Desiccation as a factor in the intertidal zonation of barnacles

Four species of balanomorph barnacles, Balanus crenatus Brugière, B. balanoides (L.), Elminius modestus Darwin and Chthamalus stellatus (Poli), were studied to assess the susceptibility of intertidal barnacle species to desiccation. Known sized samples of barnacles were exposed to controlled desiccating conditions and subsequent survival and water loss were determined. It is clear that the ability to live high on the shore is dependent on a reduction of the overall permeability to water loss. Because of greater surface area to volume ratios, small stages are particularly prone to desiccation. In normal intertidal emersion periods, small stages of B. crenatus particularly, and also of B. balanoides and E. modestus which are similar in their desiccation resistance, would be susceptible to desiccation at normal temperatures and low humidities. Large barnacles would be more prone to death from high temperatures when the tide is out. The spat of C. stellatus, although surviving much longer than spat of larger dimensions of the other species, must also be prone to prolonged emersion conditions at high shore levels.     

A stereoscan electron microscope study of male reproductive characters in the Jaera albifrons group of species (Crustacea: Isopoda)

The male secondary sex characters of Jaera albifrons Leach, Jaera ischiosetosa Forsman, Jaera praehirsuta Forsman and Jaera forsmani Bocquet are described with the Stereoscan electron microscope (S.E.M.). These characters, which are present on the peraeopods, are the only means of identification for these Jaera species which together form the Jaera albifrons group (Isopoda, Asellota). The male praeoperculum (modified, fused, first pair of pleopods) and appendix masculinae (modified endites of the second pair of pleopods) have also been studied with the S.E.M. and possible functions of the various sex characters are discussed. Both the male operculum and appendix masculinae are similar for each species, suggesting that copulation with females of a different species is anatomically possible. The fact that hybrids are rarely collected in ecological investigations is discussed with reference to the present known information. Two methods of copulation for the members of this group have been proposed and these are discussed. A method of sperm transfer along the male operculum is outlined.     

Differing patterns of sequestration of iridoid glycosides in the Mecininae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)

We analyzed several species of the weevil family Mecininae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) that all feed on iridoid glycoside (IG) containing plants of the Plantaginaceae to investigate whether the beetles sequester these deterrent substances from their host plants. Within the Mecininae two genera of the tribe Cionini were found to sequester aucubin and catalpol: Cionus Clairville and Schellenberg and Cleopus Dejean. Both analyzed genera of the Mecinini, Mecinus Germar and Rhinusa Stephens, do not sequester IGs although the compounds are present in their food plants. They thus represent the first case of specialists on IG plants that have not evolved adaptations to use the compounds. However, in contrast to the Cionini these genera have a hidden lifestyle, so that their need for defence might be lower. Both Cionus and Cleopus, sequester catalpol with a higher efficiency than aucubin. However, in contrast to Cionus species, Cleopus species only sequester catalpol. In species feeding on Scrophularia, the aucubin concentration is higher while in beetles on Verbascum catalpol is usually dominating. This pattern can also be detected in the only species living on both plants, Cionus hortulanus. The ability to sequester IGs must have a single origin at the base of the sister genera Cionus and Cleopus.     

Effect of low dissolved oxygen concentrations on the ventilation rhythm of three tubicolous crustaceans,with special reference to the phenomenon of intermittent ventilation

The pleopod ventilatory activity of the tube-dwelling amphipods Corophium volutator (Pallas) and C. arenarium Crawford is intermittent. Unlike the free-living amphipod Marinogammarus obtusatus (Dahl), which increases its rate of pleopod beating, the pleopod beat rate of both Corophium species is unaffected by low oxygen concentrations. However, the nature of the intermittent ventilation rhythm is altered so that, at low oxygen concentrations, the pleopods of Corophium beat almost continuously. It is suggested that the intermittent ventilation of Corophium can be interpreted as an adaptation to a tubicolous existence. The peracaridean Tanais chevreuxi Dollfus has 2 independent ventilatory systems, the maxilliped epipodites and the pleopods. The former, which respond to low oxygen concentrations, are thought to be the principal respiratory organs of T. chevreuxi, while the pleopods, which show no response to low oxygen tensions, are believed to be primarily concerned in filter feeding.     

Petroderma and Porterinema in the New World

Two species of crustose brown algae (Ralfsiaceae) are discussed. Petroderma maculiforme is described from several Massachusetts collections and Porterinema fluviatile is described for the first time from North America. The known world-wide distribution of both species is cited, and data are given on their ecology, and vegetative and reproductive periodicities. The wide range of salinities from which plants of these species have been collected indicate that they are both euryhaline. Lithoderma lignicola Kjeliman (1883) is synonymized with Petroderma maculiforme (Wollny) Kuckuck (1897) and Porterinema marina Jaasund (1965) with. P. fluviatile (Porter) Waern (1952).Systematics-Ecology Program Contribution No. 196.     

