Gender differences in the perception of organizational influence tactics

A short incident describing a political influence attempt was given to 152 management level and professional employees. Subjects were then asked to complete short attitude scales pertaining to the characteristics of the actor and the incident. The experimental factorial design included three factors (1) sex of subject, (2) sex of influencing party, (3) sex of target of influence. The results suggest that males are more tolerant of political behavior than women. Subjects view political manipulators of their own sex more favorably than manipulators of the opposite sex. Subjects of both sexes are more tolerant of political behavior when the victim of the behavior is a member of the opposite sex rather than of their own sex. The results may suggest a growing inclination on the part of both genders to identify with members of their own sex as a meaningful coalition and react to organizational events in view of the implications to members of their own gender. Possible implications for research and intervention are suggested.     

湖北冶金建设项目环境评价工作状况的研讨

198 6年以来 ,湖北省冶金企业总投资在 2 0 0 0万元以上的建设项目全部按国家法律、法规要求 ,执行了环评制度。共 6 7项大中型项目进行了环境影响评价 ,从而做到了增产不增污 ,保证了经济效益、社会效益和环境效益的统一 ;满足了工程建设要求。有些报告存在的主要缺陷是 :反映污染的基础数据代表性不够 ;单一的方案使评价无法比较优化 ;评价污染时抓主要矛盾综合分析不够 ;对策建议缺乏针对性和工程实用性 ;污染防治方案欠缺经济分析内容等。分析了存在问题的原因并提出了改进建议。     

不同溶剂对化感物质抑藻效果的影响

以铜绿微囊藻作为生物材料,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯和没食子酸作为化感物质,研究了这两种化感物质在不同浓度下对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响,对比了不同溶剂中两种化感物质的抑藻效果.结果表明,低浓度的邻苯二甲酸二丁酯对铜绿微囊藻的生长具有一定促进作用.但高浓度时抑制其生长;没食子酸对铜绿微囊藻的生长具有一定的抑制作用,但浓度的影响规律性并不明显;对邻苯二甲酸二丁酯来说,乙醇溶剂可以增强其对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制作用,而对没食子酸来说,甲醇溶剂可以减弱其对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制作用.可见,在化感物质发生作用时,化感物质用量和溶剂种类起着极其重要的作用.     

Driving under the influence of alcohol and the effects of alcohol prohibition—Case study in Serbia

Objective: The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the prevalence of driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) according to day of the week, specific roads (urban/rural), daytime or nighttime, and vehicle category. In addition, this study examines how the prohibition of selling alcoholic drinks in shops and supermarkets (not in restaurants) after 10 p.m. has affected the prevalence of DUI.

Method: Breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) was collected from all drivers through police checkpoints at 54 locations in Serbia. In this study, 17,945 drivers were tested in urban areas and 19,507 in rural areas. The relationship between DUI during the prohibition on alcohol sales in Belgrade and other large cities in Serbia was determined using logistic regression.

Results: On average, every 100th driver in traffic in Serbia was DUI (0.99%). This study shows that the 0 blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limit for motorcyclists does not have an influence on DUI. Moreover, motorcyclists represent the category with the highest share of DUI, with a statistically significantly larger difference compared to drivers of other vehicle categories. These results may be a consequence of the fact that a large number of drivers drive both motorcycles and other vehicle categories (cars or mopeds), so the different BAC limits for nonprofessional drivers may create confusion about the legal BAC limit.

Conclusions: This study suggests that the required legal BAC limit for nonprofessional drivers should be the same. The prohibition of selling alcoholic drinks in Belgrade after 10 p.m. does not decrease the prevalence of DUI.     

Simplified model for the evaluation of the effects of explosions on industrial target

The evaluation of vulnerability of process equipment to explosion is a central issue in the analysis of industrial risks. In this work, we have developed a simplified model, however based on fundamental equations, which includes structural and fluid–dynamic parameters for the target (the industrial equipment) and for the impacting pressure wave (shock waves) or object (fragment, debris) produced by different type of chemical explosions.The validity of methodology has been assessed by case histories. Several insights on the dynamic of structural interaction of the explosion with the target have been obtained, with specific reference to escalation effects.The model derives from the well-known Johnson's number, often adopted in impact engineering.     

