论集体公益林林权制度改革后时候森林生态公益性的保障策略

集体公益林林权改革制度后时候主要表现的问题是集体林权改革制度不细且立法滞后、管理制度滞后和生态补偿与经济收入严重失调,提出集体林权改革后时候森林生态公益性保障策略是加快集体林权制度改革的立法、加快制定集体林权制度改革后时候监督管理办法和加快制定集体公益林生态补偿制度实施细则.     

浅析泸溪县林权纠纷产生的原因及解决途径

随着国家对生态环境的重视,林业建设不断深入,增加公益林补助金,延长退耕还林补助金期限,发展森林旅游,加快林权流转,发展林下经济等,使林地资源迅速升值,特别是城镇建设和国家重点项目建设,大额征地补偿款产生了巨大诱惑,又加之人们法律意识的加强,广大林农的维权意识不断提高,从而产生了各类林权纠纷,这就影响了社会的和谐稳定,阻碍了林业的发展.因此仔细分析我县林权纠纷产生的原因,掌握林权纠纷调处的程序,寻求探索解决林权纠纷的途径,对发展我县林业经济和保障社会稳定具有重要的意义.参8.     

林农参与林业合作组织意愿及影响因素分析:基于河北、湖南和福建3省239户林农的实地调查

发展林业合作组织是深化集体林权制度改革的重大举措。基于河北、湖南和福建3省共239户林农的样本数据,运用Logistic模型对林农参与林业合作组织的意愿进行了分析。结果表明,林农参与林业合作组织意愿存在显著的区域差异,政策实施成熟完备、林业合作组织发展状况良好的地区,林农参与林业合作组织的意愿较高。林农受教育程度、是否参加过林业技术培训和教育、林业收入负向影响林农参与林业合作组织的意愿,而林地块数则正向影响林农参与合作组织的意愿。     

浅谈湘西山区黄精的栽培技术及其应用

改革开放以来,人们生活水平越来越高,衣、食、住、行等基本生活已趋小康,生活又开始回归大自然,人们把自己的健康放在了首位,追求环保、安全、健康的生活方式,对野生中草药需求越来越多.近几年来,随着集体林权制度改革及配套改革的顺利进行,土地流转办法的制订,广大农民可灵活利用自己承包的土地,进行各种种植、养殖等项目,发展经济.近二年,由于野生黄精资源匮乏,市场上已供不应求,种植黄精、发展黄精产业,就成了广大农民的热门话题.     

加快自然保护地监督管理长效机制构建——基于宣城清凉峰和青龙湾区域的调查

加强自然保护地监督管理是保留自然本底、保护濒危生物物种、筑牢国家生态屏障的重要手段.近几年来,宣城自然保护地监管工作取得了显著成效,但仍存在管理水平不高,土地、林权归属不清,生态补偿不足且分配难,跨界保护地区域性差异造成百姓收入不均和心里不平衡等一系列问题.为进一步切实加强自然保护地监管工作,通过对清凉峰和青龙湾区域自...     

GIS技术在金洞林场林业工作上的应用

比较金洞林场手工制图与计算机制图的特点;介绍现阶段金洞林场GIS技术开发林业图形系统的应用;介绍基于GIS技术开发的2012年金洞林场集体林权权属数据库系统的过程;分析在金洞林场GIS技术系统开发上的问题,并提出建议.参5.     

营林措施对成都绕城高速路域杨树人工林群落结构和物种多样性的影响

随着四川省林权制度改革的提出,高速路域人工林经营模式变得越来越多样化,探究不同营林措施对人工林群落结构与物种多样性的影响,可针对性提出林分管理措施建议,使其能更好发挥生态效益.针对人为活动干扰较为强烈的成都绕城高速路域杨树人工林,采用典型样地法,开展不同营林措施(林下种植、翻耕、割灌、弃耕与对照)对人工林群落结构、林下物种组成与物种多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H、Simpon优势度指数H′、物种多样性指数D和Pielou均匀度指数J_sw)影响的研究.结果显示：(1)研究区共记录林下植物212种,隶属于86科159属.植物科属种数量变化规律均为草本层>灌木层.(2)与自然对照样地对比,其余营林措施都会阻碍小径级、小高度级的乔木生长,而割灌和弃耕有助于大径级、高度级乔木生长.(3)在灌木层中不同的营林措施下,H、D和J_sw均有所降低,其中割灌和弃耕措施影响最为显著.在草本层中,翻耕处理能提升物种多样性,林下种植对物种多样性影响不显著,而割灌与弃耕显著降低了H、D与J_sw.(4)人工林下物种多样性指...     

