oligomers were estimated by reversed‐phase liquid chromatography and feeding experiments with guppies (Poecilia reticulata). PDMS concentrations in fish were determined by capillary column gas chromatography and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. In contrast to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), only very small amounts of PDMS were retained by the fish after six weeks feeding.