AERMOD模型在大气环境影响评价中的应用——以某水泥窑处置固废危废项目为例

以某水泥窑处置固废危废项目为例,应用AERMOD模型,以PM₁₀、PM_2.5、TSP和二噁英为模拟因子,定量分析该水泥窑处置固废危废项目对区域大气环境质量的影响程度和对周围敏感点居民的健康风险。研究结果表明：PM₁₀、PM_2.5、TSP和二噁英的日均浓度模拟值占标率均小于1,均满足相应的环境质量标准限值要求;该项目周围所有敏感点的HI均远远小于EPA推出的可接受风险水平(HI<1),且LCR低于EPA推出的可接受风险水平(LCR<1×10^-6),即该项目生产过程排放的二噁英对周围敏感点的居民既不会造成致癌风险,也不会引起慢性健康风险。     

某矿区矿井水有机污染健康风险评价

采用吹脱捕集/固相萃取-气相色谱质谱法对某矿区6个煤矿的矿井水中有机物进行测试,并以美国国家环保局(U.S.EPA)推荐使用的健康风险评价方法为依据,对该矿区矿井水有机污染的健康风险进行评价分析。结果表明:该矿区矿井水中主要的有机污染物为二氯甲烷、1,2-二氯乙烷、四氯化碳、苯和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯5种;上述有机污染物的非致癌风险值均低于非致癌风险限值,但四氯化碳、1,2-二氯乙烷存在致癌风险,致癌风险值分别为5.54E-06,4.64E-06;各煤矿矿井水的非致癌风险值也均低于非致癌风险限值,但煤矿1和煤矿2的致癌风险超过限值,暴露受体长期接触这2个点位的水体,将影响暴露受体的健康。     

2021年自贡市O3污染过程VOCs污染特征及来源解析

于2021年6-10月利用CIA-ISQ7000型环境空气VOCs自动在线监测系统,对环境空气中多重类型化合物定性定量分析,分析范围包括117种VOCs(PAMS57种、醛酮类13种、卤代烃类47种),并开展不同O₃污染情况下VOCs浓度特征、大气反应活性及来源研究。结果表明,VOCs体积分数浓度范围在(9.2～351.0)×10^-9之间,污染日和非污染日VOCs平均体积浓度分别为(133.35±16.12)×10^-9和(70.28±18.34)×10^-9,污染日VOCs浓度较非污染日偏高90%。对于大气反应活性而言,污染日和清洁日VOCs对臭氧生成潜势(Ozone Formation Potential)的贡献均以醛酮类、烷烃类、卤代烃为主,且排名前10的优势物种基本一致,污染日排名前10的物种为乙烷、丙酮、乙炔、氯甲烷、丙烷、萘、甲醛、正丁烷、乙烯、三氯甲烷,非污染日排名前10的物种为乙烷、萘、四氢呋喃、乙炔、丙酮、氯甲烷、丙烷、甲醛、乙烯、三氯甲烷。PMF源解析结果显示,机动车尾气排放、溶剂使...     

保定市城区典型家庭室内PM_(2.5)中BDE-47的污染特征研究

以保定市为研究区域,采集城区家庭室内一年四季的PM_(2.5)样品,对家庭室内PM_(2.5)的质量浓度水平和其中BDE-47污染特征、季节变化、灰霾天气的影响以及呼吸暴露水平等进行研究。结果表明,家庭室内PM_(2.5)的质量浓度范围为42.0～180μg/m3,室内外空气中PM_(2.5)质量浓度具有良好相关性。家庭室内PM_(2.5)中BDE-47的质量浓度为0.28～12.1 pg/m3,平均质量浓度为(3.24±3.08) pg/m3,与文献报道水平相近。家庭室内PM_(2.5)中BDE-47的质量浓度具有明显的季节性,冬季室内PM_(2.5)中BDE-47的水平显著高于其他季节(p 0.05),春季和秋季的质量浓度水平相近但显著高于夏季(p 0.05)。灰霾天家庭室内PM_(2.5)中BDE-47的质量浓度略高于非灰霾天,但差异并不显著(p 0.05)。呼吸暴露风险评估结果表明,儿童和成人对家庭室内PM_(2.5)中BDE-47的呼吸摄入量分别为2.81～6.05 pg/(kg·d)和1.55～3.33 pg/(kg·d); BDE-47对儿童和成人的致癌风险分别为4.21×10~(-4)～9.08×10~(-4)和2.32×10~(-4)～5.00×10~(-4),均超过世界卫生组织规定的可接受的癌症风险1.0×10~(-4),表明居民暴露室内PM_(2.5)中BDE-47具有潜在致癌风险。     