深化事业单位改革的思考

事业单位是一类颇具中国特色的社会组织,是社会主义物质文明和精神文明的重要力量,在国民经济和社会发展中起着重要的作用．当前,我国的事业单位改革明显滞后于经济体制和政治体制改革,已经成为我国经济社会发展的一大障碍．该文旨在概述事业单位改革的内涵、现状、改革的进程．并提出了改革中存在的问题及下一步改革措施．参6．     

怀化市深化集体林业综合改革实践与创新探讨

中共中央、国务院高度重视集体林权制度改革.近年来,怀化市在深化集体林业综合改革方面进行了探索和实践.本文分析了怀化市深化集体林业综合改革的必要性,研究了林地三权分置、金融支持林业发展、公益林经营管护、林业社会化服务等方面的改革情况,总结了改革中的创新和做法,分析了存在的问题与困难,提出继续推进林地三权分置改革,创新金融支持林业发展,完善公益林经营管护机制,提高林业社会化服务水平.     

国有企业公司化的若干问题探讨

本文全面分析了国企公司制改革面临的来自市场和政府的双重性困难,批判了国有企业改革对解决政企不分、所有权人缺位等问题的不彻底性,指出国有企业改革应合理界定公司化与民营化的范围,并对公司化范围内的国企改造提出了相应对策。     

Modeling the forest transition: forest scarcity and ecosystem service hypotheses.

An historical generalization about forest cover change in which rapid deforestation gives way over time to forest restoration is called "the forest transition." Prior research on the forest transition leaves three important questions unanswered: (1) How does forest loss influence an individual landowner's incentives to reforest? (2) How does the forest recovery rate affect the likelihood of forest transition? (3) What happens after the forest transition occurs? The purpose of this paper is to develop a minimum model of the forest transition to answer these questions. We assume that deforestation caused by landowners' decisions and forest regeneration initiated by agricultural abandonment have aggregated effects that characterize entire landscapes. These effects include feedback mechanisms called the "forest scarcity" and "ecosystem service" hypotheses. In the forest scarcity hypothesis, forest losses make forest products scarcer, which increases the economic value of forests. In the ecosystem service hypothesis, the environmental degradation that accompanies the loss of forests causes the value of ecosystem services provided by forests to decline. We examined the impact of each mechanism on the likelihood of forest transition through an investigation of the equilibrium and stability of landscape dynamics. We found that the forest transition occurs only when landowners employ a low rate of future discounting. After the forest transition, regenerated forests are protected in a sustainable way if forests regenerate slowly. When forests regenerate rapidly, the forest scarcity hypothesis expects instability in which cycles of large-scale deforestation followed by forest regeneration repeatedly characterize the landscape. In contrast, the ecosystem service hypothesis predicts a catastrophic shift from a forested to an abandoned landscape when the amount of deforestation exceeds the critical level, which can lead to a resource degrading poverty trap. These findings imply that incentives for forest conservation seem stronger in settings where forests regenerate slowly as well as when decision makers value the future.     

Biodiversity Loss in Latin American Coffee Landscapes: Review of the Evidence on Ants,Birds, and Trees

Abstract: Studies have documented biodiversity losses due to intensification of coffee management (reduction in canopy richness and complexity). Nevertheless, questions remain regarding relative sensitivity of different taxa, habitat specialists, and functional groups, and whether implications for biodiversity conservation vary across regions. We quantitatively reviewed data from ant, bird, and tree biodiversity studies in coffee agroecosystems to address the following questions: Does species richness decline with intensification or with individual vegetation characteristics? Are there significant losses of species richness in coffee‐management systems compared with forests? Is species loss greater for forest species or for particular functional groups? and Are ants or birds more strongly affected by intensification? Across studies, ant and bird richness declined with management intensification and with changes in vegetation. Species richness of all ants and birds and of forest ant and bird species was lower in most coffee agroecosystems than in forests, but rustic coffee (grown under native forest canopies) had equal or greater ant and bird richness than nearby forests. Sun coffee (grown without canopy trees) sustained the highest species losses, and species loss of forest ant, bird, and tree species increased with management intensity. Losses of ant and bird species were similar, although losses of forest ants were more drastic in rustic coffee. Richness of migratory birds and of birds that forage across vegetation strata was less affected by intensification than richness of resident, canopy, and understory bird species. Rustic farms protected more species than other coffee systems, and loss of species depended greatly on habitat specialization and functional traits. We recommend that forest be protected, rustic coffee be promoted, and intensive coffee farms be restored by augmenting native tree density and richness and allowing growth of epiphytes. We also recommend that future research focus on potential trade‐offs between biodiversity conservation and farmer livelihoods stemming from coffee production.     

