Identification of 1-hydroxypyrene in urine of dogs after pyrene injection and its excretion

With high performance liquid chromatograph and fluorospectrometry, 1-hydroxypyrene is identified as a metabolite of pyrene in the urine of dogs after intramuscular injection of pyrene. When three successive doses of 1,2 and 5 μmol/kg wt. pyrene administered, urinary excretion of 1-hydroxypyrene reaches the peak level between 24th and 48th hours. Excreted 1-hydroxypyrene consists of only about 0.05% of injected pyrene.     

Effects of ion concentration and natural organic matter on arsenic(V) removal by nanofiltration under different transmembrane pressures

The removal of As(V) from synthetic water was studied using four different nanofiltration (NF) membranes (ESNA-1-K1, NF270, ESNA-1-LF, and HODRA-CORE). The influences of ion concentration, transmembrane pressure (TMP), and the presence of natural organic matter (humic acid, HA) on the arsenic removal efficiency and permeate flux were investigated. The arsenic rejection of ESNA- 1-LF was higher than those of the other membranes in all experiments (> 94%), and the HODRA-CORE membrane gave the lowest removal of arsenic (< 47%). An increase in the ion concentration in the feed solution and addition of HA decreased the arsenic rejection of the HODRA-CORE membrane. However, both increasing of the ion concentration and addition of HA made the rejection increased for the other membranes (ESNA-1-K1, NF270, and ESNA-1-LF). With increasing TMP, for all four NF membranes, increases in both arsenic rejection and permeate flux were observed. The permeate fluxes of the four NF membranes decreased to some extent after addition of HA to the solutions for operating time of 6 hr.     

Submicron particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Polish teaching rooms: Concentrations, origin and health hazard

The goal of the work was to investigate the concentrations of the 16 US EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAH) bound to submicrometer particles(particulate matter, PM_1) suspended in the air of university teaching rooms and in the atmospheric air outside. Two teaching rooms were selected in two Polish cities, Gliwice, southern Poland,and Warsaw, central Poland, differing with regard to the ambient concentrations and major sources of PM and PAH. The variabilities of indoor and outdoor 24-hr concentrations of PM_1-bound PAH, the ratio(I/O) of the indoor to outdoor 24-hr concentrations of PM_1-bound PAH, probable sources of PAH and the level of the hazard from the mixture of the 16 PAH(ΣPAH) to humans at both sites were analyzed. In both Warsaw and Gliwice, the mean concentrations of PM_1-bound ΣPAH were slightly higher in the atmospheric air than in the rooms. The indoor and outdoor concentrations of individual PAH in Gliwice were correlated,in Warsaw – they were not. Most probably, the lack of the correlations in Warsaw was due to the existence of an unidentified indoor source of gaseous PAH enriching PM_1 in phenanthrene, fluorene, and pyrene. Although the ambient concentrations of PM_1-bound PAH were low compared to the ones observed earlier at both sites, they were much higher than in other urbanized European areas. However, because of low mass share of heavy PAH in ΣPAH, the various indicators of the health hazard from the 16 PAH mixture were low compared to other regions.     

Decolorization of oxygen-delignified bleaching effluent and biobleaching of oxygen-delignified kraft pulp by non-white-rot fungus Geotrichum candidum Dec 1

Decolorization of oxygen-delignified bleaching effluent (abbreviated as OBE) and biobleaching of oxygen-delignified kraft pulp (OKP) were conducted using a non-white rot fungus Geotrichum candidum Dec 1 (abbreviated as Dec 1) which has ability to decolorize various synthetic dyes and molasses. Dec 1 decolorized up to 77% of OBE for 6 days. In addition, Dec 1 increased the brightness of OKP from 47.8% to 51.2% and decreased the kappa value of OKP from 12.4 to 10.4 points during a 6-day incubation period at a 25% of pulpconcentration. At 2% pulp-concentration, the brightness of OKP increased by 13% and the kappa value of OKP decreased by 4 points only for a 3-day incubation period. When the decolorized OBE was used for bleaching of OKP, the brightness of OKP increased to 62.7% under the shaking culture to a 2% pulp-concentration using culture fluid of decolorized OBE. It was revealed that Dec 1 is a potential to apply for decolorization of wastewater and biobleaching of pulp in paper-mills.     