Egg development in a littoral pycnogonidNymphon gracile

Aspects of the reproductive biology ofNymphon gracile (Leach) are examined. The eggs develop between August and February, when they are passed to the ovigerous legs of the male. The process of vitellogenesis closely resembles that of annelids andLimulus polyphemus, in which the majority of the yolk is synthesised intra-oöcytecally, with only a small extra-oöcytic contribution.     

Marine Gammaridea (Crustacea: Amphipoda) from the Indian region. Family Ampithoidae

This paper deals with 6 species of marine gammaridean amphipods belonging to the family Ampithoidae. The specimens described were collected from Mandapam (Gulf of Mannar), India and Thankasserry (Quilon, Kerala), India. The collection includes 3 new species, namely Ampithoe (Ampithoe) serraticauda, Ampithoe (Pleonexes) auriculata and Cymadusa imbroglio. Ampithoe (Ampithoe) kergueleni Stebbing (1888) is a new record for this region, while Ampithoe (Ampithoe) ramondi Audouin (1826) and Cymadusa filosa Savigny (1816), the two well-known tropicopolitan members, are briefly redescribed. The study supports Barnard's (1970, p. 23) contention that the genus Pleonexes Bate (1857) (since reduced to subgeneric status under the genus Ampithoe Leach, 1814) represents only a grade of evolution, but suggests that the structure of the 1st maxillary and mandibular palps and the outer lobes of the lower lip should also be taken into consideration, in combination with the telsonic processes, for distinguishing Pleonexes from Ampithoe. Based on this concept, a reappraisal of some of the species of the genera is suggested. The subgenus Ampithoe is created to hold those species of Ampithoe showing typical characteristics of the genus.     

Morphologie,Entwicklung und Ökologie digener Trematoden-Larven der StrandschneckeLittorina littorea

More than 6000 individuals of the snailLittorina littorea L., from 6 different localities on the coast of the German Bay (North Sea), were examined for larval trematodes by crushing their shells, an additional 6000 by isolation in small quantities of sea water. Six species of larval trematodes were found inL. littorea and described: Notocotylid larva —Cercaria lebouri Stunkard, 1932; Cercaria ofHimasthla elongata (Mehlis, 1831); Cercaria ofPodocotyle atomon (Rudolphi, 1802); Cercaria ofRenicola roscovita (Stunkard, 1932) n. comb.; Metacercaria ofMicrophallus pygmaeus (Levinsen, 1881); Cercaria ofCryptocotyle lingua (Creplin, 1825). Considering the large number of investigated snails, the trematode fauna ofL. littorea in this area is assumed to be completely known. The life cycles ofHimasthla elongata andRenicola roscovita are described. Larvae of the different trematode species show differential preferences for distinct size groups of snail hosts. Juvenile snails are not infected. No correlation exists between infection rates and sex of the hosts. Quantitative aspects of multiple infections are calculated and discussed. The incidence of larval trematodes in the investigated localities differs. Information is presented on seasonal variations of infestations and their possible causes.     

The structure of the latero-frontal cirri on the gills of certain lamellibranch molluscs and their role in suspension feeding

Photomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to determine the fine structure of the latero-frontal cirri on the gills of three species of bivalve mollusc: Mytilus edulis Linn., Barnea candida (Linn.), and Petricola pholadiformis Lam. The component cilia are seen to branch off alternately along the length of each cirrus. Each of these free, lateral lengths of the cilia are separated from the next on their side by a mean distance of 0.6 m. They extend to a mean length of 2.7 m in M. edulis, the species described in detail. It is shown that a complete straining mesh can be formed over the gill ostium during normal filtering and the aperture of this mesh correlates well with the previously recorded filtering efficiency for Mytilus.     

Reproduction of a Northumberland population of the polychaete Cirratulus cirratus

A population of Cirratulus cirratus (O. F. Müller) was sampled from September 1966 to September 1968. The population is found intertidally in crevices at Cullercoats Bay, Northumberland (UK). Measurements of the sexual maturity and size of the animals have been made. The breeding season is not restricted, spawning occurs in the population asynchronously throughout the year. Ripe worms and worms that have just spawned are invariably present, but the majority of females are always at intermediate stages of oogenesis. Adult males, however, always contain active spermatozoa. Females, but not males, are devoid of coelomic gametes after spawning; a new generation of coelomic oocytes begin to accumulate in the coelom after 30 days. The growth of the coelomic oocytes is relatively slow, the coelomic phase of oocyte development takes between 1 and 2 years for completion. The coelomoducts which serve for the emission of the gametes are described. An interpretation of the female population structure based upon length and sexual maturity data suggests that most females survive to spawn 2 or 3 times, and some to spawn 4 or 5 times. They grow in length by about 2 cm in the period between successive spawnings. The reproduction of Cirratulus cirratus is compared with that of other annelid species breeding throughout the year, and this unusual mode of reproduction is discussed.     

