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1.
旅游业在国民经济发展中发挥着重要作用,尤其在消除贫困方面。选择贵州旅游作为研究对象,分析贵州旅游资源概况及旅游业发展现状,阐述贵州旅游业发展在消除贫困方面的作用以及贵州旅游扶贫战略的必要性和可行性,提出旅游扶贫中出现的问题并找到相应的解决办法,为贵州省和类似贫困山区旅游扶贫发展提供思路。 相似文献
2.
James Polak 《Local Environment》2017,22(3):335-349
Despite the popularity of local economic development (LED) as a job creation and economic growth strategy in South Africa, many LED projects have not proved to be sustainable in the long-run, especially where human systems interact with biological ones. This article examines the relationship between sustainability and LED within the context of the emerging honeybush tea industry in the Eastern Cape. Data were gathered from provincial as well as local government policy documents and reports, and via key informant interviews. The data were analysed using Connelly’s [(2007). Mapping sustainable development as a contested concept. Local Environment, 12 (3), 259–278] three pronged approach to sustainable development as a lens through which to view the local industry. Findings showed that the industry offers many opportunities for development, including job creation in poorer, rural households; sustainable wild harvesting using a permit system; commercial cultivation; potential to develop social capital; potential for community-based LED; and product diversification. However, there are also corresponding challenges: There is currently no reliable data on the maximum sustainable yield, which is needed to guide quota allocations for entrepreneurial harvesters harvesting from wild stocks; possible biodiversity loss; and enforcing the permit scheme is proving difficult in remote rural areas. 相似文献
3.
Sustainable development is now widely accepted as a policy framework in planning and development both internationally and in South Africa. Within this framework, technocentric scientific approaches to environmental management, which are reflective of weak ecological modernization, have dominated environmental practice both in the developed and developing world. South Africa is a country in transition and as a result environmental law and policy have undergone significant reform. However, implementation and practice remains embedded within a weak ecological modernization approach. Through the lens of two case studies reflecting changing approaches and practices within state institutions, this paper explores the shifts taking place in the construction, adaptation and application of policy frameworks and tools used in the drive towards sustainability in South Africa. The research uses critical approaches to ecological modernization (Hajer, 1995; Christoff, 1996) and deliberative policy analysis (Hajer and Wagenaar, 2003; Hajer, 2003, 2003; Hajer, 2004) to explore these shifts. It suggests that the shift towards strong ecological modernization has taken place as a result of the adaptation of international practice to the South Africa context, the global acceptance of more integrated approaches, the opportunities for change that 'institutional ambiguity' and 'multi-signification' create, and pockets of innovation that have developed when intellectual actors shift the boundaries of environmental practice. 相似文献
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There is increasing international pressure to ensure that mining development is aligned with local and national development objectives. In South Africa, legislation requires mining companies to produce Social and Labour Plans, which are aimed at addressing local developmental concerns. Against the background of the new mining legislation in South Africa, this paper evaluates attempts to address mine downscaling in the Free State Goldfields over the past two decades. The analysis shows that despite an improved legislative environment, the outcomes in respect of integrated planning are disappointing, owing mainly to a lack of trust and government incapacity to enact the new legislation. It is argued that legislative changes and a national response in respect of mine downscaling are required. 相似文献
6.
Life in proximity to a growing city can be especially difficult for those rural people who are poor. Findings from sustained research around three cities of the South illustrate how peri-urban conditions can create pressure for livelihood change. People were pressed further into a cash-based economy for which they were ill prepared. Surprisingly, agriculture remained important, even though urban expansion changed natural resource-based livelihoods, especially by taking land. The inevitable livelihood transitions were easier if there was support for both familiar and new natural resource-based activities, orienting production towards urban markets. Successful change was associated with greater diversification of income strands, rapid cash returns and bridging opportunities. Participatory planning of livelihood changes and local NGO inputs were advantageous. These findings are important for pro-poor development policy affecting peri-urban populations and may inform rural to urban migration policy. 相似文献
7.
Uchendu Eugene Chigbu Anna Schopf Walter T. de Vries Fahria Masum Samuel Mabikke Danilo Antonio 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2017,60(9):1622-1639
There is tenure insecurity around land ownerships and land rights in most developing countries. There are also many land-use planning projects being implemented in these countries. Often, land-use planning exists in these countries but is not formally linked with tenure security. This study argues that combining them by conducting land-use planning in a way that promotes tenure security presents a new approach. A central premise for the rationale of this intervention is that processes of land-use planning may inadvertently increase tenure security. By way of methodology, it evaluates land-use planning case studies from Africa, Asia and South America. It uses the three case study examples to build a case for making tenure security one of the major planned outcomes of a land-use planning process and provides a detailed framework for operationalising the concept. Its main contribution to the literature is that it introduces the concept of tenure responsive land-use planning. 相似文献
8.
