沿海地区城镇化与生态环境协调发展的时空分析

通过构建城镇化与生态环境协调发展的综合评价指标体系,运用熵值法、协调度模型,对2003—2012年中国沿海地区的城镇化与生态环境发展过程及其协调程度进行时空分析。结果表明:(1)沿海地区城镇化综合指数不断提高,空间城镇化年均发展速度快于人口城镇化,而人口城镇化又快于生活城镇化,经济城镇化最低,且呈现出明显的区域集聚性特征。(2)生态环境综合指数呈波动上升趋势,生态环境压力加大,城镇化地区面临的生态环境问题更多。(3)2003—2005年,城镇化与生态环境协调度等级为中度失调,2006—2012年为轻度协调。     

Acidic and alkaline precipitation components in the mesoscale range under the aspect of meteorological factors and the emissions

At two sites in the north of the G.D.R. 80–100 km distant from industry rain from individual precipitation events was collected by automatic samplers and relevant ionic species were analyzed. The sampler is described.The cloud routes at the 850 hPa level were traced back 1 day and then seven sectors were formed for each collection site taking into consideration geographical aspects and features of the emission pattern for the rea concerned.Investigating the precipitation components as a function of the emission pattern knowledge of meteorological input parameters are required. The influence of these parameters is reported.Contrary to the combustion of other fossil fuels, in the case of brown coal combustion a considerable emission of neutralizing components (especially CaO) occurs, counteracting the formation of “acid rain”. This effect is clearly proven by means of individual examples and average considerations, i.e. the formation of acid rain does not only depend on the SO₂ and NO_x emissions.The wet deposition of all types of ions at the measuring site for every emission sector was calculated by means of precipitation statistics. Using these investigations reference points with regard to border crossing transport are given.     

Study on the relationship between the incidence of influenza and climate indicators and the prediction of influenza incidence

In recent 2 years, the incidence of influenza showed a slight upward trend in Guangxi; therefore, some joint actions should be done to help preventing and controlling this disease. The factors analysis of affecting influenza and early prediction of influenza incidence may help policy-making so as to take effective measures to prevent and control influenza. In this study, we used the cross correlation function (CCF) to analyze the effect of climate indicators on influenza incidence, ARIMA and ARIMAX (autoregressive integrated moving average model with exogenous input variables) model methods to do predictive analysis of influenza incidence. The results of CCF analysis showed that climate indicators (PM2.5, PM10, SO₂, CO, NO2, O₃, average temperature, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, average relative humidity, and sunshine duration) had significant effects on the incidence of influenza. People need to take good precautions in the days of severe air pollution and keep warm in cold weather to prevent influenza. We found that the ARIMAX (1,0,1)(0,0,1)₁₂ with NO₂ model has good predictive performance, which can be used to predict the influenza incidence in Guangxi, and the predicted incidence may be useful in developing early warning systems and providing important evidence for influenza control policy-making and public health intervention.

     

污染物排放削减潜力评估方法——以中小型钢铁企业为例

根据中国中小型钢铁企业污染物排放情况,确立了污染物排放削减潜力评估方法。采用污染物排放削减潜力的数学模型,计算当前生产水平下实施清洁生产和末端治理后对SO2产生量和烟粉尘排放量的削减率,并预测中长期实施清洁生产和末端治理后,污染物产生量和排放量的削减潜力。结果表明,通过采取清洁生产措施和末端治理技术,中小型钢铁企业2020年在4种不同模式下,SO2产生量削减率分别为61.8%、66.4%、73.3%、84.7%;烟粉尘排放量削减率分别为37.9%、44.1%、53.4%、68.9%。通过污染物排放削减潜力的初步研究,不仅从宏观层次上说明了实施清洁生产和末端治理技术的积极意义,而且计算出不同经济发展模式下污染物产生量和排放量的削减量,为行业或区域污染物总量的指标分配和总量控制方案的制订提供了参考依据。     

Population and water in the Middle East: the challenge and opportunity for law

Although it is commonplace today to argue that population growth drives many or most environmental problems, Jane Jacobs has questioned the prevailing view, noting that the empirical evidence for it is actually rather slim. This article presents a case study of the pressures that population places on water in the Middle East, concluding that the countries of the region suffer from inappropriate patterns of water use rather than from excessive population. Heavy reliance on agriculture for employment or to earn foreign exchange can only lead to environmental collapse in such an arid region. In particular, to develop export markets for agricultural products is really to export water from a water-poor region. With such short-sighted policies in place, the region has already entered upon a severe crisis of recurring and intensifying water shortages that are exacerbated by population growth. If more intelligent use were made of the waters of the region, a population considerably larger than found at present could be supported without excessive stress on water resources or the natural ecology. To accomplish this, the nations of the region must create legal institutions to enable them to undertake integrated (joint) management of their shared water resources.     