The mouthparts of the members of the Jaera albifrons group of species (Crustacea: Isopoda)

The mouthparts of Jaera albifrons Leach, Jaera ischiosetosa Forsman, Jaera praehirsuta Forsman and Jaera forsmani Bocquet were examined with the light microscope and the Stereoscan electron microscope, and were found to be identical in all species. The structure of the mouthparts indicate that all four species feed by scouring and abrading algal or bacterial films from rocks or Fucus. Food, therefore, does not seem to be an isolating factor involved in the microdistribution of the four species on a shore.     

Fungi from the Sargasso Sea

Fungi inhabiting Sargassum spp. from the Sargasso Sea were examined. Three ascomycetes were found, two of which are new records for this environment. Haloguignardia oceanica (Ferdinandsen et Winge) Kohlm. comb. nov. was collected only once before, over 50 years ago. Haloguignardia tumefaciens (Cribb et Herbert) Cribb et Cribb was known only from Australia and New Zealand. Imperfect states of these ascomycetes and fruiting bodies (acervuli) of a hyperparasitic deuteromycete (cf. Sphaceloma sp.) were found for the first time in the galls of the two species. Lindra thalassiae Orpurt et al., previously known only from the sea grass Thalassia testudinum Köngig, develops in air bladders of Sargassum sp., causing a shedding of infested vesicles. Possible reasons for the rarity of fungal species and diseased plants in the Sargasso Sea are diseussed.Dedicated respectfully to my teacher, Professor Dr. H Drawert (Universität Famburg), on the occasion of his 60th birthday.     

The annual reproductive cycles of Uca annulipes,Portunus pelagicus and Metapenaeus affinis (Decapoda: Crustacea) from the South-west coast of India

Employing the gonad index method, the reproductive cycles of three decapod crustaceans, Uca annulipes (Latreille), Portunus pelagicus (Linnaeus) and Metapenaeus affinis (Milne-Edwards) have been studied. In these crustaceans breeding is not continuous all the year round, but extends over several months of the year with distinct peak periods of gonadal activity. The male and female reproductive cycles are not concurrent. The peak of the reproductive cycle of males occurs slightly earlier in the breeding season than that of females. These studies indicate the possibility of production of successive broods of eggs during the same breeding season. In these species, the low saline conditions of the monsoon period are unfavourable for breeding. The medium and high saline conditions during the post-monsoon and pre-monsoon months, respectively, with plenty of planktonic food for the larvae, seem to be the favourable periods for breeding activity.     

A continuous recirculating culture system for planktonic copepods

The calanoid copepods, Acartia clausi Giesbrecht and Acartia tonsa Dana, are maintained at high densities in continuous culture at 15°C. Synthetic sea-water medium is recirculated through filters and a foam tower which limits accumulation of dissolved wastes and various metabolites. The ciliate Euplotes vannus Müller is associated in culture with the copepods, and effectively controls bacterial population and accumulation of algal debris. The copepods graze upon the ciliates as well as upon the phytoflagellates Isochrysis galbana Parke and Rhodomonas baltica Korsten.Contribution No. 119 from the Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami.     

Symbiosis in sacoglossan opisthobranchs: functional capacity of symbiotic chloroplasts

It has been previously reported that many species of the order Sacoglossa (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia) contain algal chloroplasts within the cells of their digestive gland and maintain them in a symbiotic condition. In the present study, two species, Elysia hedgpethi Marcus and Placobranchus ianthobapsus Gould, were compared as to their abilities to retain functional chloroplasts in their tissues. Animals were starved for varying lengths of time, and the functional capacity of the plastids was ascertained at intervals. The chlorophyll content of whole animals, and the ability to incorporate ¹⁴CO₂ were used as the assay for functional capacity. E. hedgpethi decreased in chlorophyll content during starvation until the tenth day, when no chlorophyll was detectable spectrophoto-metrically. Incorporation of ¹⁴CO₂ paralleled the decline in chlorophyll, and was at control levels by the tenth day. P. ianthobapsus showed no decline in chlorophyll content over 27 days starvation, although the ability to incorporate ¹⁴CO₂ showed a decrease.     