国有森工企业安全生产前瞻性策略简论

从实施林业可持续发展战略着眼,探讨了森工企业今后安全生产工作的前瞻性策略。     

The relationships between career concerns and political tactics in organizations

The study examined the relationships between four career concerns (Personal Success, Organizational Involvement, Skill Development and Autonomy) and two categories of political tactics in organizations (Hierarchical Tactics and Networking Tactics) in a sample of management school alumni. Career concerns were not related to the employment of hierarchical tactics but were strongly related to the use of networking tactics. ‘External’ career concerns of personal success and organizational involvement were more strongly related to political behavior than ‘internal’ career concerns of skill development and autonomy. Organization size was significantly related to the use of hierarchical tactics but not to the use of networking tactics. Type of organization structure (mechanistic versus organic) did not have a direct effect on political behavior but moderated the relationships between career concerns and political tactics. These relationships were stronger in organic than in mechanistic organizations.     

Sex differences in job attribute preferences

This study investigated the job attribute preferences of male and female MBA candidates. Participants were drawn from 27 different MBA programmes in the United States. Factor analysis of the job attributes questionnaire revealed three primary job attribute dimensions: (1) professional growth; (2) work environment; and (3) salary. Contrary to most previous research, females were found to place a greater emphasis on the professional growth dimension than did males. Males, on the other hand, placed greater emphasis on salary considerations. No sex difference was found in participants' ratings of the work environment job attribute dimension. Consistent with earlier research, women were found to place more importance on the calibre of colleagues than did males. In general, both males and females rated job attributes concerning job content as more important than job attributes concerning job context. These results are discussed with respect to earlier research findings. Finally, the generalizability of these findings to other occupational groups is discussed and managerial implications presented.     

我国液化石油气运输安全事故预防与应急对策研究

近年来国内外液化石油气运输安全事故频发,给人民生命、财产造成了重大损失.本文分析了我国液化石油气运输安全管理存在主要问题,并以上海市为例,评估了液化石油气运输爆炸事故的危害,包括不同数量的液化石油气爆炸的影响范围和伤亡人数.最后,提出了我国液化石油气运输安全事故预防和应急处置的基本原则和具体措施,可为我国液化石油气运输安全管理提供指导.     

Sex segregation of work in Finland and the quality of women's work

The Finnish labor market is sharply segregated by sex. This is a statistically well-documented fact and holds true for all Western European market economies. The aim of this article was to find out whether women profit (regarding the quality of their work) from performing the same sort of work as men. The qualitative aspects of work were the following: autonomy at work; lack of routinization of work; the compulsory rhythm of work; and the demands for social skills. We also analyzed monthly pay and its variation according to functional segregation of work. The empirical data came from the Finnish Study on Working Conditions (1984) which is a representative sample of the Finnish wage-earning population with 4502 persons of whom 48 per cent were women and 52 per cent men. Our results indicate that women often profit from the fact that they perform the same sort of work as men. This profit was more apparent for white-collar than for blue-collar women. For men the effects of segregation on job characteristics were the opposite. They often profit from sex segregated work. Social status played a major role regarding the qualitative aspects of work.     

管制员人为差错影响因素及指标权重分析

根据SHELL模型,将影响管制员人为差错的因素从内部因素和外部因素进行分析,内部因素包括管制员生理因素、心理因素、管制员业务技能三个部分;外部因素包括管制员与管制员班组之间、管制员与管制设备之间、管制员与管制程序等软件之间。通过分析和专家咨询,建立了影响管制员人为差错的影响因素指标体系,在模糊层次分析法的基础之上引入0.1-0.9标度法的三角模糊数,通过对各影响因素进行对比分析,得出了影响管制员人为差错的三级指标的重要度排序,排在前八位的因素依次为酒精及药物影响、形势意识、班组人员性格搭配、班组人员能力搭配、疲劳、人机界面、外界压力、情绪状态。为管制员培训和管理层进行安全检查提供了基础理论依据。     

基于战略投送策略的电磁频谱保障技术研究

实践表明,在投送的过程中谁能有效地对交通线进行控制与使用,谁的胜数就大,反之就会陷入被动的局面。袭击、封锁和破坏我方交通运输是客观存在的。而适时展开整体防卫,统一使用军地防空力量实行一体化区域防空,加强电磁频谱装备建设和技术安全保障,加强主要投送装备的自卫火力和电子对抗系统,就能使投送力量具有一定的防护能力,从而提高投送装备安全保障的水平。     

