上海潮滩表层沉积物重金属的分布特征

１９９８年７月、１１月和１９９９年１月、４月，对上海潮滩进行连续采样和预测的基础上，用原子吸收法测试了１１０个表层沉积物中的Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｒ和Ｃｄ的含量，结果表明：（１）上海潮滩表层沉积物重金属含量有如下顺序：Ｚｎ〉Ｃｕ〉Ｃｒ〉Ｐｂ》Ｃｄ。（２）在自然条件下，从高潮滩到中、低潮滩，沉积物重金属的含量递减。（３）不同的采样位置对沉积物重金属的含量有显著影响。（４）根据各采样点沉积物重金属的含理     

上海滨岸潮滩沉积物重金属潜在生态危害调查与评价

根据对上海滨岸不同采样点沉积物重金属含量水平的分析,采用潜在生态危害指数法(ThePotentialEcologicalRiskIndex)进行评价,发现上海潮滩沉积物重金属生态危害尚不严重.除石洞口排污口生态危害指数(RI=192.03)达到中等生态危害外,潮滩沉积物重金属只有轻微的生态危害(RI=48.33).5种重金属元素的潜在生态危害系数均小于40,其潜在生态危害顺序为Cu=22.06＞Pb=9.98＞Cd=8.33＞Cr=4.97＞Zn=2.99.     

潮滩沉积物重金属生物地球化学研究进展

潮滩是一个物理、化学以及生物条件复杂多变的场所,重金属在这个特殊的环境中有着独特的地球化学行为及其生物有效性.笔者意在对该领域的研究成果进行阐述,并指出该领域中研究比较薄弱的环节以及将来的发展方向,以期推动该领域的进一步研究.      

灌河口潮滩重金属累积特征及其对环境的意义

灌河是苏北地区最大、航运条件最好的入海河流。重金属元素分析显示,在灌河口表层沉积物中Hg、Cr、As和Cu的含量要高于背景值;Pb和Zn的含量比较接近背景值;Cd的含量低于背景值。其中Hg元素出现了中等程度的生态危害性,而Cr、As、Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd等元素的生态危害系数均极低,整个灌河口潮滩地区并没有出现较为严重的重金属生态危害。     

沘江水中重金属化学形态的研究

本文研究了江云南省兰坪县下温水庙至金鸡寺旧址河段水中重金属Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ的化学形态及其分布特征。用０４５μｍ滤膜和ＨＮＯ３—ＨＣｌＯ４消化法，将水中重金属划分为不安定态、溶解态、结合态和颗粒态     

白银矿山水体和沉积物中重金属及其化学形态分布特征

白银铜多金属矿山矿业活动产生的大量废水排入东大沟,对东大沟周围农田和黄河白银段水体造成了严重危害。采用等离子原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)和BCR法连续提取过程对东大沟水体和沉积物中重金属总量和各化学形态进行分析,结果表明水体和沉积物中Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn高度富集。水体中除Pb外,Cd、Cu、Zn含量超出国家标准的几倍到几十倍,随着河流流向呈显著降低趋势。沉积物中不同重金属化学形态分布有很大差异,尾矿坝坑底泥和黄河泥沙中重金属化学形态分布主要以弱酸提取态和残渣态为主,而东大沟沉积物中重金属化学形态呈现不同的分布特征,Pb以可还原态为主,Zn以残渣态为主,Cd以残渣态为主,其次为可氧化态,Cu以可氧化态为主。沉积物中Cd和Pb地积累指数均大于5,达到极强污染程度,Cu和Zn地积累指数在3~5之间,也不同程度达到强到极强污染。     

Bi江水中重金属化学形态的研究

本文研究了Ｂｉ江云南省兰坪县下温水庙至金鸡寺旧河段水中重金属Ｐｂ，Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ的化学形态及其分布特征。用０．４５μｍ滤膜和ＨＮＯ３－ＨＣｌＯ３消化法，将水中重金属划分为不安定态、溶解态，结合态和颗粒态。     

