细菌在黄土上的吸附／解吸特征及吸附量对土壤石油降解的影响

本文通过室内实验,研究了细菌在黄土上的吸附解吸特征,并探讨了其在黄土上的吸附量对土壤石油降解的影响。结果表明,细菌在黄土上的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,当菌液浓度较低时,吸附量随浓度增加而急剧上升,随着菌液浓度进一步增加,吸附量随浓度的增加渐渐平缓;细菌在黄土上的解吸作用极弱,一旦被吸附后,较难被解吸,解吸量平均仅是吸附量的1％;随着细菌在土壤上吸附量的增加,降解率相应提高。当土中含油量为3．52％,菌液浓度为1．0×10^8个／ml,经过30d后,降解率可达到45％。     

一株多氯联苯降解菌的筛选鉴定及降解性能研究

从长期受有机污染的土壤中驯化、分离出1株高效多氯联苯降解菌,经生理生化和16S r DNA测序鉴定为铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa),用其对PCB77进行降解性能研究.结果表明,该菌株能够以PCB77为唯一碳源生长,在培养温度为30℃、p H值7.5、PCB77浓度1.0 mg·L-1、接菌量2 m L(OD600=1.0)、摇床转速150 r·min-1的培养条件下,7 d后PCB77的降解率为49.6%;菌株在外加相同浓度联苯和邻苯二甲酸时,降解效率分别提高到58.5%和53.8%,而加入苯甲酸时,降解率为40.8%;外加重金属Cr6+和Pb2+对菌株降解PCB77均有显著的抑制作用;当重金属浓度较低时抑制作用不显著,而浓度较高时有明显的抑制作用,且Cr6+对菌株降解能力的抑制强于Pb2+.     

氯氰菊酯降解菌的筛选及其降解特性的初步研究

以氯氰菊酯为唯一碳源从土壤中分离筛选得到22株氯氰菊酯降解菌,其中G201和G203降解活性较高且稳定性较好,选择这2株菌进一步研究了培养条件对降解率及降解速率的影响。结果表明,2株菌在中性培养液中降解率达到最大;菌株G201当氯氰菊酯的质量浓度不超过200mg·L-1时降解速率与浓度成正比;外加少量碳、氮源如淀粉、葡萄糖、牛肉膏、蛋白胨淀粉等,可以显著提高菌株的降解能力。     

固定化泛菌对底泥中孔雀石绿的降解

用2%海藻酸钠对孔雀石绿高效降解菌Pantoea sp.EF192586菌株进行固定化包埋,研究固定菌对底泥中孔雀石绿的降解情况。研究结果表明:固定菌对底泥中不同浓度孔雀石绿均有降解,且0.45和0.95μg/g干重降解率更好,达80%。增加固定菌的投菌量可提高降解速率和降解率,但当投菌量增至1.5g后降解率不再增加。泥水系统中水量减少可以提高固定菌起始阶段的降解速率。当固定菌和光照联合作用时可以提高降解率。     

邻单胞菌DLL-1对土壤中甲基对硫磷的降解

 应用甲基对硫磷降解菌DLL-1对土壤环境中甲基对硫磷农药的降解进行了实验室研究和小区试验.结果表明,DLL-1对甲基对硫磷具有高效降解作用,不论是菌原液、菌体细胞还是离心去菌体的培养液都表现出很好的降解作用.DLL-1在土壤中有一定的移动性.当从土壤表面施加菌剂时,对0～6cm深的土层中的甲基对硫磷都有很好的降解效果.对土壤中一定含量的农药来说,降解菌的用量并非越多越好,存在一个最适菌量.     

庆大霉素降解菌的筛选及效果验证

抗生素菌渣因残留有抗生素被列为危险固体废物。该研究以庆大霉素菌渣堆肥为菌源,采用浓度梯度递增富集驯化法,筛选出能够降解庆大霉素的微生物菌株。经检测表明,筛选出的降解菌株彼此间无明显拮抗作用,对相对高效的3株降解菌进行16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定其分别属于寡养单胞菌属、鞘氨醇单胞菌属和土壤杆菌属。这3株菌按体积比1∶1∶1组合后,当接种量为5%时,在含1 000 mg/L庆大霉素浓度的液体无机盐基础培养基中,7 d后对庆大霉素的降解率高达71.5%,且外加碳源促进了菌株对庆大霉素的降解率,其中果糖的促进作用最明显。     