Electrophoretic studies of serum proteins of four Tilapia species (Pisces)

The blood serum of 4 Tilapia species were analyzed electrophoretically for protein components, and the percentage of proteins in each fraction was determined. Sera from Tilapia nilotica Linnaeus, T. zillii Gervais, T. galilaea Artedi, and T. aurea (Steindachner) were studied. Characteristic protein fractions for each species were obtained. The species differed in the number of protein fractions and in the final mobilities; T. nilotica sera migrate 120 mm, T. zillii sera 95 mm, T. galilaea sera 90 mm, and T. aurea sera 118 mm. The mobilities for fractions 1 and 2 were similar for the 4 species' sera. Inter-specific differences in the amount of protein occurred. Diet may be a major contributing factor to the variations observed in the amount of total protein.     

A comparative study of the length-weight equation and the condition factor of Tilapia zillii from Lake Mariut,Egypt

The length-weight relationship of Tilapia zillii Gerv., seasonally collected from Lake Mariut (a brackish-water lake), Egypt, has been studied. It was found that mature fishes are fatter than spent individuals, and that this mainly affects the exponent n (W=a L ⁿ). While the females are nearly of equal fatness to the males, a higher value of the exponent n is recorded for the females; this is due to the higher weight of the gonads. The smaller fish are more fecundite than the larger, elder individuals; this is revealed by comparison of the condition factor K and GSI (gonadosomatic index) for ripo and spent fish, respectively.     

N-acyl homoserine lactone production by bacteria within the sponge Suberites domuncula (Olivi, 1792) (Porifera, Demospongiae)

Many bacteria live in close association with sponges. Within these consortia, molecules of communication such as quorum-sensing and hormone-like molecules may occur in order to regulate the partnership. Of particular interest, bacterial N-acyl-l-homoserine lactones (AHLs) were screened in supernatants from Suberites domuncula-associated bacteria using an E. coli bioluminescent reporter system. These sponge-associated bacteria were beforehand isolated on several media supplemented or not with a sponge extract to attempt to isolate sponge-specific bacteria. Out of 81 AHL-producing bacteria, three strains requiring sponge extract to grow were selected for AHL characterization. The in vitro produced AHLs, that is, in bacterial culture supernatants, were identified as N-(3-butanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone and N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone and quantified using LC–ESI–MS/MS. The in vivo production of AHLs by sponge-associated bacteria has also been demonstrated in a healthy host for the first time: N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone, N-(3-hexanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone, and N-(3-heptanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone. This AHL production in sponges may suggest a potential role of these molecules between sponge-associated bacteria and/or between sponge-associated bacteria and the sponge.     

The chromosomes of Trypetesa lampas (Cirripedia,Acrothoracica)

Observations were made of the chromosomes of the burrowing barnacle Trypetesa lampas (Hancock). A method of squash preparation was used, which incorporated staining the material in a solution of 2% orcein in 45% acetic acid. The diploid number of chromosomes of T. lampas was found to be 12 and the haploid number 6, in both males and females. No obvious chromosomal mechanism of sex determination was found. There was, therefore, no cytogenetic confirmation of Kühnert's view (1934) that the sex of the larva is predetermined genetically. During mitosis in the females and embryos of Trypetesa lateralis Tomlinson and Kochlorine floridana Wells and Tomlinson, the diploid number of chromosomes was found to be about 14. The numbers of chromosomes in the 3 species of Acrothoracica studied were approximately half those observed in all 12 species of Thoracica and all 5 species of Rhizocephala previously investigated.     

Increased mortality and photoinhibition in the symbiotic dinoflagellates of the Indo–Pacific coral Stylophora pistillata (Esper) after summer bleaching

Coral bleaching (the loss of symbiotic dinoflagellates from reef-building corals) is most frequently caused by high-light and temperature conditions. We exposed the explants of the hermatypic coral Stylophora pistillata to four combinations of light and temperature in late spring and also in late summer. During mid-summer, two NOAA bleaching warnings were issued for Heron Island reef (Southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia) when sea temperature exceeded the NOAA bleaching threshold, and a ‘mild’ (in terms of the whole coral community) bleaching event occurred, resulting in widespread S. pistillata bleaching and mortality. Symbiotic dinoflagellate biomass decreased by more than half from late spring to late summer (from 2.5×10⁶ to 0.8×10⁶ dinoflagellates cm² coral tissue), and those dinoflagellates that remained after summer became photoinhibited more readily (dark-adapted F _V : F _M decreased to (0.3 compared with 0.4 in spring), and died in greater numbers (up to 17% dinoflagellate mortality compared with 5% in the spring) when exposed to artificially elevated light and temperature. Adding exogenous antioxidants (d-mannitol and l-ascorbic acid) to the water surrounding the coral had no clear effect on either photoinhibition or symbiont mortality. These data show that light and temperature stress cause mortality of the dinoflagellate symbionts within the coral, and that susceptibility to light and temperature stress is strongly related to coral condition. Photoinhibitory mechanisms are clearly involved, and will increase through a positive feedback mechanism: symbiont loss promotes further symbiont loss as the light microenvironment becomes progressively harsher.