上海滨岸潮滩不同粒径沉积物中无机形态磷的分布特征

以地理环境独特的上海滨岸带为研究对象，根据对冬季潮滩悬浮层、表层沉积物的研究，初步探讨了潮滩不同粒径沉积物中各无机形态磷的地球化学特征：DP、(Fe Al)-P在靠近排污口的采样点含量高，同时随粒径变化复杂；沉积物中（Fe Al)-P含量随粒径变大而升高，悬浮层沉积物中（Fe Al)-P更能指示环境的污染状况；一般细粉砂质沉积物中Ca-P含量高。     

重金属在环境中的化学形态分析进展初探

重金属在不同环境中会呈现出不同的化学形态,并且在形态变化的过程中,极易对环境造成污染。本文首先阐述重金属在环境中产生形态的条件,然后对重金属在环境中的化学形态研究进展进行分析,以加深人们的了解。     

潮滩沉积物重金属污染的色度反演方法初探

为了探求快速评估土壤重金属污染的方法,以崇明岛东滩低、中、高潮滩沉积物为研究对象,用色度仪测量其色度参数(明度L*、红度a*、黄度b*),并对照化学分析数据,初步探讨了潮滩沉积物的色度特征与重金属元素(Cu、Cr、 Pb、Zn、Mn、Fe )含量之间的相关关系.同时,运用回归分析分别建立了重金属元素含量与色度参数（明度L*、红度a*、黄度b*）之间的定量关系模型,并对模型进行验证.结果表明,在崇明岛低、中、高潮滩的沉积物中,Cu、Pb、Zn与L*之间负相关,相关系数最高可达rCu=-0.97、 rPb= -0.88、 rZn=-0.98;Cu、Pb、Zn与a*之间正相关;而Cr与a*之间负相关.在河口水体中重金属含量稳定的条件下,色度信息可以定量地反演潮滩沉积物重金属元素的含量,为大范围的潮滩重金属污染研究提供了一项实用有效的辅助手段.     

Historical trends in the anthropogenic heavy metal levels in the tidal flat sediments of Lianyungang, China

The sedimentation of metals can preserve the historical record of contaminant input from local and regional sources and provide information on the historical changes in regional water and sediment quality. We report the ²¹⁰Pb activities and the heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn) depth profiles from sediment cores retrieved in 2010. The mean sedimentation rates of 0.85-1.5 cm/yr are determined by ²¹⁰Pb dating. The sediments in the tidal flat have recorded heavy metal deposition and thus allow the establishment of a connection between the temporal evolution of the heavy metal pollution and the historical changes in the economic development of Lianyungang. The enrichment factors (EF) are calculated to estimate the level of contamination stored in these sediments. The results show that in the studied sites, Cr and Cu display low EF values and are mainly from lithogenic origin. For the other studied trace metals, a great variability in the sedimentary record is observed. Significant anthropogenic enrichment over the last 50 years is revealed at the tidal flat that receives fluvial inputs. Zinc is the element with the highest EF values, followed by the order of Pb > Cd > Mn > Cu and Cr. The temporal variations of the heavy metals peak during the late 1980s to the early 2000s and show a decreasing trend afterward. The pollution intensity of the tidal flat is determined by using EF and the geo-accumulation index (I_geo), which show that, based on the I_geo scale, the tidal flat of Haizhou Bay is unpolluted to moderately polluted.     

芦苇与海三棱藨草中重金属的累积及季节变化

通过分析上海滨岸潮滩芦苇和海三棱藨草根系、茎叶中Cu、Pb、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cr、N的含量，发现Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu在芦苇与海三棱藨草根系、茎叶中含量较高，而Pb、Cr、N含量较低；Mn在芦苇与海三棱藨草茎叶中的含量接近或超过根系中的含量，而Fe在茎叶中的百分含量较少；聚类分析表明，Pb、Cr在芦苇和海三棱藨草体内的迁移能力非常相近，Zn、Cd、Cu也表现出类似的规律；芦苇和海三棱藨草分别在夏季和春季开始大量吸收重金属元素，之后含量降低，冬季时重金属元素在这两种潮滩植物根系和茎叶中再次出现富集。在同一采样断面，除Cr以外，其余重金属元素在海三棱藨草体内的含量明显高于芦苇。     

