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用焦磷酸钠和盐酸纯化了地产凹凸棒粘土,SEM、XRD和FT-IR表征其结构。研究了凹凸棒粘土对亚甲蓝的吸附性能及热力学和动力学特征,考察了吸附时间、温度、初始浓度、pH和离子强度下对亚甲蓝吸附的影响。结果表明,不同实验条件下,吸附过程均符合准二级动力学特征。凹凸棒粘土对亚甲蓝是放热的物理吸附过程,吸附符合Langmuir模式,在303 K时最大吸附量为114.02 mg/g。与其他吸附材料相比,凹凸棒粘土对亚甲蓝有较快的吸附速率和较大的吸附量,可以作为价廉的吸附剂用于亚甲蓝的消除。 相似文献
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水枝锦活性炭对孔雀石绿的吸附性能研究 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
以水枝锦为原料,采用磷酸活化法制备成水枝锦活性炭,通过静态实验研究其对孔雀石绿的吸附性能.考察了水枝锦活性炭投加量、接触时间、pH和孔雀石绿初始浓度对孔雀石绿吸附效果的影响.结果表明,在温度为723 K、活化时间为1 h条件下,水枝锦活性炭得率为36.7%,比表面积为1 223m2/g;在298K、孔雀石绿初始质量浓度为250mg/L、接触270min条件下,水枝锦活性炭的最佳投加量为0.5 g/L,适宜pH为7~12;吸附量随温度的升高而增大,提高温度有利于吸附的进行;水枝锦活性炭静态吸附孔雀石绿的动力学行为符合伪二级动力学方程.静态吸附动力学研究为投加粉状活性炭的吸附池的设计和污水处理装置的运行提供基础信息,对于去除水中孔雀石绿技术的应用具有重要的实际意义. 相似文献
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水热改性棉铃壳对水中氟的吸附 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用水热法制备了改性棉铃壳吸附剂,通过比表面积分析仪、扫描电镜和红外光谱仪表征了棉铃壳改性前后表面结构和官能团变化,并通过批实验分析了改性棉铃壳对水中F-吸附动力学及热力学特征,考察了温度、pH对吸附性能的影响。结果表明,磷酸水热改性后棉铃壳比表面积为121.7 m2/g,是改性前的18.5倍;通过水热改性可以减少酸性基团数量,有利于吸附阴离子。氟离子吸附实验结果显示,吸附反应符合准二级动力学模型,Langmuir模型能更好地描述反应的单分子层吸附特征,分离因子R L在0~0.5之间。改性棉铃壳对F-的吸附属于自发进行的吸热反应。 相似文献
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研究了用Zn/Al水滑石制得的Zn/Al双金属氧化物(Zn/Al-300)吸附剂对水中硫酸根离子的吸附,考查了吸附剂投加量、初始pH等因素对硫酸根离子吸附的影响。结果表明,Zn/Al-300对水中硫酸根离子的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温方程,理论最大吸附量为62.5 mg/g。运用动力学方程进行拟合,吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程;溶液的pH影响吸附剂对硫酸根的吸附,在pH=5.5时硫酸根的去除率最大;X射线衍射结果显示,水滑石经过焙烧后丧失了原有的构形,并在吸附硫酸根离子后重新恢复水滑石的部分层状结构。吸附机制主要为Zn/Al-300从溶液中获取阴离子以重建水滑石的晶体结构,即"记忆效应"。对吸附后的双金属氧化循环应用4此后,吸附容量几乎不变,说明双金属氧化物具有可循环型。通过将Zn/Al-300与其他几种吸附剂的经济性分析,表明此吸附剂在使用过程中具有一定优势。 相似文献
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研究了用Zn/Al水滑石制得的Zn/Al双金属氧化物(Zn/Al-300)吸附剂对水中硫酸根离子的吸附,考查了吸附剂投加量、初始pH等因素对硫酸根离子吸附的影响。结果表明,Zn/Al-300对水中硫酸根离子的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温方程,理论最大吸附量为62.5 mg/g。运用动力学方程进行拟合,吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程;溶液的pH影响吸附剂对硫酸根的吸附,在pH=5.5时硫酸根的去除率最大;X射线衍射结果显示,水滑石经过焙烧后丧失了原有的构形,并在吸附硫酸根离子后重新恢复水滑石的部分层状结构。吸附机制主要为Zn/Al-300从溶液中获取阴离子以重建水滑石的晶体结构,即“记忆效应”。对吸附后的双金属氧化循环应用4此后,吸附容量几乎不变,说明双金属氧化物具有可循环型。通过将Zn/Al-300与其他几种吸附剂的经济性分析,表明此吸附剂在使用过程中具有一定优势。 相似文献
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磷酸改性凹凸棒粘土对Pb^2+的吸附研究 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
研究了不同浓度磷酸改性凹凸棒粘土的比表面积、孔结构性质以及其对水中Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附.结果表明,凹凸棒粘土磷酸改性后比表面积明显增大,具有明显的中孔分布;9 mol/L磷酸改性处理的凹凸棒粘土吸附能力最佳,在改性凹凸棒粘土加入量为20~30 g/L,水样pH=5条件下,废水中Pb(Ⅱ)的被吸附率接近99%. 相似文献
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Jaana Koistinen Sirpa Herve Raija Paukku Mirja Lahtiperä Jaakko Paasivirta 《Chemosphere》1997,34(12):2553-2569
Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle. 相似文献
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The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones. 相似文献
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G T Brooks 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(5):619-621
The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9. 相似文献
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Torben Nielsen Anders Feilberg Mona-Lise Binderup 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1999,6(3):133-137
The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen.
In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in
1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for
buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was
caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced
many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH,
while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to
be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator,
was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with
a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene. 相似文献
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Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis. 相似文献
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Ralph A. Chapman Carol Harris 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(4-5):397-407
Abstract The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis. 相似文献
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Abstract The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil. 相似文献
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Andreia Garcês Isabel Pires Paula Rodrigues 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2020,55(1):75-89
AbstractIn the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish. 相似文献
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P.R. Fresquez J.D. Huchton M.A. Mullen L. Naranjo Jr. 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(5):611-622
Abstract One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of 3H, 137Cs, 90Sr, totU, 238Pu, 239, 240Pu, and241 Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of 3H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables. 相似文献
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Jennifer C. Anhalt Thomas B. Moorman William C. Koskinen 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(3):207-213
Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of 14C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative 14CO2 was less than 1.5% of applied 14C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils. 相似文献