兰州地区人群对六六六的暴露及健康风险评价

为研究兰州地区六六六(HCH)对人群的健康风险,应用改进的美国环境保护署(US EPA)多介质暴露模型,结合兰州地区人群状况,计算了各年龄人群通过11种暴露途径对六六六的暴露量.结果表明,兰州地区居民对环境中六六六的终身日平均暴露量为2.01×10-5 mg/(k·d)(儿童)和2.53×10-5 mg/(kg·d)(成人).暴露途径中以食物暴露为主导,其次是呼吸暴露,皮肤暴露作用很小.食物中贡献较大的为谷物和蔬菜.相应的健康风险度分别为5.40×10-9 a-1(男性)和6.30× 10-9a-1(女性).兰州地区六六六居民人体健康风险度低于可接受健康风险度标准,兰州地区六六六人群暴露水平与天津、太原、太湖地区相比存在一定的差异,女性对六六六的暴露量高于男性.兰州人群成人的六六六暴露量大于儿童,成人是六六六暴露风险最高的群体.各项参数中,谷物和蔬菜摄食量和相应的六六六残留浓度是影响暴露的重要因素.通过蒙特卡罗模拟得到各年龄段人群对HCH的日均暴露量的分布特征,各输出变量均服从对数正态分布.     

昆明城区大气PM2.5中重金属浓度水平与健康风险研究

为探讨昆明城区大气环境PM_(2.5)中重金属的质量浓度水平和健康风险,于2013年4月、10月和2014年1月、5月在昆明市3个监测点采集PM_(2.5)样品,利用ICP-MS方法检测了8种重金属Cr、Mn、Pb、Ni、Cu、Zn、As和Cd的质量浓度水平。结果表明,昆明工业区监测点大气PM_(2.5)中Mn、Pb、Ni、Cu、Zn、As和Cd的质量浓度高于交通密集区和清洁对照点,冬春季重金属质量浓度高于夏秋季。主成分分析结果表明,昆明城区大气PM_(2.5)重金属主要来源于冶金工业源(49.43%)、地面扬尘和道路交通的混合源(18.73%)和燃煤源(12.61%)。健康风险评价结果表明,昆明城区大气PM_(2.5)中8种重金属对成人和儿童的非致癌风险均小于非致癌风险阈值1,非致癌风险最高的均为Mn,分别为9.21×10~(-3)和3.18×10~(-3);致癌风险最高的是Cr,为1.41×10~(-6),处于致癌风险安全阈值10~(-6)~10~(-4)内。     

内蒙古大河口水库水体重金属污染程度及健康风险评价

为查明滦河上游大河口水库水体重金属的污染程度及潜在的致癌与非致癌风险水平,分别于2017年1月、7月、10月对库区内15个监测点共采集135个水样,对Cr、Pb、As、Fe、Ni、Cu、Al共7种重金属元素分析检测,并采用美国EPA推荐使用的健康风险评价模型对水库不同蓄水期水质展开健康风险评价.结果 表明:不同蓄水期水库水体7种重金属的平均检测质量浓度范围为0.005 ～0.129 mg/L,除重金属Ni含量超标外,其余重金属元素的含量均未超出我国《地表水环境质量标准》中Ⅲ类水体标准限值.库区水体成人年均致癌健康风险值在10-7～ 10-5.儿童年均致癌风险是成人的2.7倍,儿童年均非致癌风险是成人的2.5倍.水库的非致癌重金属Ni、Fe、Cu、Al的年均健康风险值介于10-12～ 10-9,小于总体健康风险值的1％.健康风险主要来自于重金属致癌风险,主要风险物为As,其次为Cr,平均值分别为4.85×10-6a-1和3.93×10-6a-1,均接近国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)所推荐的最大可接受风险水平,应优先列为大河口水库水环境重金属污染风险的管控目标.     

