既有建筑节能改造市场发展协同激励实施对策

借鉴发达国家既有建筑节能改造市场激励的成功经验,解析我国既有建筑节能改造市场激励的实践过程与特征,揭示存在的问题,从激励有效性出发,提出我国既有建筑节能改造市场发展主体协同激励、阶段系统激励和要素协同激励的系统对策,以激发ESCO既有建筑节能改造市场发展的活力与内在驱动力,推动既有建筑节能改造实践进程。     

既有建筑节能改造市场动力机制研究概况

从系统整体出发,基于既有建筑节能改造市场发展研究全面规划视角,架构了总括、ESCO驱动力作用机理、政府作用力实施机理、总结四大模块、两大篇共10章的层次体系。结果发现:ESCO驱动力以作用效益为导向,以运行实践与行为规律、作用影响机理、ESCO驱动策略、效益评价与优化策略为核心要素,是内在动力;政府作用力以有效性为基准,以运行特征与政府行为、影响机理与博弈策略、实施影响机理与有效性评价、实施策略为核心要素,是外在动力。在揭示既有建筑节能改造市场动力机制的基础上,提出未来研究发展趋势。     

既有建筑节能改造市场发展协同激励模型及实施路径研究

建筑节能服务产业发展离不开政府的有效激励,以协同激励为切入点,在回顾已有研究与协同激励内涵界定的基础上,构建了既有建筑节能改造市场发展协同激励模型。基于市场主体需求演变特征,架构了协同激励实施路径,探讨了不同市场发展阶段下的激励路径选择策略。通过协同激励,可解决市场主体需求多样性和需求渐增性与政府激励资源有限性之间的矛盾,从而实现既有建筑节能改造市场发展激励资源效用的最大化。     

既有住宅建筑节能改造多主体多目标集成递阶优化实施机理

既有住宅建筑节能改造市场健康有序运行的关键在于多主体多目标集成优化实施机理研究。分别从单主体多目标集成优化、单目标多主体协同优化、多主体多目标集成优化3个层次出发,以递阶优化来描述既有住宅建筑节能改造多主体多目标集成优化机理这一具有层次结构的复杂决策问题。在上述研究基础上,提出了既有住宅建筑节能改造多主体多目标集成优化模型框架,进一步探讨分析了多主体多目标集成优化实施路径。     

既有住宅建筑节能改造业主内源动力影响因素模型——基于扎根理论

采用质性研究法探究既有住宅建筑节能改造业主内源动力影响因素,为业主内源动力的提升提供理论依据。通过深入访谈和收集相关资料进行实质性分析,系统提炼影响业主内源动力的6个主范畴:政策环境、市场环境、企业环境、节能改造意愿、个体责任感和节能改造行为,并构建既有住宅建筑节能改造业主内源动力影响因素理论模型。结果表明:政策环境、市场环境和企业环境是业主内源动力形成的外部驱动变量,节能改造意愿、个体责任感是业主内源动力形成的内在驱动变量,且这些因素通过中介因素节能改造行为作用于业主内源动力的形成过程。     

既有住区绿色改造核心主体行为博弈研究——基于市场运行视角

既有住区绿色改造市场有序运行的实质是多方主体行为反复动态博弈的过程。基于市场运行视角,从既有住区绿色改造市场核心主体行为的博弈关系分析入手,构建了由政府、绿色服务公司和业主三方组成的演化博弈模型,探究了既有住区绿色改造市场运行过程中核心主体行为博弈策略选择。结果表明:既有住区绿色改造市场的高效运行是主体动力协同合作的结果,而完善的政策支撑制度、市场服务产业供应链和业主认知认同感可以有效推动既有住区绿色改造市场持续与健康发展。     

京津冀及周边地区清洁取暖补贴政策现状、问题与对策

京津冀及周边地区以燃煤为主的农户冬季采暖方式是影响区域大气环境质量的重要原因之一,大规模推进清洁取暖改造是优化区域能源结构、改善大气环境质量的重要举措.本文以京津冀大气污染传输通道城市("2+26"城市)为重点,全面梳理了京津冀及周边地区清洁取暖政策特别是补贴政策的实施情况和主要问题,对近期区域清洁取暖改造补贴投资进行测算,提出未来农村清洁取暖补贴政策的优化建议.结果表明,在现行补贴标准下,补贴资金投入额的差异主要来源于清洁取暖技术路径及农居建筑节能性能的差异,使用热泵类设备并进行建筑节能改造对降低补贴资金投入有积极影响;中央财政的清洁取暖试点城市奖补资金只能覆盖2019年改造补贴所需投资总额的20%左右,地方政府财政压力巨大.未来京津冀及周边地区农村清洁取暖补贴政策应继续充分发挥中央财政支持作用,充分利用市场建立多元化投融资机制,已大规模推进农村清洁取暖改造并已制定清洁取暖补贴政策的地区应继续制定新的补贴政策,尚未大规模改造的地区建议通过试点补贴方式逐步引导推广,清洁取暖补贴标准的制定和调整应在农户可接受、政府可承担的前提下逐步实现退坡.     