Photochemical reaction of particle-bound 1-nitropyrene under simulated atmospheric condition

Photoreaction of particle-bound 1-nitropyrehe (1-NP) under simulated atmospheric condition has been studied. When 1-NP coated on the surface of silica gel was suspended in a stream of nitrogen, oxygen or air, respectively, and exposed to intensive light of xenon lamp, photochemical reaction took place. The result of kinetic study showed it to be of the second order. The photoreaction products were identified by off-line HPLC/MS as 1,6-pyrenequinone, 1,8-pyrenequinone, trinitro-hydroxypyrene, dinitrohydroxypyrene, 6,6'- dipyrenenone, etc. The mutagenicity of photochemical reaction products is higher in oxygen and air, and lower in nitrogen than that of the precursor 1-NP, as detected by the Ames Bioassay.     

Practical performance and its efficiency of arsenic removal from groundwater using Fe-Mn binary oxide

A treatment unit packed by granular adsorbent of Fe-Mn binary oxide incorporated into diatomite (FMBO(1:1)-diatomite) was studied to remove arsenic from anaerobic groundwater without any pre-treatment or post-treatment. The raw anaerobic groundwater containing 35-45 μg/L of arsenic was collected from suburb of Beijing. Arsenic(III) constituted roughly 60%-80% of the total arsenic content. Approximately 7,000 bed volumes (ratio of efluent volume to adsorbent volume) treated water with arsenic concentration below 10 μg/L were produced in the operation period of four months. The regeneration of FMBO(1:1)-diatomite had been operated for 15 times. In the first stage, the regeneration process significantly improved the adsorption capacity of FMBO(1:1)-diatomite. With increased loading amount of Fe-Mn binary oxide, the adsorption capacity for arsenic decreased 20%-40%. Iron and manganese in anaerobic groundwater were oxidized and adsorptive filtrated by FMBO(1:1)-diatomite efficiently. The final concentrations of iron and manganese in efluents were nearly zero. The continued safe performance of the treatment units proved that adsorbent FMBO(1:1)-diatomite had high oxidation ability and exhibited strong adsorptive filtration.     

Monitoring gas- and particulate-phase short-chain polychlorinated paraffins in the urban air of Dalian by a self-developed passive sampler

The concentration of short-chain polychlorinated paraffins(SCCPs) in the urban air of Dalian,China was monitored from September 2016 to August 2017 with a self-developed passive sampler(PAS1) and an active high-volume sampler, simultaneously. PAS1 successfully collected the entire target SCCPs in the ambient air. Air SCCPs sampled by PAS1 were found be in the linear uptake stage during 181 days of sampling. Passive and active samples showed comparable congener profiles, and the dominant contributors of SCCPs in the two kinds of samples were similar. A significant linear correlation was observed between the total concentration of SCCPs sampled by PAS1 and active sampler in the four seasons. The passive sampling rates of the PAS1 for the gas and particulate phases of SCCPs were measured. The quantitative structure–property relationship of the sampling rate of PAS1(Rair) for gas-phase SCCPs was studied. From the molecular point of view, Rairwas mainly affected by the molecular weight and sub-cooled liquid vapor pressure of SCCPs. In general, SCCPs in the urban air of Dalian mainly existed in gas phase,lower molecular weight SCCPs primarily occurred in the gas phase, whereas higher molecular weight SCCPs were predominately adsorbed or absorbed on airborne particles. The air concentration of SCCPs in the four seasons were different, the correlation of the concentration of SCCPs in the air with the meteorology parameters was conducted. The exposure risk by intake air SCCPs of the residents around the sampling sites was evaluated according to the European risk assessment standards.     