Photodegradation of the herbicide EPTC and the safener dichlormid, alone and in combination

Photodegradation of the herbicide EPTC (S-ethyl-N, N-dipropylthiocarbamate), and the safener dichlormid (2,2-dichloro-N, N-diallylacetamide) has been examined in methanol and in water solutions. Irradiation of EPTC and dichlormid with UV light at 254 nm caused rapid degradation in both media. Remarkable and gradual changes in color of EPTC irradiated solution was observed from clear to yellow then to intense orange. EPTC half-life of elimination in water was 14.0, and 18.5 min, and in methanol 37.2 and 32.2 min, when irradiated with and without dichlormid, respectively. There was significant difference between rate of EPTC degradation in water and methanol in the presence or in the absence of dichlormid. Negligible degradation of EPTC or dichlormid at > 290 nm was observed. Photoproducts were separated and identified using GC or/and thin-layer chromatography then identified using mass spectrometry. It appeared that some products have high molecular weight that formed as a result of dimerization. This is possibly a result of the coupling of radicals that formed through EPTC degradation. The cleavage of C-S and C-N bonds accounted for the formation of these radicals. Gradual dealkylation of the acid chains of EPTC has also occurred. EPTC-sulfoxide, EPTC-sulfone, Propylamine and dipropylamine were detected as photoproducts of EPTC at 254 nm. Dichlormid pathways of degradation at 254 nm were characterized as dechlorination, dealkylation, and hydrolysis both in water and methanol. The findings showed that dichlormid did not significantly affect EPTC photodegradation either at 254 nm or at > 290 nm. The biological/toxicological properties of the photoproducts need further study, particularly the dimer compounds.     

Pollution and the Planetary Albedo

Addition of cloud nuclei by pollution can lead to an increase in the solar radiation reflected by clouds. The reflection of solar energy by clouds already may have been increased by the addition of man-made cloud nuclei. The albedo of a cloud is proportional to optical thickness for thin clouds, but changes more slowly with increasing thickness. The optical thickness is increased when the number of cloud nuclei is increased. Although the changes are small, the long-term effect on climate can be profound.     

Bromo- and bromochloro-dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the environment

At least 36 million pounds of brominated flame retardants are used in the U.S. annually. Most if not all of these materials enter the waste stream via landfilled plastic waste, municipal incinerator fly ash, or automotive fluff waste. Analytical methodology is summarized which is suitable for environmental monitoring of these wastes, and the significance of the analytical results is discussed.     

Outdoor air pollution exposure and the risk of asthma and wheezing in the offspring

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - According to the “fetal origin of disease” hypothesis, air pollution exposure in pregnancy may play an important role in stimulating the...     

World trade and the environment

This paper is the text of a speech given by the author at a recent conference. As the title implies, it discusses the relationship between economic activity and the environment, and emphasises that they are not incompatible. Indeed, a reduction in the former decreases the resources necessary to protect the latter. He concludes by arguing the case for flexibility in international standards, in order to allow Third World countries to compete more equally and to cope with local differences.     

Cooling Towers and the Environment

Measurements of natural draft cooling tower plume behavior, as well as meteorological variables, were obtained from aircraft flights near major power plants of the American Electric Power System. Persistence of the visible plume to great distances depends essentially on ambient humidity. Atmospheric stability at plume elevation was also important. Cooling tower-induced fog at ground-level was never observed in any of the tests, and aerodynamic downwash of the visible plume was absent also. The cooling towers did cause modification of natural clouds and they occasionally shadowed some local areas from the sun. Merging of the stack and cooling tower plumes was a common occurrence.