地铁站办公区细颗粒物之金属特性分析及工作人员健康暴露水平分析

为了研究地铁站办公区PM_2.5的特征和工作人员的暴露水平,选择3种不同类型的地铁站进行采样和分析。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, ICP-MS)分析PM_2.5样本中的22种元素,利用微环境模型对地铁站工作人员的PM_2.5及元素质量浓度暴露水平进行评估,并与普通室内工作人员进行对比。结果显示,办公区PM_2.5质量浓度普遍高于室外,超过了世界卫生组织给出的指导值。办公区PM_2.5金属元素富集明显,地铁工作人员每天暴露于Fe、Mn、Cu、Ni、Cr、Co等金属元素的日暴露剂量明显高于普通室内工作人员,地铁站办公区的空气质量应引起关注。     

苯暴露的致癌风险评价

为建立苯暴露风险的定量研究方法,利用生理药代动力学(PBPK)模型与剂量—反应关系,进行苯暴露的致癌风险评价。采用美国环保署推荐的PBPK模型模拟软件,计算苯经吸收转化后进入人体的数据。将模拟得到的内剂量代入致癌风险计算公式中,得到苯暴露的致癌风险,并利用蒙特卡洛模拟方法确定风险概率分布,进行不确定性分析。最后将此健康风险评价方法应用于天津某大型石油化工企业,分析工人苯暴露下的致癌风险。结果表明,工人苯暴露的致癌风险明显超过了最大可接受风险值1×10-4,需要采取相关措施降低风险。     

城市老工业区土壤重金属污染状况与健康风险评价

本文对西部某老工业区土壤中As、Pb、Cr、Cd、Hg、Zn的含量、空间分布状况展开了研究,并依据《污染场地风险评估技术导则》对该老工业区的健康风险进行了评价。研究结果表明,该老工业区土壤重金属污染严重,6种元素与陕西土壤背景值相比超标100%,表明其不适宜作为居住用地开发。健康风险评价结果显示,As、Pb、Cr、Cd元素的非致癌风险值分别为3.83、1.7、1.94、1.09,均超过非致癌风险可接受值1,表明该老工业区对人们存在非致癌健康风险;对于致癌风险,As、Cr、Cd元素的致癌风险值远大于致癌风险边界值,分别超过致癌风险值的2个数量级(2.64×10-4)、4个数量级(1.94×10-2)、1个数量级(6.12×10-5),表示As和Cr已经达到了显著致癌风险的水平。     

水泥窑用低氮燃烧器燃烧特性的试验研究

基于水泥生产线NO_x排放机理及控制方法,设计、研发了一种新型水泥窑用低氮燃烧器,并分析了天然气、煤制气及混合气的燃烧特性及其污染物的排放特性。结果表明:在过量空气系数α为1.2、二次风占比β为0.6时,新型低氮燃烧器燃烧天然气的效果较好,NO_x排放量为53 mg/m³,CO排放量为22 mg/m³;在相同燃烧条件下,煤制气燃烧温度及NO_x排放量比天然气高,CO排放量低于天然气;在过量空气系数α为1.2、二次风占比β为0.8时,NO_x排放量为57 mg/m³,CO排放量为6 mg/m³;天然气和煤制气掺烧时,其燃烧特性介于两者之间,且掺烧煤制气可提高天然气的燃烧速率。     

家庭厨余垃圾分布式就地厌氧消化工艺及效果研究

针对厨余垃圾收运后集中处理模式的收集难、成本高的问题,设计了分布式就地厌氧消化工艺,用研制的设备进行半连续试验.运行80 d左右趋于稳定,稳定后的VS去除率高于60％;VS进料产气率、VS进料甲烷产率分别为0.444 m3/kg VS、0.245 m3/kg VS,VS去除产气率、VS去除甲烷产率分别为0.737 m3...     