专性好氧菌降解苯胺废水的动力学研究

研究了苯胺在专性好氧菌Ｏｃｈｒｏｂａｃｔｒｕｍａｎｔｈｒｏｐｉ(人苍白杆菌)作用下的降解规律,讨论苯胺初始浓度及菌种接种量对苯胺降解速率的影响,当初始浓度低于８００ｍｇ／Ｌ时降解速率随浓度增加而加快,高于１０００ｍｇ／Ｌ时则表现出抑制作用;在可降解浓度范围内,该专性好氧菌能将苯胺完全降解而消除其污染;此外,通过对解降过程动力学实验数据的分析计算,得出苯胺的降解反应在不同浓度范围内分别表现为零级或一级关系      

厌氧和好氧条件下土壤中六氯乙烷降解的动态研究

通过在实验室模拟不同的环境条件,研究常用有机氯化合物——六氯乙烷(Hexachloroethane,HCE)在好氧和厌氧环境条件中的土壤生物降解动态及其影响因素。结果表明,HCE在水稻土中的降解遵循一级反应动力学方程。相对于好氧条件,厌氧条件下土壤微生物对HCE的降解影响较大。在厌氧条件下,在30⁶0 mg/kg的浓度范围内,HCE的降解随土壤中HCE起始浓度增加而加快,当浓度≥60 mg/kg时,随HCE起始浓度增加而减慢。而在好氧条件下,HCE的降解速率变化较小,表明相对于好氧条件,厌氧条件下土壤微生物可以利用HCE生长,在未达到其毒性耐受浓度时,HCE降解速率随着其浓度的增加而提高,但当浓度超过微生物的耐受极限浓度时,微生物活动将受到抑制,HCE的降解速率呈下降趋势。     

一株黄杆菌及其粗酶液对芘降解的动力学特征研究

实验研究了一株黄杆菌FCN2对芘降解的动力学特性,以及该菌株对芘的好氧氧化具有催化作用的酶的分布特征、芘在胞内酶存在下酶促降解的动力学特征研究结果表明,本实验室经驯化、筛选、分离所得的FCN2菌株对芘有良好的降解性能;反应后10 h内,降解反应近似表现为一级动力学特性,且随着芘初始浓度的增加,反应速度加快;当芘的初始浓度达到200 mg·L-1时,菌体的降解活性被抑制;菌体的初始浓度越大,芘的降解转化速率越快;当菌量达到3.0×108CFUs·mL-1(CFUs colony-forming units)时,芘的降解转化速度不再随着起始菌量的增加而增加在本实验的好氧条件下,最适初始菌量为1.0×108～2.0×108 CFUs·mL-1范围内.FCN2菌株对芘好氧降解起催化作用的活性酶为胞内酶,它对芘降解的催化作用迅速、有效,短时间内即达到分解平衡;胞内酶最适pH值为5,在pH 5.0～6 0之间均有较高的催化活性;胞内酶最适温度为32℃,在30～50℃之间能保持较高的催化活性;粗提胞内酶催化芘的好氧降解过程中,米氏常数较小,为1×10-4mol·L-1,最大反应速率为2×10-6mol·L-1·min-1,说明酶与芘的亲和力大.     

毒死蜱降解细菌XZ-3的分离及降解特性研究

从某农药厂排污口的污泥中采样,经驯化富集后筛选到1株能高效降解毒死蜱的细菌XZ-3,经过对其形态、生理生化特征及16S rDNA的分析,鉴定该菌株为节杆菌属（Arthrobactersp.）.测定了不同碳源、pH、温度及毒死蜱浓度对细菌降解能力和生长量的影响,以培养液在波长400 nm下的光密度值表示细菌生长量,液体介质中毒死蜱的提取采用漩涡振荡提取法,提取溶剂为石油醚,毒死蜱的测定采用紫外分光光度法.结果表明,该菌株24 h内对100 mg·L^-1毒死蜱的降解率高达86.8%;在外加碳源浓度为0.3%时降解率最大;细菌的生长量随着外加碳源浓度的升高而增加;pH在偏酸和偏碱性的条件下降解率较大,pH 9.0时达到最大,细菌的生长量在pH 8.0～10.0偏碱性的条件下较大;在毒死蜱浓度为100　mg·L^-1时降解率最大,该菌具有较强的抗药性,当毒死蜱浓度达到1?000　mg·L^-1时仍能生长,细菌的生长量在800　mg·L^-1时达到最大,绝对去除量随毒死蜱浓度的提高而增加;细菌的生长和降解需要适宜的温度,30℃培养时,降解率和生长量最大.本研究提出了细菌XZ-3生长和降解毒死蜱的最佳培养条件,可为农药污染治理及生产污水处理提供理论依据.     