Influences of canopy structure and physiological traits on flux partitioning between understory and overstory in an eastern Siberian boreal larch forest

Boreal forests play an important role in the global balance of energy and CO₂. Our previous study of elaborate eddy covariance observations in a Siberian boreal larch forest, conducted both above the forest canopy and at the forest floor, revealed a significant contribution of latent heat flux (LE) from the cowberry understory to the whole ecosystem LE. Thus, in the present study, we examined what factors control the partitioning of whole ecosystem LE and CO₂ flux into the understory and overstory vegetation, using detailed leaf-level physiology (for both understory and overstory vegetation) and soil respiration property measurements as well as a multilayer soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer (SVAT) model. The modeling results showed that the larch overstory's leaf area index (LAI) and vertical profile of leaf photosynthetic capacity were major factors determining the flux partitioning in this boreal forest ecosystem. This is unlike other forest ecosystems that tend to have dense LAI. We concluded that control of the larch overstory's LAI had a relationship with both the coexistence of the larch with the cowberry understory and with the water resources available to the total forest ecosystem.     

森林土壤有机层生化特性及其对气候变化的响应研究进展

森林土壤有机层是指累积在土壤表面未分解到完全分解的有机残余物质,在全球碳循环中具有十分重要的作用和地位.目前有关森林土壤有机层的生态研究主要集中于土壤有机层的凋落物储量、水土保持功能、生物多样性保育功能及其生化特性等,而有关其对气候变化响应的研究报道还相当少见,且已有的研究主要关于土壤有机层的碳源/汇动态等,有关森林土壤有机层生化特性对气候变化响应的研究还相对较少,这与其在全球气候变化中的作用和地位是极不相称的.过去10a中,有关土壤有机层生化特性对气候变化响应的研究主要包括土壤有机层的微生物数量、微生物生物量、呼吸作用、有机物质分解动态(凋落物分解)、酶活性等对环境变化的响应等方面.进一步的控制实验研究被认为是相当重要的.参51     

Assessment of forest fire vulnerability zones in Missouri,United States of America

Forest fire is one of the major disasters that distresses the terrestrial environment and causes economic disruptions for people and communities in areas prone to forest fire. Information on forest fire risk zones is therefore essential for effective and sound decision-making in forest management. Forest fire risk assessment is a critical part and the most important step in forest management because it enables us to know where the risk is higher in order to minimize threats to life, property and natural resources. This study used a hazard assessment model to assess forest fire risk in Missouri based on several measurable environmental parameters influencing forest fire risk vulnerability. Using the four ecological zones in Missouri as the basis of analysis, three forest risk zones were identified. These were high forest fire risk zones, moderate forest fire risk zone and low forest fire risk zone. Strategies for the mitigation of the hazard of forest fire in the state were also recommended.     

Modelling aboveground tree biomass while achieving the additivity property

Measuring forest tree biomass is becoming a very important issue due to the general environmental awareness motivated by global warming and climate change. However, weighing a tree is a very complicated, expensive, and destructive process. The tree is divided into several parts, and the total weight is obtained by adding the weight of the different components. The biomass information of a forest is obtained using statistical models, but one of the main difficulties is that the additivity property is not generally satisfied, i.e., when adding the predicted weights for the different tree components, the result does not match up with the total weight predicted for the tree. In this work, alternative methods for obtaining biomass predictions satisfying the additivity property are analyzed. In particular, segmented regression models with a common break point and penalized splines with the same smoothing parameter achieve the additivity property without any further adjustments. Some classical models will be also used for comparison purposes. Results are illustrated with real data from a beech forest (European project FORSEE-020) in the province of Navarre, Spain.     

Simulating forest structure, timber production, and socioeconomic effects in a multi-owner province.