上海市湖泊沉积物重金属的空间分布

上海快速城市化发展导致公园湖泊表层沉积物中重金属Cd、Hg、Cu、Pb和Zn含量出现富集,其最大值已超出各自土壤背景值3.8~5.8倍.这5种重金属的污染热点主要出现在核心城区的人口和交通密集区、浦西沿江老工业区以及郊区新兴工业区附近.基于土地利用类型、交通变量、人口密度和工业点源等预测变量构建了高精度的土地利用回归模型,推测沉积物中Cd和Pb浓度分别主要受路网密度和商业用地影响,Hg和Cu主要受商业用地和工业点源数影响,Zn主要受居住用地和工业点源数影响.     

上海河流沉积物重金属的污染特征与潜在生态风险

为了解上海市主要河流沉积物中重金属的污染特征,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)分析了上海市60个河流表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Ni、Ag、As、Cd、Zn、Sn、Sb和Hg10种重金属的含量,并对其来源及生态风险进行了评价.沉积物中10种重金属的浓度和介于113.9 ~ 494.0mg/kg之间,平均值为266.1mg/kg.苏州河、黄浦江中下游和黄浦江上游部分采样点重金属污染比较严重.10种重金属的含量由高到低依次为: Zn > Cu> Ni > Pb > As > Sn > Sb> Cd > Hg > Ag.来源分析表明,上海河流沉积物中大多数重金属具有相似的来源,主要来源于工业废水和交通污染、农药和化肥污染.地积累指数(Igeo)评价表明各种重金属的污染程度顺序为: Cd > Hg > Ag > Sb > Cu > Zn > Sn = As > Ni > Pb, Hg和Cd在多数采样点分别为中度污染和偏重污染.潜在生态风险系数(Eri)评价表明各重金属的潜在生态风险顺序为: Cd > Hg > As > Cu > Ni > Pb > Zn, Cd和Hg对潜在生态风险指数(RI)的贡献最大,分别达到65.7%和30.6%. 7种重金属的潜在生态风险指数(RI)介于563.0~1431之间,有极强生态风险.     

江苏新洋港潮滩湿地重金属元素Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr分布特征及污染评价

通过对保护区新洋港核心区潮滩表层、柱状沉积物以及不同地貌和植被条件下重金属Cu、Zn、Cr、Pb含量的分析,利用地累积指数法、元素富集指数法、潜在生态危害指数法,对潮滩重金属的污染状况和金属元素富集规律进行了初步研究,并利用不同的指标进行相互验证,分析了生态带植被和沉积物间的重金属地球化学累积.结果表明,1)新洋港的重金属元素Zn、Pb、Cu含量变化走势基本相同,元素归一化后,所有重金属元素的归一化值变化波动范围均比重金属含量值明显收窄,波峰和波谷有后延的趋势,波动趋势基本没变.2)从水平断面的重金属含量分布特点来看,都表现出了从高潮滩向低潮滩递减的趋势,但是递减的速度不同.Cu、Ni、Zn从高潮滩到低潮滩含量递减趋势较明显,Cr、Pb则没有明显的递减趋势.3)新洋港潮间带沉积物中元素Pb、Cr与长江口、黄河口以及中国浅海沉积物和江苏土壤相比呈现不同程度的富集.Pb超出最多,其EF值达到3.774.4)新洋港RI值为23.552,虽然存在一定的重金属富集和污染,但其尚未产生生态危害,整体新洋港核心区重金属环境质量优良.     

