巢湖和太湖微囊藻毒素差异性研究

采用固相萃取高效液相色谱法检测巢湖和太湖水体中5种微囊藻毒素(MCs)——MC-RR、MC-YR、MC-LR、MC-LA、MC-LY的含量。结果表明,巢湖水体中的MCs以MC-RR、MC-LA、MC-LY为主,太湖水体主要以MC-RR、MC-LR、MC-LA为主,其中太湖MC-LR的最高质量浓度为2.558μg/L,超过《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)中对集中式生活饮用水地表水源地的限定值(1μg/L)。分析巢湖和太湖水体中MCs与水质指标之间的相关性,发现同种MCs与两湖环境因子的相关性存在明显差异。逐步回归拟合结果表明,氨氮和DO分别能与巢湖MC-LR、MC-LY进行拟合;Chl-a、TOC能与太湖MC-LR回归拟合,TOC能与太湖MC-YR进行拟合。由于多数MCs不能通过水质指标的拟合结果来预测,因此在未来研究中需结合环境因子和MCs的遗传机制来共同分析MCs在水中的分布规律。     

阳澄湖和滆湖微囊藻毒素分布及其与富营养化因子的关系

2013年6—10月进行了阳澄湖和滆湖的水样采集及分析,对水体中胞内和胞外3种微囊藻毒素(MC-LR,MCRR,MC-YR)和TN、TP、Chl-a等富营养化指标在两湖的分布情况及关系进行了研究。结果表明,阳澄湖的微囊藻毒素及富营养化因子浓度在不同点位的差异小,而滆湖从北部到南部呈下降趋势,两湖相比,滆湖的浓度远远高于阳澄湖;富营养化因子影响微囊藻毒素的浓度分布和变化;相关性分析表明MC-LR、MC-RR和MC-YR与CODMn、TN、TP、PO3-4-P、Chl-a分别呈极显著正相关性(P0.01),MC-LR、MC-YR与NH+4-N呈显著负相关(P0.05);逐步回归性分析显示Chl-a是影响3种微囊藻毒素浓度的关键因子,可以通过Chl-a对水体中MCs的浓度进行预测,为微囊藻水华和微囊藻毒素污染的预警提供重要的科学参考。     

成子湖面临的问题与保护对策

成子湖不仅为沿湖周边地区经济发展提供强有力的资源支持,同时也是南水北调东线工程的调蓄湖泊——洪泽湖的重要组成部分,做好成子湖的保护至关重要。在通过分析了成子湖面临的主要问题,提出了进一步做好成子湖保护工作的对策和建议。     

浅谈姜堰市溱湖湿地生态保护与对策研究

近年来,姜堰市日益加剧的人类活动和资源开发,影响了溱湖湿地的生态保护。在分析溱湖湿地资源现状的基础上,指出存在的问题,并提出相应的对策建议。     

长湖水质现状调查及评价

通过对长湖13个点位的采样监测结果表明：（1）长湖的各项主要指标均已超标,特别是化学需氧量（CODcr）、高锰酸盐指数（OC）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）等超标严重;（2）从总体上看,长湖水体监测点位的水质是,上游污染情况较重,下游的出水口及大湖湖心水质稍好;（3）采用单项水质参数评价方法对长湖水质进行评价,水体已达到劣Ⅴ类.     