Fire and explosion risk assessment for large-scale oil export terminal

Now in Russian Federation and other countries large-scale oil terminals (volume of one tank exceeds 100 000 m³, total volume of tanks exceeds 300 000 m³) are designed and constructed. Therefore fire safety of such objects becomes a very important task, solution of which is hardly possible without detail fire risk assessment. This study is aimed to a solution of this problem. Potential, individual and social risks were calculated. The potential risk was defined as a frequency of occurrence of hazardous factors of fires and explosions in a given point of space (the so-called risk contours). The individual risk was defined as a frequency of injuring a given person by hazardous factors of fires and explosions. Time of presence of this person in hazardous zones (near the hazardous installation) is taken into account during calculations of the individual risk. Social risk was defined as a dependence of frequency of injuring a given number of people by hazardous factors of fires and explosions on this number. In practice the social risk is usually determined on injuring not less than 10 people.

The oil terminal under consideration includes the following main parts: crude oil storage consisting of three tanks of volume 100 000 m³ each, input crude oil pipeline of diameter 0.6 m, crude oil pumps, output crude oil pipeline of diameter 0.8 m, auxiliary buildings and facilities. The following main scenarios of tank fires have been considered: rim seal fire, pool fire on a surface of a floating roof, pool fire on a total cross-section surface of the tank, pool fire in a dyke, explosions in closed or semiclosed volumes. Fires and explosions in other parts of the terminal are also taken into account. Effects of escalation of accidents are considered.

Risk contours have been calculated both for the territory of the terminal and for the neighbouring space. The potential risk for the storage zone is near 10⁻⁴–10⁻⁵ year⁻¹, and at a distance 500 m from the terminal the potential risk values do not exceed 10⁻⁶ year⁻¹. The values of the individual risk for various categories of workers are in the range of 10⁻⁵–10⁻⁶ year⁻¹. Because of low number of the workers on the terminal and large distances to towns and villages the social risk value is negligible. These risk values are consistent with practice of the best oil companies, and fire hazard level of the terminal can be accepted as tolerable.     

避难硐室气体防毒安全性研究

为研究灾变时期井下避难硐室进出口有毒气体CO入侵弥散问题,基于等效原理,利用Gambit软件建立地面钻孔正压通风避难硐室物理模型和开门状态下有毒气体进入避难硐室的流体力学原理及气体弥散数学模型,并利用Fluent软件模拟钻孔压风量与室内CO浓度变化关系,提出在避难硐室的隔离门前加装门衬的办法,使避难人员穿过避难硐室门时...     

Ignitability characteristics of aluminium and magnesium dusts that are generated during the shredding of post-consumer wastes

The authors investigated the ignitability of aluminium and magnesium dusts that are generated during the shredding of post-consumer waste. The relations between particle size and the minimum explosive concentration, the minimum ignition energy, the ignition temperature of the dust clouds, etc. the relation between of oxygen concentration and dust explosion, the effect of inert substances on dust explosion, etc. were studied experimentally.

The minimum explosive concentration increased exponentially with particle size. The minimum explosive concentrations of the sample dusts were about 170 g/m³ (aluminium: 0–8 μm) and 90 g/m³ (magnesium: 0–20 μm). The minimum ignition energy tended to increase with particle size. It was about 6 mJ for the aluminium samples and 4 mJ for the magnesium samples. The ignition temperature of dust clouds was about 750 °C for aluminium and about 520 °C for magnesium. The lowest concentrations of oxygen to produce a dust explosion were about 10% for aluminium and about 8% for magnesium. A large mixing ratio (more than about 50%) of calcium oxide or calcium carbonate was necessary to decrease the explosibility of magnesium dust. The experimental data obtained in the present investigation will be useful for evaluating the explosibility of aluminium and magnesium dusts generated in metal recycling operations and thus for enhancing the safety of recycling plants.     