Protecting biodiversity has become a major goal in managing coastal forests in the Pacific Northwest--an area in which human activities have had a significant influence on landscape change. A complex pattern of public and private forest ownership, combined with new regulations for each owner group, raises questions about how well and how efficiently these policies achieve their biodiversity goals. To develop a deeper understanding of the aggregate effect of forest policies, we simulated forest structures, timber production, and socioeconomic conditions over time for the mixture of private and public lands in the 2.3-million-ha Coast Range Physiographic Province of Oregon. To make these projections, we recognized both vegetative complexity at the stand level and spatial complexity at the landscape level. We focused on the two major factors influencing landscape change in the forests of the Coast Range: (1) land use, especially development for houses and cities, and (2) forest management, especially clearcutting. Our simulations of current policy suggest major changes in land use on the margins of the Coast Range, a divergence in forest structure among the different owners, an increase in old-growth forests, and a continuing loss of the structural elements associated with diverse young forests. Our simulations also suggest that current harvest levels can be approximately maintained, with the harvest coming almost entirely from private lands. A policy alternative that retained live trees for wildlife would increase remnant structures but at a cost to landowners (5-7% reduction in timber production). Another alternative that precluded thinning of plantations on federal land would significantly reduce the area of very large diameter (>75 cm dbh) conifer forests 100 years into the future     

Estimating the spatio-temporal risk of disease epidemics using a bioclimatic niche model

There are presently few tools available for estimating epidemic risks from forest pathogens, and hence informing pro-active disease management. In this study we demonstrated that a bioclimatic niche model can be used to examine questions of epidemic risk in temperate eucalypt plantations. The bioclimatic niche model, CLIMEX, was used to identify regional variation in climate suitability for Mycosphaerella leaf disease (MLD), a major cause of foliage damage in temperate eucalypt plantations around the world. Using historical observations of MLD damage, we were able to convert the relative score of climatic suitability generated by CLIMEX into a severity ranking ranging from low to high, providing for the first time a direct link between risk and impact, and allowing us to explore disease severity in a way meaningful to forest managers. We determined that the ‘Compare Years’ function in CLIMEX could be used for site-specific risk assessment to identify severity, frequency and seasonality of MLD epidemics. We explored appropriate scales of risk assessment for forest managers. Applying the CLIMEX model of MLD using a 0.25° or coarser grid size to areas of sharp topographic relief frequently misrepresented the risk posed by MLD, because considerable variation occurred between individual forest sites encompassed within a single grid cell. This highlighted the need for site-specific risk assessment to address many questions pertinent to managing risk in plantations.     

Forest Taxation and Rotation Age under Private Amenity Valuation: New Results

This paper studies the impact of harvesting, property, and profit taxes on private rotation age in an ongoing rotations model, where the private landowner is interested not only in the present value of harvest revenue, but also in the private amenity services provided by the forest stand. The main finding of the paper is that conventional wisdom about the rotation effects of forest taxes, distilled from the Faustmann model, predominantly ceases to hold. This is because forest taxes distort the relative profitability of timber and amenity production in a way that is sensitive to the precise nature of amenity valuation. Therefore, the design of forest tax policy necessitates good knowledge of the landowner's objective function concerning the type of amenity services.     

Temporal turnover in the composition of tropical tree communities: functional determinism and phylogenetic stochasticity

The degree to which turnover in biological communities is structured by deterministic or stochastic factors and the identities of influential deterministic factors are fundamental, yet unresolved, questions in ecology. Answers to these questions are particularly important for projecting the fate of forests with diverse disturbance histories worldwide. To uncover the processes governing turnover we use species-level molecular phylogenies and functional trait data sets for two long-term tropical forest plots with contrasting disturbance histories: one forest is older-growth, and one was recently disturbed. Having both phylogenetic and functional information further allows us to parse out the deterministic influences of different ecological filters. With the use of null models we find that compositional turnover was random with respect to phylogeny on average, but highly nonrandom with respect to measured functional traits. Furthermore, as predicted by a deterministic assembly process, the older-growth and disturbed forests were characterized by less than and greater than expected functional turnover, respectively. These results suggest that the abiotic environment, which changes due to succession in the disturbed forest, strongly governs the temporal dynamics of disturbed and undisturbed tropical forests. Predicting future changes in the composition of disturbed and undisturbed forests may therefore be tractable when using a functional-trait-based approach.