基于熵权模糊物元的高速公路路段安全综合评价

针对目前道路安全评价中信息屏蔽和主观性问题,利用模糊物元理论和熵权理论对高速公路安全水平进行了定量评价。在考虑影响道路安全水平多种因素基础上,构建了道路安全评价指标体系。以定量分析为主,将模糊物元、隶属函数及信息熵有机结合起来,建立了高速公路安全水平综合评价模型。以信息熵理论为基础确定了各评价指标的权重系数。将模型应用在新疆高速公路不同路段安全评价中,并与其它综合评价模型比较分析,验证该模型的有效性。研究结果表明该模型实用性强,计算过程简单,在道路安全评价中具有一定应用价值。     

基于模糊-熵权理论的铁路瓦斯隧道施工安全风险评估

针对含瓦斯地层隧道施工难度大、安全风险高等特点,提出采用熵值法和模糊理论相结合的方法进行铁路瓦斯隧道施工安全风险评估.为评估铁路瓦斯隧道施工安全风险,结合兴泉铁路某隧道工程,详细分析了隧道施工安全的影响因素,在此基础上构建了铁路瓦斯隧道施工安全风险评价体系,采用熵权理论确定了各层次风险影响因子权重,进而基于模糊数学理论构建了铁路瓦斯隧道施工安全风险评估模型,并对各影响因素逐层进行计算,得出铁路瓦斯隧道施工的事故可能性等级为3级,即可能出现风险.评估结果可靠,符合工程实际,可供类似工程参考.     

基于熵权的城市水资源安全模糊综合评价研究

针对水资源安全的复杂性、不确定性等特点,从复杂系统视角出发分析水资源安全的影响因素及其特征。将水资源系统视为一个由资源、社会、经济子系统耦合而成的复杂系统,建立了以生命安全、经济安全、生态环境安全、社会安全、管理安全为评价指标的城市水资源安全模糊综合评价模型,并采用熵权法与主观赋权法确定综合权重。对天津市2002—2010年的水资源安全进行评价,结果表明,2002—2004年的水资源安全状况处于不安全状态,2005—2007年处于临界安全状态,2008—2010年的水资源安全状况有所改善,评价期内水资源安全状况整体呈改善趋势。研究表明,采用模糊综合评价方法进行城市水资源安全评价是合理有效的。     

基于熵权模糊综合评价的铁路危险货物运输预警

为保证危险货物铁路运输安全,基于铁路交通灾害预警管理理论,就危险货物铁路运输提出预警管理方法和建议。首先大量参阅危险货物铁路运输事故案例,结合安全系统工程理论,构建危险货物铁路运输预警系统指标体系。然后针对模糊综合评价权重难以确定的问题,为避免权重主观性过强,利用基于熵权模糊综合评价法对危险货物铁路运输安全进行评价。结合实例试算,结果表明:基于熵权模糊综合评价法的结果同原用评价法的结果基本一致。最后探讨铁路危险货物运输的定性预控措施。     

基于熵权和模糊综合评价的航空公司安全风险研究

针对航空公司安全风险诸多影响因素的模糊性,引入模糊综合评价理论对航空公司安全风险进行评价,从机组、飞机、环境和管理4个方面提出了航空公司安全风险评价的指标体系,采用熵权和层次分析法确定评价指标的拟合权重,建立了航空公司安全风险评价的模糊综合评价模型。以该模型对国内某航空公司安全风险状况进行评价。分析认为,该航空公司的安全风险介于高风险与较高风险之间,急需加强安全防范,尤其应该加强飞行机组和飞机的安全管理。     

基于熵权-模糊综合评判的 输油管道风险分析

将模糊综合评价方法应用到输油管道事故风险安全评价研究中,结合输油管道的实际情况,建立了输油管道的风险综合评价指标体系,通过对比熵权-层次分析法和熵权-优序图的评价结果,得出优序图与熵权法集成的模糊综合评价方法更具有优势,其评价过程方便快捷且评价结果准确可信。     

基于改进熵权法和模糊综合评价的危险品库房优选模型

结合库房管理规定和工作实践,提出了由库房容量、库房已存器材性质、器材存入对库房安全距离的影响程度、温湿度、库房地面电阻、避雷设施、保管费用、运输条件、防盗安全设施和周边环境条件等10项指标构成的库房优选评估体系.考虑到以往权重确立方法主观性和客观性结合不好的问题,采用改进熵权法确定各个指标的权重,利用模糊综合评价方法构建危险品库房评判模型,根据评价指标体系和评判模型,对电雷管入库的5个备选库房进行了综合评估,并做出优选决策.实例验证和工程实践应用表明,该评估体系能够比较全面地反映备选库房的优劣,优选模型用作库房选择作业是可行的.在具体实践中,宜重点考虑关于库房容量、库房已存器材性质、保管费用、温湿度等方面因素.     