浅析电站工程海外EPC项目的设计管理

在电站工程海外EPC项目中,设计工作是项目成功与否的关键。基于作者在海外电站工程设计管理的工作经验,从设计意图、设计配合、设计进度、设计质量4个方面分析设计管理中存在的问题,然后从设计准备、协同设计、协同沟通、设计优化4个方面提出改进设计管理工作的意见。国内企业在海外EPC项目实施过程中应摆脱传统设计管理模式,不断改进设计管理模式以适应海外市场环境,真正发挥设计作为EPC工程龙头的作用。     

农户环境经营，构建生产、生活、生态共赢

既有环境管理模式运行的关键在于自上而下的宏观政令信息贯彻,对于以非点源污染为主要表征的农村环境问题治理来说,这一模式并不适用。从农村实际出发,立足于农民的基本需求,环境经营模式旨在通过激励性的政策设计,由政府购买农户环境服务,将农村环境保护内化为农民的切身利益,从而实现自下而上的农村环境管理,达到生产发展、生活富足和生态保护激励相容的“三生共赢”的目的。     

新发展格局下碳中和目标的影响因子及实现路径北大核心

为助力我国碳中和目标的实现,基于社会—技术系统理论及相关文献,确立新发展格局下碳中和影响因子集,运用ISM模型分析碳中和目标的影响因子及实现路径。结果表明:①ISM模型是一个包含18个因子的6阶锥形系统,大致呈现从宏观环境—技术发展—市场体制的发展逻辑。②出台低碳发展激励政策、强化低碳技术专利保护等因子是实现碳中和的核心基础与动力;实现绿色现代化进程是实现碳中和最直接的影响因子与内涵;丰富碳交易市场体系、加快减碳与去碳技术等因子则是实现碳中和的关键路径。基于研究结论,提出了完善激励引导政策、健全碳市场体系和加快低碳技术创新等政策建议。     

Managing carbon emissions in China through building energy efficiency

This paper attempts to analyse the role of building energy efficiency (BEE) in China in addressing climate change mitigation. It provides an analysis of the current situation and future prospects for the adoption of BEE technologies in Chinese cities. It outlines the economic and institutional barriers to large-scale deployment of the sustainable, low-carbon, and even carbon-free construction techniques. Based on a comprehensive overview of energy demand characteristics and development trends driven by economic and demographic growth, different policy tools for cost-effective CO₂ emission reduction in the Chinese construction sector are described. We propose a comprehensive approach combining building design and construction, and the urban planning and building material industries, in order to drastically improve BEE during this period of rapid urban development. A coherent institutional framework needs to be established to ensure the implementation of efficiency policies. Regulatory and incentive options should be integrated into the policy portfolios of BEE to minimise the efficiency gap and to realise sizeable carbon emissions cuts in the next decades. We analyse in detail several policies and instruments, and formulate relevant policy proposals fostering low-carbon construction technology in China. Specifically, Our analysis shows that improving building energy efficiency can generate considerable carbon emissions reduction credits with competitive price under the CDM framework.     

基于典型相关分析的电子类生活垃圾回收政策及其效果关系研究

本文围绕以手机为主的电子类生活垃圾回收环节,基于EPR电子生活垃圾回收实验及目前电子类生活垃圾的回收激励政策和效果,运用典型相关分析方法确定激励政策及政策效果的主要影响变量,研究以手机为主的电子类生活垃圾回收的激励政策与政策效果之间的关系,强化电子类生活垃圾回收的政策措施,扩大政策效果,促进资源的回收及再利用。本文设定的回收激励政策包括政府对废旧手机回收率的最低要求、优惠力度以及获得高优惠的最低回收率要求,政策效果包括废旧手机实际回收率、销售市场营业额以及生产者补贴总额等方面。研究结果表明,电子类生活垃圾回收激励政策与政策效果之间存在着显著的相关关系,其中,获得高优惠的最低回收率对废旧手机实际回收率有显著抑制作用,废旧手机回收率的最低要求对销售市场营业额有显著抑制作用。本文在此基础上给出了政策建议。     