POPs and organic polysufides in sediments of Lake Ladoga

The study included one station close to a pollution source (depth 59 m) and another far from polluted areas (depth 40 m). Samples were analysed for organic chlorine, bromine and sulfur compounds. Samples taken with a corer were sliced to the layers of 0-1, 1-4, 4-7 cm etc. down to the depth of 34 cm. The dating was made with two independent methods, the 210Po method and with the soot particle counting method. The analyses were made with a multiresidue method. Gas chromatography was connected to low resolution mass spectrometry (LRMS) or to high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). A different extraction was applied to screen the possible occurrence of polysulfides. Typical chlorophenol and chlorohydrocarbon traces from chlorobleaching of pulp were non-detectable. Also PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs and various organochloride pesticides, fire retardant residues PBDEs, PBDDs and PBDFs and polychlorinated phenyl salicylates were not detected. Instead, methylated dibenzothiophenes Me-DBTs and Di-Me-DBTs, typical traces of oil based defoamers used in e.g. paper mills were found in the surface layers of the polluted site. Polysulfides were analyzed from layers representing years 1955-1970 from the polluted site. The structures of five congeners were according to GC/MS dimethyl trisulfide, 1,2,3,4-tetrathiepane, pentathiane, 1,2,3,4-tetrathiane and 1,2,4,5-tetrathiepane. Many of the analyzed pollutants have not been reported earlier from Lake Ladoga. The only positive observations were from oil-based defoamers used in paper mills, and from polysulfides, which are either of natural origin or indicate a discharge in the 1950s and 1960s. Owing to the large spreadout and dilution, the concentrations are low even at moderate distances from the pollution centers.     

骆马湖水体富营养化防治

通过研究总结出一些控制骆马湖富营养化的措施，实施截污工程，合理的水库调度和湖泊内部生物治理。     

太湖内源释放及营养盐输运研究

从对流-扩散方程出发,通过公式推导,建立了包含底泥污染的水流-水质模型,对模型进行了率定和验证后,应用于太湖.该模型将湖泊水相和内源悬移相污染作为一个整体,结合污染物在悬移泥沙上的各种迁移过程,研究了太湖总氮、总磷内源释放的分布和数量,过程中考虑了悬移泥沙的各种影响因素,得到了较理想的模拟结果,当风速≤3.5 m/s时,冲刷和悬移造成的内源污染物释放量较小,内源污染物释放主要通过泥-水界面的静态释放;当风速>3.5 m/s时,冲刷和悬移造成的内源污染物释放量随风速增加迅速增大.通过计算得出2001年太湖内源释放的总氮为3.0万t,总磷为0.8万t.     

骆马湖富营养化和生态状况调查与评价

为了了解骆马湖水质状况，在2005年对骆马湖富营养化状态和生态特性进行了调查，并结合“十五”期间的监测资料进行了分析。2005年骆马湖水体中总氮和总磷的平均值超《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838-2002）中Ⅲ类，超标情况分别为0．78倍和0．54倍，达到湖库特定项目Ⅳ类水标准，骆马湖处于轻度富营养化状态。对骆马湖生态特征分析表明，由于该湖泊的形态以及“藻型浊水状态”和“泥沙型浊水状态”交替出现，遏制了湖水从高营养盐含量向全面富营养化状态演变，保障了底栖动物的良好生长环境，从而形成了骆马湖独特的环境生态平衡。     

Coupling Socioeconomic and Lake Systems for Sustainability: A Conceptual Analysis Using Lake St. Clair Region as a Case Study

Applying sustainability at an operational level requires understanding the linkages between socioeconomic and natural systems. We identified linkages in a case study of the Lake St. Clair (LSC) region, part of the Laurentian Great Lakes system. Our research phases included: (1) investigating and revising existing coupled human and natural systems frameworks to develop a framework for this case study; (2) testing and refining the framework by hosting a 1-day stakeholder workshop and (3) creating a causal loop diagram (CLD) to illustrate the relationships among the systems’ key components. With stakeholder assistance, we identified four interrelated pathways that include water use and discharge, land use, tourism and shipping that impact the ecological condition of LSC. The interrelationships between the pathways of water use and tourism are further illustrated by a CLD with several feedback loops. We suggest that this holistic approach can be applied to other case studies and inspire the development of dynamic models capable of informing decision making for sustainability.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-013-0432-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Occurrence, distribution, and ecological risk assessment of DDTs and heavy metals in surface sediments from Lake Awassa—Ethiopian Rift Valley Lake