基于熵权-模糊综合法的化工园区风险识别

引入模糊综合评价理论对化工园区风险评价进行研究,并结合熵权理论对其进行修正,获得改进的综合评价模型。实例分析显示,该方法评价结果客观合理,可以为园区预防和控制风险提供评判依据。     

基于熵权的矿井通风系统灰色综合评价

通风系统评价是提高煤炭企业生产安全的重要措施之一.应用熵理论计算灰色综合评价模型中评价指标的权重,可以避免指标权重确定的主观性.运用基于熵权的灰色综合评价对永煤集团城郊矿、车集矿、新桥矿的通风系统进行评价,得到了各矿通风系统的优劣顺序,同时指出了各矿通风系统存在的问题,并提出相应的改进措施.评价结果表明,此方法符合实际...     

模糊熵权在建筑施工安全评价中的应用

为了有效地预防建筑施工伤害事故,结合建筑施工的特点,提出了一种适用建筑施工的安全评判方法.该方法根据建筑事故统计数据确定1级权系数.运用信息论中的熵权确定2级权系数,并详细论述了其在建筑施工现场模糊安全综合中的应用.该方法为建筑安全评价提供了参考依据.     

基于MNL的高速公路施工区合流选择意愿研究

为分析驾驶人高速公路施工区合流选择意愿的影响因素,基于非集计理论构建多属性施工区驾驶人合流选择意愿模型.利用SP调查法自主设计调查问卷,获得328份有效施工区驾驶人合流选择数据;利用Pearson相关系数分析施工区合流选择意愿与驾驶人因素和道路交通环境因素的相关性;以上游过渡区、警告区Ⅰ和警告区Ⅱ 3个合流区域作为选择...     

高温作业环境下人体生理状态模糊综合评价

为预防高温作业环境对作业人员职业安全健康的危害,基于模糊综合评价方法研究了高温环境下人体生理状态.针对高温作业环境下人体生理指标进行测试,选取收缩压、舒张压、脉搏、口腔温度和平均皮肤温度作为生理状态评价指标,采用岭形模糊分布构造评价指标的隶属函数,利用熵权法确定生理状态评价指标的权重,引入生理状态评分(PSS)评价人体生理状态的安全等级,进而建立高温作业环境下人体生理状态模糊综合评价模型.结果表明,轻度劳动强度下男性和女性的生理状态评分比中度劳动强度稍低,女性的生理状态评分总体上比男性稍高,评价结果与主观热感受研究结果一致.     

Safety evaluation of drowsy driving advisory system: Alabama case study

Introduction: The present study discusses roles, characteristics, and safety assessment of a drowsy driving advisory (DDA) system, implemented on rural interstates of Alabama. The DDA system is an engineering countermeasure designed to reduce the likelihood of drowsy driving crashes. It consists of a series of roadside signs with warning and advisory messages for drowsy drivers. The DDA system was implemented upstream of rural rest areas based on a comprehensive crash analysis. Method: A post-implementation study was conducted three years after the DDA system implementation to assess its safety effects. An empirical bayes (EB) method along with predictive methods of the Highway Safety Manual was used in the safety assessment. To overcome the underreported issue of drowsy driving crashes in the crash analysis, the present study used a concept called, expanded definition of drowsy driving (EDD) crashes. Result: The analysis found that the DDA system could reduce total and EDD crashes by 64% and 49%, respectively. It is important to note that such huge crash reduction effects are due to a combined effect of both rest areas and the DDA system, not because of a single treatment. The safety effect of a rest area itself, without considering the effect of the DDA system, was also investigated. Results show that total and EDD crashes would increase about 12–45% and 5–33%, respectively if there is no presence of a rest area. Conclusion: Our findings conclude that the DDA system could significantly reduce both total and drowsy driving crashes when it cooperates with a rest area facility. Practical Application: The findings also provide the guidance of using the DDA system on high-speed roads as a safety countermeasure of drowsy driving crashes. Readers can find details of the DDA system used in this study with its layout, dimension, and roadside safety messages.     