Isolation and characterization of a profenofos degrading bacterium

Profenofos, a well known organophosphate pesticide, has been in agricultural use over the last two decades for controlling Lepidopteron pests of cotton and tobacco crops. In this study, a bacterial strain, OW, was isolated from a long term profenofos exposed soil by an enrichment technique, and its ability to degrade profenofos was determined using gas chromatography. The isolated strain OW was identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa according to its physiological and biochemical properties, and the analysis of its 16S rRNA gene sequence. The strain grew well at pH 5.5–7.2 with a broad temperature profile. Bioremediation of profenofos-contaminated soil was examined using soil treated with 200 g/g profenofos, which resulted in a higher degradation rate than control soils without inoculation. In a mineral salt medium (FTW), removal in the level of profenofos of 86.81% was obtained within 48 h of incubation. The intermediates of profenofos metabolism indicated that the degradation occurred through a hydrolysis mechanism, and one of the metabolites was found to be 4 bromo-2-cholorophenol (BCP) which in turn was also mineralized by the strain. The results of this study highlighted the potentiality of P. aeruginosa as a biodegrader which could be used for the bioremediation of profenofos contaminated soil.     

PCB77降解菌的分离鉴定及降解特性研究

从污染土样中分离出一株多氯联苯(PCBs)降解菌,利用细菌通用引物扩增降解菌的16S rDNA,得到~1 500 bp的片段。经纯化,测序后在Genbank上进行同源性比较分析及系统发育树构建,初步鉴定该菌株为Pseudomonas sp,并用其对PCB77进行降解研究。研究结果表明,该菌株在培养2 d后达到对数生长期,当培养温度为30℃、培养基pH值为7.0、微生物接种量为109cfu/mL、PCB77初始浓度为1.0 mg/L时,微生物对PCB77的降解率为58.63%。微生物对PCB77降解的最适条件为:培养基pH值为7.0、微生物接种量为2×109cfu/mL、外加蔗糖浓度为2.0 g/L、PCB77初始浓度为0.5 mg/L。     

亚硝酸盐降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性

从活性污泥中分离得到一株能以亚硝酸盐为唯一氮源生长的异养硝化细菌53,根据其形态、生理生化特性以及16S rRNA基因序列相似性分析结果,将其初步鉴定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)。研究了亚硝酸盐的初始浓度、pH、温度、接种量4个影响因素对菌株53降解亚硝酸盐效果的影响,确定了最适降解条件。结果表明,该菌株在亚硝酸盐浓度10 mg/L、培养温度30℃、pH为8.0、接种量5%条件下,接种24 h后对亚硝酸盐的降解率达到94.8%以上。在亚硝酸盐质量浓度为5mg/L的10L污染水体模拟实验中,按1%的接种量接入53发酵菌液(A600nm≈0.4),在30℃的水温条件下经4 d,53菌株对亚硝酸的降解率可达96.52%,处理后水体中亚硝酸盐的含量能达到养殖水体标准。表明该菌株对污染水体中的亚硝酸盐具有较强的降解效果。     

一株氯苯优势降解菌的降解条件优化

以氯苯降解率为降解效果指标,以降解温度、初始pH、降解时间、接种量和氯苯初始浓度为影响因素,对实验室保藏的一株氯苯优势降解菌株Lysinibacillus fusiformis LW13降解氯苯的降解条件进行优化。单因素试验结果表明,该降解菌株对氯苯的适宜降解条件分别为:温度20～40℃,pH为8.0,降解时间4 d,接种量2%～4%,氯苯初始浓度60～140 mg/L。以降解温度、氯苯初始浓度和接种量这三个显著影响因素进行正交试验,结果表明各影响因素的主次顺序为降解温度>氯苯初始浓度>接种量,最佳降解条件为降解温度35℃、氯苯初始浓度100 mg/L和接种量4%,最佳降解条件下氯苯降解率可高达93.8%。     

一株能同时降解邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和氰戊菊酯真菌的分离、鉴定及降解特性的初步研究

采用富集培养法从农田土壤中筛选出1株可同时降解邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和氰戊菊酯的真菌DY4,经形态、生理生化特征及26S r DNA序列分析,初步鉴定为地霉属(Geotrichum sp.)霉菌,并在纯培养条件下研究了该菌株的最优降解条件和降解特性.结果表明,菌株DY4可利用DBP或氰戊菊酯作为唯一碳源,DBP、氰戊菊酯单一存在时,7 d对50 mg·L-1DBP的降解率(84.13%)高于氰戊菊酯(37.07%)的;DBP、氰戊菊酯共存时,对DBP的降解率明显降低,可能是农药对微生物的毒害作用所致.正交试验得到菌株DY4的最优降解条件为无外加碳源、DBP和氰戊菊酯的初始浓度25 mg·L-1、p H 7.5,在此条件下,7 d对DBP和氰戊菊酯的降解率达到65.36%和55.77%,降解反应符合一级动力学方程模型,两者的半衰期为4.46和6.88 d.     