Production and application of a novel bioflocculant by multiple-microorganism consortia using brewery wastewater as carbon source

The flocculating activity of a novel bioflocculant MMF1 produced by multiple-microorganism consortia MM1 was investigated. MM1 was composed of strain BAFRT4 identified as Staphylococcus sp. and strain CYGS1 identified as Pseudomonas sp. The flocculating activity of MMF1 isolated from the screening medium was 82.9%, which is remarkably higher than that of the bioflocculant produced by either of the strains under the same condition. Brewery wastewater was also used as the carbon source for MM1, and the cost-effective production medium for MM1 mainly comprised 1.0 L brewery water （chemical oxygen demand （COD） 5000 mg/L）, 0.5 g/L urea, 0.5 g/L yeast extract, and 0.2 g/L （NH4）2SO4. The optimal conditions for the production of MMF1 was inoculum size 2%, initial pH 6.0, cultivating temperature 30℃, and shaking speed 160 r/min, under which the flocculating activity of the MMF1 reached 96.8%. Fifteen grams of purified bioflocculant could be recovered from 1.0 L of fermentation broth. MMF1 was identified as a macromolecular substance containing both protein and polysaccharide. It showed good flocculating performance in treating indigotin printing and dyeing wastewater, and the maximal removal efficiencies of COD and chroma were 79.2% and 86.5%, respectively.     

Removal of estrogens by electrochemical oxidation process

Treatments of estrogens such as Estrone(E1), Estradiol(E2) and Ethinylestradiol(EE2) were conducted using an electrolytic reactor equipped with multi-packed granular glassy carbon electrodes.Experimental results showed that E1, E2 and EE2 were oxidized in the range of 0.45–0.85 V and were removed through electro-polymerization. Observed data from continuous experiments were in good agreement with calculated results by a mathematical model constructed based on mass transfer limitation. In continuous treatment of trace estrogens(1 μg/L), 98% of E1, E2 and EE2 were stably removed. At high loading rate(100 μg/L), removal efficiency of E1 was kept around 74%–88% for21 days, but removal efficiency reduced due to passivation of electrodes. However, removal efficiency was recovered after electrochemical regeneration of electrodes in presence of ozone. Electric energy consumption was observed in the range of 1–2 Wh/m3. From these results, we concluded that the present electrochemical process would be an alternative removal of estrogens.     

Effects of nature organic matters and hydrated metal oxides on the anaerobic degradation of lindane, p, p '-DDT and HCB in sediments

Effects of natural organic matters(NOM) and hydrated metal oxides(HMO) in sediments on the anaerobic degradation of γ-666,p, p‘-DDT and HCB were investigated by means of removing NOM and HMO in Liaohe River sediments sequentially. The results showed that the anaerobic degradation of γ-666, p, p‘ -DDT and HCB followed pseudo-first-order kinetics in different sediments. But, the extents and rates of degradation were different, even the other conditions remained the same. Anaerobic degradation rates of γ-666, p, p ‘-DDT and HCB were 0.020 d^-1, 0.009 d^-1 and 0.035 month^-1 respectively for the sediments without additional carbon resources. However, with addition ofcarbon resources, the anaerobic degradation rates of γ-666, p, p‘-DDT and HCB were 0.071 d^1, 0.054 d^-1 and 0.088 month^-1 in the original sediments respectively. After removing NOM, the rates were decreased to 0.047 d^-, 0.037 d^-1 and 0.066 month^-1 ; in thesediments removed NOM and HMO, the rates were increased to 0.067 d^-1 , 0.059 d^-1 and 0.086 month^-1 . These results indicated that NOMin the sediments accelerated the anaerobic degradation of γ-666, p, p‘-DDT and HCB ; the HMO inhibited the anaerobic degradation of γ-666,p, p ‘-DDT and HCB.     