模糊综合评价在单基发射药生产安全评价中的应用

单基发射药属于易燃、易爆危险品,生产过程中极易发生燃烧和爆炸。近年来,随着单基发射药生产规模不断向大型化、连续化发展,形成事故的原因更加复杂。结合单基发射药生产过程中事故发生的特点,提出对这个多因素,多变量,多层次的发射药生产系统运用模糊综合评价法进行安全评价。从四个方面分析了影响发射药生产安全的因素,建立了较合理的安全评价指标体系,并运用层次分析法给出各因素权重,从而建立了单基发射药的生产安全评价模型,并且提出了具体的安全整改措施及建议,为预防及避免事故发生,提高生产效益,提供了更加准确的科学依据。     

Structural equation model analysis for the evaluation of overall driving performance: A driving simulator study focusing on driver distraction

Objective: The present research relies on 2 main objectives. The first is to investigate whether latent model analysis through a structural equation model can be implemented on driving simulator data in order to define an unobserved driving performance variable. Subsequently, the second objective is to investigate and quantify the effect of several risk factors including distraction sources, driver characteristics, and road and traffic environment on the overall driving performance and not in independent driving performance measures.

Methods: For the scope of the present research, 95 participants from all age groups were asked to drive under different types of distraction (conversation with passenger, cell phone use) in urban and rural road environments with low and high traffic volume in a driving simulator experiment. Then, in the framework of the statistical analysis, a correlation table is presented investigating any of a broad class of statistical relationships between driving simulator measures and a structural equation model is developed in which overall driving performance is estimated as a latent variable based on several individual driving simulator measures.

Results: Results confirm the suitability of the structural equation model and indicate that the selection of the specific performance measures that define overall performance should be guided by a rule of representativeness between the selected variables. Moreover, results indicate that conversation with the passenger was not found to have a statistically significant effect, indicating that drivers do not change their performance while conversing with a passenger compared to undistracted driving. On the other hand, results support the hypothesis that cell phone use has a negative effect on driving performance. Furthermore, regarding driver characteristics, age, gender, and experience all have a significant effect on driving performance, indicating that driver-related characteristics play the most crucial role in overall driving performance.

Conclusions: The findings of this study allow a new approach to the investigation of driving behavior in driving simulator experiments and in general. By the successful implementation of the structural equation model, driving behavior can be assessed in terms of overall performance and not through individual performance measures, which allows an important scientific step forward from piecemeal analyses to a sound combined analysis of the interrelationship between several risk factors and overall driving performance.     

基于生理信号的驾驶疲劳综合指标试验研究

研究驾驶过程中随着疲劳的产生驾驶员生理信号的变化规律,提取反映驾驶疲劳程度的综合指标。采用驾驶模拟器对20名被试进行驾驶模拟试验,用MP150多导生理仪实时采集并记录驾驶员在60 min驾驶任务过程中的心电信号、脑电信号、肌肉电阻信号、皮肤温度信号和呼吸频率信号。运用R软件对数据进行线性回归分析,对比一般回归分析,逐步线性回归分析克服了一般回归分析许多变量不显著的缺点,得到了最优的驾驶综合指标方程,确定了与各项指标相关的驾驶疲劳评价综合指标,并通过3名被试模拟驾驶试验验证了综合指标作为评价驾驶疲劳的有效性。     

高速公路交通流实时安全性评价

根据多条高速公路近3年的事故数据及实时交通流数据,分析了高速公路运营安全性的相关影响因素,在此基础上提出了车速变异系数指标及其分级标准,建立了考虑交通流量、平均车速、车速变异系数、天气条件等多因素的高速公路交通流运行风险预测多元模型,并提出了高速公路交通流实时行车风险指数TRI指标,制定了交通流状态实时安全性评价标准,最后给出了高速公路交通流混合交通状态下的实时安全风险评价流程。通过西攀高速公路的交通流实时数据,验证了模型的有效性。     