石油化工单位火灾扑救战法实战效能分析

石油化工装置发生火灾,现场情况十分复杂,通常还伴随爆炸、复燃、立体、大面积、多火点等多种燃烧形式,往往会造成惨重的人员伤亡和巨大的经济损失.通过对石油化工火灾重点战例进行分析,可以总结该类火灾扑救中技战术的应用情况,归纳出成功扑灭石油化工火灾的经验.本文选取了近年来我国石油化工单位的16起重特大火灾战例,统计分析实战中一次性调集的灭火力量、固定消防设施使用情况、技战术措施应用情况、控火时间和灭火时间的关系,得出总体分析结论并提出相应的建议,为我国今后石油化工火灾的成功扑救提供参考和借鉴.     

The social effects of punishment events: the influence of violator past performance record and severity of the punishment on observers' justice perceptions and attitudes

This study examined how the perceptions and attitudes of third party observers of punishment events are influenced by characteristics of the violator and the punishment event itself. Using a scenario methodology, we manipulated the past performance record of the violator and the severity of the consequences administered by the supervisor. Subjects read the scenarios from the point of view of a coworker/ observer, and responded to questions measuring their perceptions of retributive justice and fairness of the punishment, as well as their desire for more punishment, their attitudes toward the supervisor, and their intention to leave the organization. Results showed that observers judged violators with poor performance records as more deserving of punishment than those with good records, and judged events as more fair when the manager's response was severe. Interactions between these two factors were also found to be significant. Implications of these findings are discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国省域环境压力综合评价

以中国30个省、自治区和直辖市为研究对象,以1997-2010年为研究区间,选取各省工业SO2排放量、烟尘排放量、粉尘排放量、废水排放量、固体废弃物产生量和碳排放量6类环境污染基础指标,运用“纵横向”拉开档次法构建环境压力综合指标,从环境压力平均水平、变化趋势和变动程度3个角度深入分析各省、自治区和直辖市在1997-2010年的环境压力.结果表明,根据环境压力平均水平,我国各省、自治区和直辖市可分别划入高、中、低3个环境压力区域,各省环境压力也分别呈现上升、下降、U型和倒U型4种变化趋势.此外,内蒙古环境压力不断上升,四川和辽宁环境压力不断下降,三者变动系数较大,分别达到0.08、0.06和0.05.研究表明,内蒙古的环境现状不乐观,亟须改善;而四川和辽宁二省环保工作实施效果较好,大幅度降低了环境压力,可作为其他省、自治区和直辖市降低环境压力的学习对象.     

模糊综合评价法在油气管道跨越工程风险评价中的应用

油气管道跨越工程项目开工数量不断增加,随之而来的安全、环保事故也大量发生。油气管道跨越工程进行风险评价对项目的安全、环保实施具有重要意义。利用节点分析方法对油气管道跨越工程进行风险识别,针对风险识别结果利用模糊综合评价法进行评价,得到油气管道跨越工程各施工单元的安全级数,评价结论为工程的安全、环保管理提供科学的依据。评价方法具有一定的应用和推广价值。     

An evaluation of the implementation of ignition interlock in California

Problem: This study evaluates the degree to which courts have implemented California's ignition interlock program, and surveys judges and district/city attorneys to identify barriers to implementing a successful interlock program. Method: There are three parts to the evaluation. In the first, a sample of drivers arrested for driving on a driving under the influence (DUI)-suspended driver license was examined to calculate the rate at which courts order interlocks for DUI-suspended drivers, as required by California law. The second part of the study used Department of Motor Vehicle (DMV) records to count the statewide rate of court-ignition interlock device (IID) orders across time and jurisdictions. The final part surveyed judges, district/city attorneys, and offenders installing an interlock to obtain information about their use of interlock, barriers to implementing an interlock program, and the effectiveness of the devices in preventing drinking and driving. Results: It was found that conviction rates for driving while suspended are low; that judges order interlocks for only a fraction of the convicted driving-while-suspended (DWS) offenders who should receive such an order; and that the majority of offenders who are ordered by the court to install an ignition interlock in their vehicle do not do so. Impact on Industry: Any successful interlock program will need to find a way to balance the inability of many offenders to pay for the devices, with the need for the industry to remain economically viable.