Merle Sowman Maria Hauck Lance van Sittert Jackie Sunde 《Environmental management》2011,47(4):573-583
A historical perspective on MPA identification and governance in South Africa reflects the continued influence of a top-down
and natural science-based paradigm, that has hardly changed over the past half century, despite the wealth of literature,
and a growing consensus, that advocates the need to adopt a more integrated and human-centered approach. Based on extensive
research in two coastal fishing communities, the paper highlights impacts and conflicts arising from this conventional approach
to MPA identification, planning and management. It argues that failure to understand the particular fishery system in all
its complexity, in particular the human dimensions, and involve resource users in planning and decision-making processes,
undermines efforts to achieve conservation and fisheries management objectives. The customary rights of local resource users,
and their food and livelihood needs in relation to marine resources, need to be acknowledged, prioritized and integrated into
planning and decision-making processes. Convincing ecologists, fisheries scientists and managers, that MPA success depends
on addressing the root causes of resource decline and incorporating social factors into MPA identification, planning and management,
remains a huge challenge in South Africa. 相似文献
9.
Ecological planning proposal for Kruger National Park 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This article discusses an application of the ecological planning model proposed by Van Riet and Cooks. The various steps outlined
in this model have been applied to Kruger National Park in South Africa. The natural features of Kruger National Park, which
form the basis of such an ecological planning exercise and from which the various land use categories, values, and zoning
classes can be determined, are discussed in detail. The suitability of each of the various features is analyzed and a final
zoning proposal for Kruger National Park is suggested. Furthermore a method for selecting a site for a new camp is illustrated
by referring to the site for the new Mopane rest camp which is now under construction in the Kruger National Park.
The conclusion is reached that the proposed ecological planning model can be used successfully in planning conservation areas
such as Kruger National Park and for the selection of the most desirable sites for the establishment of new rest camps. Its
suitability as a practical model in such planning exercises is proven by the fact that the siting proposals of two new camps
based on this model have been accepted by the National Parks Board, the controlling body of Kruger National Park. 相似文献
10.
Gerald G. Garland 《Environmental management》1990,14(6):793-798
One of the most pressing problems facing wilderness managers in the ecologically fragile Drakensberg Mountains, South Africa,
is that of path erosion, since it detracts from the wilderness experience and is very costly to remediate. As increasing demand
for wilderness and outdoor recreation places greater pressure on paths and trails, it will be necessary to increase path network
size and capacity, and it is important that new paths are routed such that maintenance requirements are minimal.
This study describes the development of a technique based on the site and environmental variables of rainfall, topographic
slope, and lithology, which enables assessment of path erosion risk before paths are planned and constructed. The technique
was tested on a path at the Drakensberg resort of Loteni, and showed good correlation with actual path degradation. When used
as a tool in path network planning, it can aid in the selection of low-maintenance routes and also help in planning maintenance
budgets. 相似文献
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George A. Whetstone 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1972,8(3):600-607
ABSTRACT The Republic of South Africa, legatee of a three-century history of recurring drought, is firmly committed to a program of the optimum use of its water for the national benefit. Its water law encourages centralized planning in that water is held to be the property of the state and is assignable without requiring acquiescence by the basin or province of origin. Interbasin diversions from the Tugela River to the Vaal River Basin, from the Orange River to the Fish and Sundays River Basins, and from several basins to Cape Town are under construction as are facilities for water importation from Lesotho and Angola. For satisfaction of demands beyond the year 2000 the nation may depend increasingly on a shift of its power production and water-using industry from the coal fields of the central plateau to nuclear power development with associated desalination along its coasts. Alternatively, and preferably, it may cooperate in a co-prosperity bloc in Southern Africa aiding the economies of its neighbors by development for mutual advantage of the water and power resources of the Okavango and other northern rivers. 相似文献
13.
Adriaan Dippenaar 《Natural resources forum》2009,33(3):199-210
Foreign direct investment (FDI) flowing into Africa is highly diverse in terms of the origin of the investors, size of the firms, and the sectors of activity. The motivations and factors driving firms' decisions to invest in Africa are equally diverse. A direct survey of senior management in South African firms that are operating in sub-Saharan Africa reveals that the drivers of foreign investment as well as the risks and the strategies to overcome them differ markedly between sectors. A further finding is that there is a limited pool of FDI promotion policies and incentives that governments can institute that are effective in impacting South African corporations' investment decisions. As a consequence, broad-based FDI promotion policies aimed at attracting FDI across all investor groups are likely to have limited impact in attracting FDI from any particular investor group, or in attracting any FDI from multinational companies similar to the South African companies studied here. Such broad based policies probably need to be complemented with policies targeting those specific firms or sectors which countries hope to attract. 相似文献
14.
Studies of the resource curse as it affects African states abound, yet few deal specifically with the experiences of South Africa. The inability of countries to convert natural resource wealth into income and improved development measures remains highly pertinent and is especially apparent in Africa's largest economy. This paper takes a unique approach to study the resource curse by comparing South Africa's political economy with the existing resource curse literature. Using data from international organisations, studies of poverty and qualitative evidence this paper examines South Africa's experience with mineral extraction. It is found that South Africa has experienced many of the symptoms outlined in the resource curse literature including relatively slow GDP growth, gross inequalities, entrenched poverty and the creation of a rentier state. Overall, it is concluded that South Africa has failed to benefit from natural resource wealth and can be classified as a resource cursed state. Not only has mineral wealth failed to benefit much of South Africa's population, sections of society have actually been harmed through the process of mineral extraction. This paper is the first to examine South Africa in light of the current resource curse literature and to conclude that the state far more closely resembles its sub-Saharan African neighbours than its upper-middle income peers. 相似文献
15.