Hardcore drinking drivers and other contributors to the alcohol-impaired driving problem: need for a comprehensive approach

OBJECTIVE: Understanding the hardcore drinking driver concept in the context of the alcohol-impaired driving problem. METHOD: Review of the relevant literature. RESULTS: As progress against alcohol-impaired driving slowed in the early 1990s, public and political attention turned to "hardcore" drinking drivers, and they have been a priority for the past 15 years. Though intuitive, the hardcore concept has been difficult to conceptualize. Its definition of hard-to-change chronic heavy drinking drivers focuses on a group that is not easily identifiable and ignores many who account for a large portion of alcohol-impaired driving crashes. These include drivers who drink heavily on occasion and drivers who drink at more moderate levels that elevate crash risk. Emphasis on the hardcore has focused attention on the small proportion of drinking drivers who have been detected and arrested, whereas the vast majority of drinking drivers go undetected. Some countermeasures aimed at the hardcore group have been effective in reducing recidivism, but attention and resources also need to be given to general deterrent initiatives (e.g., 0.08 g/dL, sobriety checkpoints, administrative license suspension). There has been no reduction in the overall alcohol-impaired driving problem since the mid-1990s. CONCLUSION: Reductions in the alcohol-impaired driving problem require that attention be focused on all relevant target groups. Some benefits could accrue by recognizing that countermeasures developed for hardcore drinking drivers, such as alcohol ignition interlocks and vehicle or plate impoundment, might also be effective with more numerous first-time offenders. However, such strategies are likely to be most effective against recidivism (specific deterrence). Greater gains could be achieved through general deterrent efforts (increasing the real and perceived risk of arrest and punishment to all drinking drivers), along with application of public health measures designed to reduce overall consumption. Additional ways need to be found to separate drinking and driving, either through cultural changes in drinking and/or driving behavior or, in the future, with the use of technology that can make vehicles inoperable by drivers with illegal blood alcohol concentrations.     

变权模糊综合法在矿山地质环境评价中的应用——以潞安矿区为例

为解决传统用于矿山地质环境质量评价的常权模型不能有效反映各指标内部差异性及地质环境本身复杂性和模糊性的问题,引入变权模糊综合模型对矿山地质环境质量进行评价。根据矿山地质环境问题及特点,构建了矿山地质环境质量评价指标体系,采用分段强惩罚-激励型变权模型对其进行评价。以潞安矿区5个典型生产矿井为例,运用变权模糊综合法对其进行了地质环境质量评价,并与传统常权模糊评价法的结果相比较。结果表明:变权模糊综合模型利用模糊数学的思想定量地划分矿山地质环境的评价等级,一定程度上减少了评价者主观思想的影响;利用变权理论确定每个矿井评价指标的最终权重,能更加合理地反映每个评价矿井的真实情况,使评价结果更具有离散性,容易划分评价等级,从而提高了矿山地质环境评价的精度和实用价值。     

Dropout during a driving simulator study: A survival analysis

IntroductionSimulator sickness is the occurrence of motion-sickness like symptoms that can occur during use of simulators and virtual reality technologies. This study investigated individual factors that contributed to simulator sickness and dropout while using a desktop driving simulator.MethodEighty-eight older adult drivers (mean age 72.82 ± 5.42 years) attempted a practice drive and two test drives. Participants also completed a battery of cognitive and visual assessments, provided information on their health and driving habits, and reported their experience of simulator sickness symptoms throughout the study.ResultsFifty-two participants dropped out before completing the driving tasks. A time-dependent Cox Proportional Hazards model showed that female gender (HR = 2.02), prior motion sickness history (HR = 2.22), and Mini-SSQ score (HR = 1.55) were associated with dropout. There were no differences between dropouts and completers on any of the cognitive abilities tests.ConclusionsOlder adults are a high-risk group for simulator sickness. Within this group, female gender and prior motion sickness history are related to simulator dropout. Higher reported experience of symptoms of simulator sickness increased rates of dropout.Practical applicationsThe results highlight the importance of screening and monitoring of participants in driving simulation studies. Older adults, females, and those with a prior history of motion sickness may be especially at risk.