ECONOMIC INCENTIVES FOR AGRICULTURAL NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION CONTROL1

ABSTRACT. The limited success of command-and-control policies for reducing nonpoint source (NPS) water pollution mandated under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA) has prompted increased interest in economic incentive policies as an alternative control mechanism. A variety of measures have been proposed ranging from fairly minor modifications of existing policies to substantial revisions including watershed-wide polices that rely on economic incentives. While greater use of economic incentive policies, such as environmental bonds and point/nonpoint source trading is being advocated in the reauthorization of the CWA, the expected effects of individual proposals will be modest. The characteristics of NPS pollution, namely uncertainty and asymmetrical information, underscores that there is no single, ideal policy instrument for controlling the many types of agricultural NPS water pollution. Some of the usual incentive-based policies, such as effluent taxes, are not well suited to the task. Individual incentive policies proposed for the reauthorized CWA, such as pollution trading or deposit/refund systems, are not broadly applicable for heterogeneous pollution situations. Economic incentive policies may be appropriate in some cases, and command-and-control policies will be preferable in others and may in fact complement incentive policies.     

Perverse Incentive Structure and Policy Implementation Gap in China's Local Environmental Politics

The obvious paradox within China's environmental politics is the big gap between the central government's policy and its implementation outcomes at local levels. Despite concerns about implementation at the local level, much about the role of central governments in China's local environmental politics is still poorly understood. This article examines how the incentive structure set by the central authorities affects the policy implementation gap at the local level. Drawing on fieldwork and document analysis, this article argues that the incentives set by the central government regarding environmental policy implementation at local levels are perversely structured, meaning that the central government provides much more incentive for local governments' non-implementation or poor implementation of its environmental policies than it provides for full implementation. The central government's failure to encourage—politically, financially, as well as morally—local government officials to appropriately implement environmental policies can partly explain the production of the policy implementation gap at the local level. This implementation gap cannot be overcome by efforts at the local level unless the central government takes significant measures to address the perverse incentive structure embedded in the overall structure of China's local environmental politics.     

河北省太阳能产业可持续发展对策研究

针对太阳能产业发展现状,找出河北省太阳能产业发展过程中存在的问题,如产业环节附加值低、产用不平衡、缺乏激励政策、存在技术难题和污染、运维管理跟不上等。借鉴国内外成功经验,从光热和光电平衡发展、加大科技投入、加强政策和机制建设、实施多元化模式、控制产业污染、培养专业的运维队伍等几方面提出河北省太阳能产业可持续发展的对策。     

可持续发展理念下的能源产业战略

介绍了可持续发展理念的形成过程,分析了目前国内外能源产业状况及存在的问题。结合中国发展的实际情况,提出了中国能源产业在可持续理念下的六大战略,即:(1)在发展模式上,要实现从计划经济向市场经济、从粗放型向集约型发展模式的两个根本性转变,实施科技战略;(2)在能源消费上,要立足中国实际,在能源结构调整的同时,实施煤、油、气等多能源并举的多样化战略;(3)在能源供给上,考虑到世界经济全球化的大背景,应当加大实施"走出去"的战略;(4)在能源生产上,要积极开发各种能源,尤其是对新能源的开发和利用,实施新能源战略;(5)在能源产业上,要做到开发与节约并举,积极开展节能活动,实施节能优先战略;(6)在全局发展上,结合中国经济发展的实J际情况,要实施能源安全战略。     

From Policy Document to Implementation: Organizational Routines as Possible Barriers to Mainstreaming Climate Adaptation

This paper aims to understand the role of organizational routines as possible barriers to the mainstreaming of climate adaptation at the implementation stage. While the mainstreaming of climate adaptation into policy documents is relatively easy, the implementation of these policies seems to be more problematic. Barriers to climate adaptation often occur during this stage as the implementation of the policies is generally undertaken by other actors than the policy-makers. These actors act based on organizational routines. As organizational routines aim to provide stability, they tend to be reaffirmative. Reorganizing the resources and practices of these actors to initiate mainstreaming then proves difficult. Consequently, the routines could prevent change that might be necessary to address new policy objectives such as climate adaptation. An analytical framework consisting of four self-reinforcing mechanisms is used to understand and explain why and how organizational routines can hamper the mainstreaming of climate adaptation during implementation. A case study is used to illustrate organizational routines as possible barriers. The paper concludes by stating that to optimize the possibilities of mainstreaming climate adaptation, a change in routines is necessary. In order to stimulate change in organizational routines, the focus should be on reflecting on existing routines, legitimacy building and learning.