South African mining equipment and specialist services: Technological capacity,export performance and policy 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
South Africa has developed a technologically sophisticated and globally competitive mining equipment and specialist services sector. The paper provides evidence for and measurement of technological competency and global competitiveness and a brief outline of why South Africa was successful in this regard. While there are significant prospects for future growth, there are, at the same time, a number of constraints and South Africa is becoming a less advantageous site for both production and for innovation. Current government policy does not address these constraints and the sector does not feature in government’s vision for industrial or technology development. An alternative approach is proposed whereby the constraints are addressed and the companies supplying the mining sector that have sophisticated technological competencies are encouraged to spread “laterally” into new products and new global markets. By way of conclusion, the importance of this sector in developing countries where mining plays a major role is outlined. 相似文献
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旅游用地是一种特殊的土地资源类型,一直没有得到应有的重视。在实际利用中存在着许多突出问题,如旅游景点的土地利用规划与旅游规划不协调,旅游用地中的景观设计的人为性,旅游用地资源环境污染和破坏,旅游用地中的产权关系混乱,以及打生态旅游牌搞房地产开发等。研究提出了加强旅游用地立法,做好土地规划与旅游规划,对旅游用地进行估价,实行用地来源的多途径化与统一管理等对策。它是一项探索式研究,具有开创性,旨在为旅游资源的可持续发展做初步探讨。 相似文献
18.
The ability of an organisation to recognise the value of new external information, acquire it, assimilate it, transform, and
exploit it, namely its absorptive capacity (AC), has been much researched in the context of commercial organisations and even
applied to national innovation. This paper considers four key AC-related concepts and their relevance to public sector organisations
with mandates to manage and conserve freshwater ecosystems for the common good. The concepts are the importance of in-house
prior related knowledge, the importance of informal knowledge transfer, the need for motivation and intensity of effort, and
the importance of gatekeepers. These concepts are used to synthesise guidance for a way forward in respect of such freshwater
management and conservation, using the imminent release of a specific scientific conservation planning and management tool
in South Africa as a case study. The tool comprises a comprehensive series of maps that depict national freshwater ecosystem
priority areas for South Africa. Insights for implementing agencies relate to maintaining an internal science, rather than
research capacity; making unpublished and especially tacit knowledge available through informal knowledge transfer; not underestimating
the importance of intensity of effort required to create AC, driven by focussed motivation; and the potential use of a gatekeeper
at national level (external to the implementing organisations), possibly playing a more general ‘bridging’ role, and multiple
internal (organisational) gatekeepers playing the more limited role of ‘knowledge translators’. The role of AC as a unifying
framework is also proposed. 相似文献
19.
The premise of this article is that the planning and design of new rest camps in conservation areas should be based on ecological
principles in such a way that the plant ecology within the camp be an integral part and extension of the natural ecology of
its immediate vicinity. This is desirable so that visitors to the camp will be provided not only with facilities for resting,
eating, and sleeping, but also be able to enjoy and study the natural environment in a relaxed atmosphere. The Berg-en-Dal
rest camp, which was established in Kruger National Park, was planned in such a way and designed according to the principles
outlined by the authors in a companion article.
The planning included six zones: a control zone, day visitor zone, overnight visitor zone, staff accommodation zone, recreation
zone, and service zone. The point is stressed that plant species selected to be used as additional vegetation to those already
growing in the camp were endemic to the nine landscape facets identified in the camp. The design allowed for separation of
the various land-use zones in such a way that they would complement each other rather than be a hindrance to each other. The
camp has been built according to the plans included in this article and has proved to be a great success. The conclusion is
drawn that the planning principles are sound and should be used in the future for the planning and design of rest camps for
conservation areas in South Africa. 相似文献
20.
State of the environment reporting (SoER) is a well-established and widely applied environmental management tool in the South African context. Despite a wealth of knowledge about conducting and preparing SoERs, there is a paucity of research on the effect SoER has had on decision-making at the local government sphere. This study investigated the effect of SoER on decision-making for a sample of municipalities in the Gauteng Province of South Africa. The methodology relied on interviews with key role players, which include the ‘‘environmental function’' as well as ‘‘other functions’' responsible for infrastructure development and planning within the municipalities. The results show that notwithstanding the extensive time and resources spent on SoER, it appears to have had a limited effect on decision-making, especially beyond the environmental function. Recommendations to improve the influence of SoER on decision-making in developing countries include improved clarity on the purpose and home of SoER within municipalities, adequate budget and capacity, and effective cooperative governance both within the municipalities, and with other spheres of government. 相似文献