自适应时槽分配的机械振动WSNs传输休眠时序调度方法

目的针对均匀时槽分配方法在机械振动无线传感器网络大量原始数据传输需求下,节点传输能耗升高、传输速率降低的问题,降低机械振动无线传感器网络传输能耗。方法提出一种自适应时槽分配的机械振动无线传感器网络传输休眠时序调度方法,首先利用信标调度的自适应时槽分配时钟同步方法使各节点不需晶振补偿就可校准本地时钟误差,然后测量LQI预测节点数据传输速率,为各个节点分配最优传输时槽,最后设置休眠机制,让未进行数据传输的节点处于休眠状态待机,直到下一个同步时槽时,自动唤醒,并侦听网关信标帧。采用三种方法进行冲突次数、传输能量消耗和传输速率的对比实验。结果所提方法的传输能耗比CSMA-CA机制降低23.4%,比均匀时槽分配降低10.6%。结论所提方法能有效降低机械振动无线传感器网络数据传输能耗。     

无线传感器网络在公路军事运输战场环境中的应用研究

目的研究无线传感器网络在公路军事运输战场环境中的应用。方法通过分析无线传感器网络的组成和主要优势,根据公路军事运输战场环境的构成和特性情况进行研究。结果提出了公路军事运输战场侦察与监控、战场目标跟踪、战场核生化监测等3个方面的应用构想。结论研究提出的应用构想前景广阔,能在多种场合满足公路军事运输信息获取的实时性、准确性和全面性。     

基于无线传感器网的噪声监测系统设计及应用

噪声污染严重危害着人类的身心健康与生活质量,基于物联网技术拓展噪声监测方法的研究对当前我国城市环境噪声污染控制具有重要的指导意义。从噪声监测同步、联动、实时的需求出发,利用无线传感器网络技术中的ZigBee技术,结合地理信息系统,设计了基于无线传感器网络的噪声监测系统,并将该系统应用于某科研单位园区噪声污染的联网监测。实验结果表明,基于无线传感器网络的噪声监测系统的监测结果可以反映噪声污染的真实情况,可以作为治理噪声污染对策的依据。     

2000—2019年全球猪肉贸易格局演变及其对中国的启示——基于复杂贸易网络分析视角

基于2000—2019年全球猪肉贸易数据,采用复杂网络分析方法,研究了全球猪肉贸易网络格局演变及中国猪肉贸易网络特征,并进一步探讨了中国扩大猪肉进口的潜在贸易伙伴选择问题。研究结果表明：过去近20年来,全球猪肉贸易网络核心国相对固定,猪肉贸易网络呈“碎片化”特征。目前中国已经成为全球第一大猪肉进口国,且进口呈现北美、西欧、南美“三足鼎立”的来源格局。未来中国扩大猪肉进口,潜在的贸易伙伴可选范围比较广泛。一方面可以继续巩固和深化同德国、西班牙、美国、巴西等传统贸易伙伴之间的合作关系,另一方面也可以积极拓展朋友圈,增加从意大利、比利时等其他出口国及泰国、越南等周边国家的进口,以打造更加多元高效的猪肉进口网络。     

基于计算机网络的大型空气污染远程报警系统设计研究

为了实现对空气环境污染的有效监测和报警控制,进行报警控制系统的优化设计,提出基于计算机网络的大型空气污染远程报警系统设计方法。系统包括了无线传感器网络模块、计算机控制模块、AD模块、时钟模块和人机交互模块。采用分布式无线传感器组网方法空气污染的原始数据采集,将采集的污染数据输入到AD模块中进行二进制转换,构建模拟预处理机进行控制信号放大滤波,采用DSP技术进行计算机控制程序设计,在计算机网络环境下实现大型空气污染远程报警系统的集成设计。系统测试结果表明,采用该方法进行大型空气污染远程报警系统设计具有很好的稳定性和兼容性,实现了空气污染的及时报警。     

基于分形理论的中国原油管道网络结构研究

为深入分析全国及各区域原油管网的结构与布局,揭示其空间结构特征,论文运用分形理论的三种维数:加权长度-半径维数、分枝-半径维数和关联维数,分别从密度、连通性及通达性研究了全国及各区域原油管网。研究结果表明:全国原油管网的密度和连通性均存在明显的东西分异特征,密度自东向西呈"线状-散点"的下降形态,连通性自东向西呈"散点-线状"的升高形态,而通达性则普遍较低;对各区域来说,东北、华北和华东等东部管网除连通性较低外,其他分形指标相对较高;西北管网的密度、通达性均不如东部,而且其新疆管网的连通性数值超过2,是不正常的连通结构;华南管网的多数分形指标均低于其他地区,其管网结构雏形尚未形成。     