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and heavy metals are ubiquitous contaminants with high bioaccumulation and persistence in the environment, which can have adverse effects on humans and animals. Although applications of DDTs have been banned in many countries, developing countries like Ethiopia are still using these for agricultural and medicinal purposes. In addition, heavy metals are naturally present in the aquatic environment and distributed globally. In this study, the occurrence, distribution, and ecological risk of DDTs and heavy metals in surface sediments from one of the Ethiopian rift valley lakes were studied. Twenty-five surface sediment samples from Lake Awassa, Ethiopia were collected and analyzed for DDTs and heavy metals. Results showed that concentrations of total DDTs ranged from 3.64 to 40.2 ng/g dry weight. High levels of DDTs were observed in the vicinity of inflow river side and coastal areas with agricultural activities. The heavy metals content were followed the order Zn?>?Ni?>?Pb?>?Cu?>?Cr?>?Co?>?As?>?Cd?>?Hg. Correlation analysis and principal components analysis demonstrated that heavy metals were originated from both natural and anthropogenic inputs. The levels of DDE and DDD in surface sediments exceeded the sediment quality guideline values, indicating that adverse effects may occur to the lake. A method based on toxic-response factor for heavy metals revealed that the calculated potential ecological risk indices showed low ecological risk for the water body.     

Legacy and alternative halogenated flame retardants in Lake Geneva fish

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Legacy (i.e., polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD)) and alternative halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) were...     

巢湖蓝藻的机械清除工艺以及藻水分离实验研究

对巢湖蓝藻进行机械清除以及藻水分离实验研究,实验采用的浮式围栏引导一机械清除．投加剥离液辅助机械清除工艺处理量大,除藻效率高,筛网过滤-浓缩-卧螺离心机脱水成藻泥的藻水分离工艺较为理想,藻泥含水率仅为89％。2011年5-10月在巢湖运用上述方法清除湖面水华蓝藻,共处理富藻水1．6万m3,得到藻泥970t,累计清除蓝藻106．7t（干重）。按照所清除蓝藻的总氮、总磷的平均含量计算,相当于从湖中移除了氮6．25t,磷2．1t。表明在富营养湖泊中水华蓝藻大量暴发时,采用上述方法除藻,对控制蓝藻水华污染,有效降低内源氮、磷等污染物负荷具有十分重要的作用。     

巢湖蓝藻的机械清除工艺以及藻水分离实验研究简

对巢湖蓝藻进行机械清除以及藻水分离实验研究,实验采用的浮式围栏引导-机械清除-投加剥离液辅助机械清除工艺处理量大,除藻效率高,筛网过滤-浓缩-卧螺离心机脱水成藻泥的藻水分离工艺较为理想,藻泥含水率仅为89%。2011年5—10月在巢湖运用上述方法清除湖面水华蓝藻,共处理富藻水1.6万m³,得到藻泥970 t,累计清除蓝藻106.7 t（干重）。按照所清除蓝藻的总氮、总磷的平均含量计算,相当于从湖中移除了氮6.25 t,磷2.1 t。表明在富营养湖泊中水华蓝藻大量暴发时,采用上述方法除藻,对控制蓝藻水华污染,有效降低内源氮、磷等污染物负荷具有十分重要的作用。     

千岛湖生态环境主要问题及保护对策

1998—2000年的研究结果表明,千岛湖的富营养化进程明显加速。千岛湖上游安徽境内输入的大量营养盐、周边地区的生态环境变化、农田地表径流及水土流失是引起湖水水体质量变化的主要原因。控制上游安徽境内的入湖水质、减少农业面源污染和水土流失对水体的影响、恢复与重建湖滨植被保护带、改善整个周边地区的生态环境等是保护千岛湖生态环境的主要对策。     

滇池污染状况及其综合治理

滇池污染已引起各级政府和市民的广泛关注,被列为“九五”国家“三湖”、“三河”重点治理项目之一。对滇池污染及治理的研究始于８０年代初期,迄今为止已取得了大量的研究成果,找到了一些比较有效的治理技术,本文将分析滇池主要污染问题,简述滇池污染的治理项目,对效果进行简要分析并对治理措施进行讨论。