环境空气中挥发性有机物的健康风险评价研究进展

介绍了空气中挥发性有机物的研究进展,阐述了其污染对人体健康的致癌效应和非致癌效应。在此基础上对挥发性有机物的健康风险评价做了简要评述,并介绍了现在公认的健康风险评价方法,以及近年来室内外挥发性有机物污染健康风险评价的研究现状。最后,总结了健康风险评价的不足并进行了展望,提出利用不确定性方法解决健康风险评价问题将是未来研究的重点。     

The effect of vent ducts on the reduced explosion pressures of vented dust explosions

An investigation into the effects of vent ducts on reduced explosion pressures is described. Experiments were made using an 18.5m³ explosion vessel and a modified 20 1 sphere, with dusts having K_st values ranging from 144 bar ms⁻¹ to 630 bar ms⁻¹. The vent area/vessel volume ratio bursting pressure of the vent cover, and the length to diameter ratio of the vent duct have been varied. Straight vent ducts, and ducts containing sharp 45° and 90° bends have been used.A simple model to describe the effect of vent ducts on the reduced explosion pressure has been derived and compared with the experimental results. Agreement is shown to be satisfactory in nearly all cases. A comparison between the experimental results and guidance on the effect of vent ducts already available in the literature is discussed.     

Improving Energetic Performance and Water Usage in an Industrial Ethanol Distillery

In this paper, a case study based on an industrial process of ethanol distillation was undertaken. It was aimed to improve the energy and water usage in the process. Pinch Analysis concepts were used to propose a new heat exchanger network and a study was undertaken to the water reuse. The minimization of wastewater is achieved through the exploitation of recycle and reuse opportunities by process modifications. Through these studies, a new streams circuit was obtained, which resulted in a lower consumption of steam and in a reduction in the volume of water collecting of 12 m³ to 1 m³ per tons of crushed sugar cane. Process changes and economical viability were presented. Two kinds of equipment were studied, cooling towers and aspersion tanks.     

生物锰氧化物对4种重金属的吸附特性研究

通过培养锰氧化细菌Sphingopyxis sp.4-15,制备生物锰氧化物,研究了生物锰氧化物的结构性质及其在不同影响因素下对4种重金属Cu、Zn、Cr和As的吸附特性。结果表明该生物锰氧化物中含有MnO₂、Mn₃O₄和MnO等晶体锰氧化物,包裹在菌体细胞表面呈现出规则的花球状。其锰主要以高价态的Mn⁴⁺和Mn³⁺形式存在,平均孔径为35.56 nm,比表面积为41.49 m²/g。锰氧化物对重金属的吸附过程受pH值影响,最适pH值为4~6;离子强度对吸附过程干扰较小;升高温度有利于其对Cu和Zn的吸附,而对As的吸附产生抑制;锰氧化物对Cu(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)、As(Ⅲ)的吸附在反应360 min时可达到平衡,对Cr(Ⅲ)的吸附在反应5 min内达到平衡;在4种重金属最大初始浓度下,生物锰氧化物对Cu(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)、Cr(Ⅲ)、As(Ⅲ)的吸附量依次为:70.184、15.140、9.141、0.089 mg/g,具有较大的重金属吸附容量。     

MnO2/FeOOH复合材料对水中U(Ⅵ)的去除及机理试验研究

采用化学沉积法制备了二氧化锰/羟基氧化铁(MnO2/FeOOH)复合材料,并将其用于吸附去除水中的放射性重金属铀。通过静态吸附试验,考察了Fe/Mn物质的量比、pH值、吸附时间和干扰离子等因素对MnO2/FeOOH吸附U(Ⅵ)效果的影响,利用扫描电镜-能谱分析(SEM-EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、红外光谱(FT-IR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对材料结构和形貌进行表征,并分析其吸附机理。结果表明,在投加量为150 mg/L、温度为30℃、U(Ⅵ)初始质量浓度为10 mg/L、pH值为5、Fe/Mn物质的量比为1/2及吸附时间为120 min的条件下,MnO₂/FeOOH对U(Ⅵ)的去除率最大可达97.7%,且pH值对铀去除效果的影响最为明显。MnO₂/FeOOH对U(Ⅵ)吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型,吸附等温线均能符合Langmuir和Freundlich模型,且最大吸附容量达260.34 mg/g。干扰离子试验表明,SO₄^2-、CO₃^2-和Fe³⁺对MnO₂/FeOOH吸附U (VI)几乎没有影响,而Ca²⁺和Cu²⁺具有明显的抑制作用,且抑制随浓度的增大而增强。FTIR和XPS分析表明MnO2/FeOOH对U(Ⅵ)的主要作用机制为表面羟基、Mn-O与铀的配位作用。因此,MnO2/FeOOH可作为一种潜在的铀吸附材料。