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中国自然灾害应急管理研究进展与对策 总被引:20,自引:2,他引:20
从中国自然灾害应急管理的现状出发,系统分析了自然灾害应急管理领域的研究进展,指出了中国自然灾害应急管理在理论和实践方面存在的问题.在此基础上,提出了中国自然灾害应急管理框架,认为建立适合中国国情的自然灾害应急管理体制是提高中国自然灾害应急管理的基础;应急预案的制定和实施是规范灾害应急管理,提高灾害紧急救援能力的关键措施;灾害信息快速准确的获取和评估是灾害应急管理的有效保障;建立实际可用的应急管理系统是提高灾害应急管理水平和工作效率的根本出路. 相似文献
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基于互联网GIS(WebGIS)的环境灾害信息系统研究 总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16
建立基于WebGIS技术的互联网环境灾害监测信息系统,对我国环境保护和灾害预防具有重要的意义。分析了WebGIS的工作原理、技术支持标准、体系结构和数据库建库方法,详细介绍了该系统开发的关键技术和主要的程序编码。最后给出了互联网浙江省环境灾害监测信息系统的应用实例。 相似文献
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近50年来,国内外学者对灾害经济问题进行了较为深入的研究,各国政府在灾害管理实践方面也积累了大量的经验,借鉴这些研究成果和管理经验,结合"汶川地震"灾害经济管理的实际,就完善我国以人为本的自然灾害管理机制和确保地震重灾区的可持续重建,提出了7点建议. 相似文献
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This study explores the major issues facing collective response operations after destructive earthquakes. The small-n case study design employs qualitative and quantitative methods to investigate the decision-making process in a context of seismic risk to exemplify how public managers can utilise information and communication systems to ensure collaborative actions in managing an extreme event. Fifty-eight semi-structured interviews with 39 key decision-makers and researchers and content analyses of daily reports from Cumhuriyet comprise the main data sources. The study compares and contrasts the Turkish disaster management system following the Marmara and Duzce earthquakes of 1999. It addresses whether the use of information and communication technologies significantly affected its performance. The study's findings reveal that difficulties in accessing and exchanging timely and accurate disaster-relevant information inhibited coordination during the Marmara response while increased communication functions improved coordination and search-and-rescue activities during the Duzce response. 相似文献
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This issue of Disasters explores the roles of NGOs and other actors in disaster mitigation and preparedness and also reviews broad international trends in risk management and disaster prevention. The need to address risk, and with that the motivation to improve disaster mitigation and preparedness, has tended to fall between the cracks of grander frameworks of development co-operation and humanitarian assistance. Despite the seemingly glaring need to reduce the horrific impact of floods, droughts and wars, disaster mitigation and preparedness have neither the allure of directly 'saving lives', nor of providing an 'escape from poverty'. There are, however, signs that risk management is becoming a mainstream concern. Factors such as the need to address factors that do not fit into traditional slots on the relief-development continuum, the rising economic costs of disasters and a growing acknowledgement that aid will never cover more than a small fraction of the costs of disasters are all leading to new approaches, priorities and institutional configurations. A realisation that dealing with risk and insecurity is a central part of how poor people develop their livelihood strategies has begun to position disaster mitigation and preparedness within many poverty alleviation agendas. A number of long-standing challenges remain; most of all, the complexities of maintaining the political will that is needed to ensure that risk management becomes more than a passing fad. 相似文献