长江口滩涂湿地重金属的分布格局和研究现状

综述长江口滩涂湿地重金属在各储存库的分布格局,分析重金属含量的变化及其产生原因,评价长江口滩涂湿地目前的环境状况,试图对湿地重金属研究提出科学的建议。     

重金属在猪粪堆肥过程中的化学变化

运用DTPA浸提、化学分级提取、透析及G-75凝胶色谱分离等方法研究不同堆肥工艺及不同原料对猪粪混合堆肥重金属化学形态的影响及其机理.结果表明,堆肥后,树叶+翻DTPA-Cu、DTPA-Zn、DTPA-Pb浓度占其金属总浓度比例的减少量分别为3.36%、8.63%和4.68%,木糠+通翻分别为3.35%、7.45%和4.36%,均显著大于木糠+翻;树叶+翻有机态Cu的增加量为4.49%,木糠+通翻残渣态Zn的增加量为8.42%,均显著大于木糠+翻;木糠+翻及树叶+翻两处理<8000Da组分Zn增加,>25000Da组分Zn减少,而木糠+通翻的变化正好相反;Cu更易与大分子腐殖质组分结合,而且结合较紧密;Zn更易与小分子腐殖质组分结合,但结合不紧密.总的来说,加入树叶或采用强制通风结合翻堆的通风方式有助于降低猪粪堆肥的重金属活性.     

Chemical speciation and mobility of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash

Chemical speciation is a significant factor that govems the toxicity and mobility of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash. Sequential extraction procedure is applied to fractionate heavy metals( Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, and Cr) into five defined groups: exchangeable, carbonate, Fe-Mn oxide, organic, and residual fractions. The mobility of heavy metals is also investigated with the aid of toxicity characteristic leaching procedure. In the fly ash sample, Pb is primarily presented in the carbonate (51%) and exchangeable(20% ) fractions; Cd and Zn mainly exist as the exchangeable(83% and 49% respectively) ; Cu is mostly contained in the last three fractions(totally 87% ) ; and Cr is mainly contained in the residual fraction(62% ). Pb, Zn and Cd showed the high mobility in the investigation, thus might be of risk to the natural environment when municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash is landfilled or reutilized.     

Risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and vegetables around non-ferrous metals mining and smelting sites, Baiyin, China

A field survey was conducted to investigate the metal and arsenic contamination in soils and vegetables on four villages （Shuichuan （SCH）, Beiwan （BWA）, Dongwan （DWA） and Wufe （WFE）） located along, Baiyin, China, and to evaluate the possible health risks to local population through foodchain. Results show that the most significantly contaminated soils occurred upstream at SCH where Cd, Cu and As concentrations exceeded maximum allowable concentrations for Chinese agricultural soil. Further downstream the degree of contamination semi-systematically decreased in concentrations of metal. Generally, the leafy vegetables were more heavily contaminated than non-leafy vegetables. Chinese cabbage is the most severely contaminated, the concentrations of Cd exceeded the maximum permit levels （0.05 mg/kg） by 4.5 times. Bio-accumulate factor also shows that an entry of Cd to food chain plants is the greatest potential. Furthermore, the estimated daily intake amounts of the considered toxic elements （Cd, Pb and Cu） from the vegetables grown at SCH and BWA and DWA have exceeded the recommended dietary allowance levels. Thus, the vegetables grown in three villages above, which affected by Baiyin mining and smelting have a health hazard for human consumption.     

Impact of anions on the heavy metals release from marine sediments

Marine sediments from Lianshan Bay in Huludao, China, were studied in laboratory. A series of simulated experiments were carried out to investigate the influences of three kinds of anions CL^-, SO4^2- and HCO3^- on the release ofCd, Pb, Cu and Zn from the sediments. The results showed that the sequences about the impact of the three anions were Cl^-〉HCO3^-〉SO4^2＋. The release potential of heavy metals in the presence of each anions was in the following order： Cd≥Cu 〉Zn≈Pb. The correlations were positive between CI content and the quantity of Cd released from the marine sediment, whereas there was no significant relationship between CI content and amount of Cu and Zn released. For SO4^2- and HCO3^-, the release of the heavy metals from marine sediments was not obvious.