海洋原位化学探测核心技术的研究应用

化学传感器和化学分析器是海洋原位化学探测系统中的核心技术。本文从电化学、光纤化学和湿法化学分析等三个领域介绍了国际上化学传感器和化学分析器的研究和应用现状 ,比较了部分化学传感器和化学分析器的性能指标和优缺点 ,指出了海洋原位化学探测技术的发展趋势。与国外海洋原位化学探测技术的研究相比 ,我国在这方面的研究基本上还是空白 ,海洋原位化学探测技术已成为我国亟待发展的海洋高新技术之一。     

Comparability and precision of MAP3S and NADP/NTN precipitation chemistry data at an acidic site in eastern North America

Precipitation chemistry data derived from more than six years of concurrent sampling under the MAP3S and NADP/NTN protocols at the Penn State site in rural Pennsylvania are compared. Preprocessing of the data (sample and gage depths, concentrations of H₃O⁺, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺) included aggregating the event and daily MAP3S data into weekly averages that coincide with the weekly data of the NADP/NTN program. A simple statistical model was applied to the differences of the paired data to look for systematic biases between the networks. The most notable bias occurred for ammonium concentration (NADP/NTN low), a finding consistent with other studies. A minor, but statistically significant, bias was also found for sulfate coccentration (NADP/NTN high). Both the ammonium and sulfate biases may be related to the relatively long time that the NADP/NTN samples remain in the field, thus strengthening arguments in favor of daily sampling protocols. The hydronium and nitrate concentrations exhibited remarkably high levels of comparability between the daily and weekly protocols. Overall, the data from the MAP3S and NADP/NTN networks are comparable, with the possible exception of ammonium, for some applications. The field results from about two years of duplicate sampling under the MAP3S protocol demonstrate that measurement precisions of only a few percent are possible when the protocol is consistently followed and the equipment is well maintained.     

光散射原理的大气PM2.5小型传感器监测性能评估研究

随着大气污染治理的不断深入,精细化、精准化和智能化的环境管理需求不断增加,迫切需要在特定区域开展高密度的监测,以弥补现有传统监测的不足.在此背景下,PM_2.5传感器监测方法在国内迅速发展,为研究光散射原理的大气PM_2.5小型传感器监测性能,于2018年7月—2019年7月在北京市建立了比对测试平台,对不同原理、不同品牌的PM_2.5传感器设备进行为期1年的测试与分析.结果表明：(1)激光粒子计数法PM_2.5传感器性能优于红外法PM_2.5传感器,激光粒子计数法PM_2.5传感器设备与自动标准设备比对的相关系数(R²)均大于0.45,红外法PM_2.5传感器设备与自动标准设备比对的R²均小于0.40.采用激光粒子计数法的工业级PM_2.5传感器数据有效率均在95%以上,更适用于业务化PM_2.5监测.(2)多数激光粒子计数法的工业级传感器设备与标准设备有较好的一...     

遥感技术在湖泊水质监测中的应用

环境污染遥感监测技术具有监测范围广、速度快、成本低,且便于进行长期的动态监测等优点,是实现宏观、快速、连续、动态地监测环境污染的有效方法,已成为湖泊环境动态变化监测的重要技术手段.湖泊水质遥感监测是基于经验、统计分析或水质参数的光谱特征,选择遥感波段数据与地面实测水质参数数据进行数学分析,建立水质参数反演模型实现的.在运用遥感技术对湖泊进行水质监测的方法中有传统方法和神经网络模型.与传统方法相比,神经网络模型有较强的水质识别的容错性,水质状况识别的可信度.今后,神经网络模型、高光谱遥感技术以及RS与GIS、GPS的结合运用等将是遥感技术在此领域中的发展方向.