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基于洪水灾害快速评估的承灾体易损性信息管理系统 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
洪水灾害易损性信息管理系统是为了开展洪水灾害快速评估,对不同洪水灾害流域和同一洪水灾害流域中的不同地区、不同承灾体(财产分类)、不同致灾因子(水深和历时等)条件,以财产的损失率为核心的综合信息管理系统。本文介绍了洪水灾害易损性信息管理系统的开发与设计的基本原理,阐述了系统的总体结构框架和功能模块划分,并且在系统数据流程图的基础上,对损失率数据库等几个重要的模块进行了详细的分析与设计,给出了系统的部分运行结果。本系统在与GIS、遥感等空间技术结合后,能够高效地完成各种洪水灾害损失的快速评估与预测分析工作,同时,本系统亦可独立作为对区域洪水灾害易损性研究的数据基础和理论支撑。 相似文献
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风险管理技术是一种高层次的综合性管理技术。从滑坡的风险因索识别、风险评价、风险控制、滑坡风险防范措施等风险管理流程人手,对基于风险管理技术的边坡安全与滑坡预防思想进行了论述,指出应用风险管理技术是帮助管理者有准备地、理性地面对所可能遇见的风险,并采取措施最大限度地减少风险,最终减少或避免财产损失和人员伤亡的预防手段。最后概括了滑坡灾害研究的进展和风险管理在滑坡灾害预防方面的研究趋势。 相似文献
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The ever-increasing complexity of disasters demands utilisation of knowledge that exists outside domains traditionally drawn upon in disaster management. To be operationally useful, such knowledge must he extracted, combined with information generated by the disaster itself, and transformed into actionable knowledge. The process, though, is hampered by existing, business-oriented approaches to knowledge management, by technical issues related to access to relevant, multi-domain information/knowledge, and by executive decision-making processes based predominantly on historical knowledge. Consequently, as shown by many recent incidents, the management of large-scale (mega) disasters is often inefficient and exceedingly costly. This paper demonstrates that the integration of modified information and knowledge management into the concepts of network-centric operations and network-enabled capabilities, and the employment of Boyd's OODA (Observe, Orient, Decide, and Act) Loop-based decision-making in unpredictable and dynamically changing environments, may address some of these problems. 相似文献
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关于灾害、灾害学和灾害研究方法若干问题的浅见 总被引:6,自引:3,他引:6
对灾害、灾害学和灾害研究方法等问题做了简短的讨论,提出了一些个人的看法。笔者认为,灾害可以分为两大类,即自然灾害与人为灾害。对两类灾害的可能的研究方法做了概述和评论。 相似文献
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中国城市综合灾害风险管理现状与对策 总被引:10,自引:1,他引:10
世界性城市灾害的加剧已成为城市化进程中的一大障碍,它也是城市化过程的产物。如何协调城市化过程与城市综合灾害风险管理,已成为当今世界、特别是像中国这样的发展中国家可持续发展的一大难题。在综述了中国城市灾害及其风险管理现状的基础上,通过对其薄弱环节的综合分析,依据作者提出的综合灾害风险管理模式,就中国城市综合灾害风险管理对策提出了3条政策建议:即完善城市灾害风险管理的信息保障机制,特别是灾害预警体系、信息共享体系和信息公开机制;加强城市综合减灾能力的建设,特别是明确城市建设中减灾工程与非工程设施投入的固定比例,完善减灾教育宣传体系和综合灾害应急响应的科技平台体系;建立城市综合灾害风险管理范式,特别是高度重视城市规划中综合减灾规划的改进和完善,加快拓展城市企业灾害保险与再保险和发展适应城市灾害风险的“安全社区”范式。 相似文献
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试论防灾规划与灾害管理体制的建立 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
对建立防灾规划与灾害管理体制问题作了初步的探讨,提出通过建立以预防为主的防灾规划体制,以地方政府为防灾救灾主体的中央政府、地方政府、机关企事业团体三位一体的灾害管理体制,和以社区防灾组织、防灾志愿组织为主的全民参与的防灾救灾体制,最终形成一个国家、地方政府、机关团体和国民各自责任明确的综合有效的防灾规划与灾害管理体制,从而提高整个社会的灾害防御和应急处理能力,努力将灾害的损失降低到最小程度。 相似文献
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《Environmental Hazards》2013,12(1):6-22
This paper is a reflective contribution on the issues and processes that have influenced and informed the development and institutionalization of disaster management practice and policy in the Caribbean over the last two and a half decades. It takes the viewpoint of a ‘participant observer’ and seeks to not only describe the events and triggers but also to raise some key questions necessary to chart the way forward. 相似文献