产表面活性剂解烃菌的筛选及其降解条件研究

以原油为唯一碳源和能源,从新疆克拉玛依油田土壤中筛选出1株能产生物表面活性剂的高效解烃菌XJBM,经形态观察、生理生化特征和Biolog分析,初步鉴定该菌为铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas Aeruginosa)。薄层色谱分析结果表明,XJBM产糖脂类生物表面活性剂,在最适发酵条件下,生物表面活性剂的产量可达2.25 g/L,可将发酵液表面张力从68.20 m N/m降低到32.50 m N/m,乳化指数(E24)达到81.8%。采用单因素试验对影响XJBM降解率的因素进行了研究,得出最适降解条件为p H 7.5,温度30℃,盐浓度5 g/L,接种量10%。在此条件下,菌株对1%石油烃的7d降解率为63.78%。     

Plant enhanced degradation of phenanthrene in the contaminated soil

The degradative characteristics ofphenanthrene, microbial biomass carbon, plate counts ofheterotrophic bacteria and most probable number （MPN） of phenanthrene degraders in non-rhizosphere or rhizosphere soils with uninoculating or inoculating phenanthrene degraders were measured. At the initial concentration of 20 mg phenanthrene/kg soil, the half-lives of phenanthrene in uninoculated non-rhizosphere soil, uninoculated rhizosphere soil, inoculated non-rhizosphere soil, and inoculated rhizosphere soil were measured to be 81.5, 47.8, 15.1 and 6.4 d, respectively, and corresponding kinetic data fitted first-order kinetics. The highest degradation rate of phenanthrene was observed in inoculated rhizosphere soil. The degradative characteristics of phenanthrene were closely related to the effects of vegetation on soil microbial process. Vegetation could enhance the magnitude of rhizosphere microbial communities, microbial biomass content, and heterotrophic bacterial community, but barely influence those community components responsible for phenanthrene degradation. Results suggested that combination of vegetation and inoculation with degrading microorganisms of target organic contaminants was a better pathway to enhance degradation of the organic contaminants in soil.     

咪唑乙烟酸降解菌S181的分离鉴定及其降解特性

为咪唑乙烟酸污染土壤的生物修复提供菌源,采用瓶富集培养法,从长期施用咪唑乙烟酸的土壤中筛选出1株对咪唑乙烟酸降解能力较强的放线菌,命名为S181.该菌株可利用咪唑乙烟酸为唯一氮源生长.经形态特征、生理生化特性及16S rRNA序列分析,初步鉴定该菌株为大宫链霉菌(Streptomyces omiyaensis).以S1...     

Combined remediation of DDT congeners and cadmium in soil by Sphingobacterium sp. D-6 and Sedum alfredii Hance

Combined pollution of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (4-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) and cadmium (Cd) in agricultural soils is of great concern because they present serious risk to food security and human health.In order to develop a cost-effective and safe method for the removal of DDTs and Cd in soil,combined remediation of DDTs and Cd in soil by Sphingobacterium sp.D-6 and the hyperaccumulator,Sedum alfredii Hance was investigated.After treatment for 210 days,the degradation half-lives of DDTs in soils treated by strain D-6 decreased by 8.1% to 68.0% compared with those in the controls.The inoculation of strain D-6 into soil decreased the uptake of DDTs by pak choi and S.alfredii.The shoots/roots ratios of S.alfredii for the Cd accumulation ranged from 12.32 to 21.75.The Cd concentration in soil decreased to 65.8%-71.8% for S.alfredii treatment and 14.1%-58.2% for S.alfredii and strain D-6 combined treatment,respectively,compared with that in the control.The population size of the DDTs-degrading strain,Simpson index (1/D) and soil respiratory rate decreased in the early stage of treatment and then gradually increased,ultimately recovering to or exceeding the initial level.The results indicated that synchronous incorporation of strain D-6 and S.alfredii into soil was found to significantly (p 0.05) enhance the degradation of DDTs in soil and the hyperaccumulation of Cd in S.alfredii.It was concluded that strain D-6 and S.alfredii could be used successfully to control DDTs and Cd in contaminated soil.