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This is a comment on Thatje (Naturwissenschaften 97:237–239, 2010) The multiple faces of journal peer review, Naturwissenschaften, 97:237–239.     

The Hirudo medicinalis species complex

Recently, Hildebrandt and Lemke (Naturwissenschaften 98:995–1008, 2011) argued that the taxonomic status of the three European medicinal leeches, Hirudo medicinalis Linnaeus 1758, Hirudo verbana Carena 1820, and Hirudo orientalis Utevsky and Trontelj (Parasitol Res 98:61?66, 2005) is “questionable” since “all three species interbreed in the laboratory”. This statement is in conflict with data published by Elliott and Kutschera (Freshwater Reviews 4:21?41, 2011), indicating that these leeches, which are reciprocally copulating hermaphrodites, represent reproductively isolated biospecies. Here, I summarize evidence indicating that these three European taxa, plus the North African “dragon leech” (Hirudo troctina Johnson 1816), must be interpreted as a complex of closely related species, and that the economically most important taxon H. verbana is polymorphic.     

The onion fly modulates the adult eclosion time in response to amplitude of temperature cycle

To confirm whether the amplitude of diel temperature cycles causes a phase shift of adult eclosion rhythm of the onion fly, Delia antiqua, the peak time (Ø _E) of adult eclosion was determined under various thermoperiods with a fixed temperature either in the warm or cool phase and temperature differences ranging from 1°C to 4°C between the two phases. Irrespective of the temperature level during the warm or cool phase, Ø _E occurred earlier with decreasing amplitude of the temperature cycle. The results strongly support the previous conclusion of Tanaka and Watari (Naturwissenschaften 90:76–79, 2003) that D. antiqua responds to the amplitude of temperature cycle as a cue for the circadian adult eclosion timing. The phase advance was larger in thermoperiods with a fixed warm-phase temperature than in those with a fixed cool-phase temperature. This might be ascribed to the interaction between the amplitude and level of temperature in the thermoperiodic regimes.     

Elementarteilchen mit Charm

Following an article on the charm model (Naturwissenschaften 64, 229 (1977)) and its predictions, the present paper reviews the current status of its experimental verification. Four out of six predicted mesons with charm have been detected by their nonleptonic decay. The semileptonic decay of charmed mesons has also been established proving the predicted weak nature of the decay. In addition, there are strong indications as to the existence of charmed baryons from a photoproduction experiment corroborating clues given earlier by neutrino experiments.     

金与甘氨酸配合作用实验研究中的某些问题──与毛华海和张哲儒商榷

本文评述了毛华海和张哲儒[1]文中的一些问题，即反应中样品管内实际压力；fo2的确定；样品管材料对实验的影响；配位数确定。     

Constraints on temperature-dependent sex determination in the leopard gecko (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eublepharis macularius</Emphasis>): response to Kratochvil et al.

Kratochvil et al. (Naturwissenschaften 95:209–215, 2008) reported recently that in the leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius) of the family Eublepharidae with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), clutches in which eggs were incubated at the same temperature produce only same-sex siblings. Interpreting this result in light of studies of sex steroid hormone involvement in sex determination, they suggested that maternally derived yolk steroid hormones could constrain sex-determining mechanisms in TSD reptiles. We have worked extensively with this species and have routinely incubated clutches at constant temperatures. To test the consistency of high frequency same-sex clutches across different incubation temperatures, we examined our records of clutches at the University of Texas at Austin from 1992 to 2001. We observed that clutches in which eggs were incubated at the same incubation temperature produced mixed-sex clutches as well as same-sex clutches. Furthermore, cases in which eggs within a clutch were separated and incubated at different temperatures produced the expected number of mixed-sex clutches. These results suggest that maternal influences on sex determination are secondary relative to incubation temperature effects.     

Dealing with double-counting in tiered hybrid life-cycle inventories: a few comments – response

This paper is a response to a comment made by Lenzen [1] regarding a paper by Strømman et al. [2]. In this article I comment upon the proposals made by Lenzen. Through this, insights into challenges associated with path based methods in LCA are provided. In particular the application of these to correct for double counting in tiered hybrid LCA. A brief revisit of the rationale for the original work is provided. Key aspects of the methodology are discussed with outset in the comments in [1]. Finally, an assessment of the various approaches, including an option for further improvement is provided.     

印染废水脱色的研究进展

印染废水是一种非常重要的污染源,目前国内外在去除这类废水的色度的方法和研究进展,其中包括吸附、混凝、电化学、氧化和生物降解方法,并阐述各自的应用现状和研究发展方向.     

曝气生物滤池（BAF）在处理蓝莓果酒废水中的应用

蓝莓果酒生产废水的水质、水量季节性差异很大,污染物浓度较高,属中浓度有机废水,直接排放将对环境造成严重污染。采用曝气生物滤池工艺废水中CODcr、BOD5、SS去除率分别可达95%、97%、89%,系统运行稳定,处理效果较好。     

Interactive analysis and environmental policy for mitigating the consumption of potent greenhouse gases in Taiwan

Taiwan, although not a Party to the Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Kyoto Protocol, has diligently strived to advance technological and social changes for mitigating the use of potent greenhouse gases, including hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). The objective of this paper is to present an interactive analysis of HCFCs and HFCs consumptions under the regulatory framework and policy promotion in Taiwan during the period of 2000–2009. It was concluded that the consumption of HCFCs was on the significant decrease during this period because they are being replaced now by HFCs. In response, the consumption of HFCs with relatively low global warming potentials was on increasing trend from 861 t in 2000 to 2,923 t in 2009. Based on the inventory of HFCs, the most important source for the emissions of HFCs in Taiwan should be from HFC-134a, which was consistent with the East Asian countries such as Japan and South Korea. Finally, global HCFCs production and consumption was analyzed in comparison with Taiwan’s HCFCs demand trend.     

WASP—5系统及其述评

WASP5（The water quality analysis simulation program-5，水质分析模拟程序5），是EPA推荐使用的水质模型软件。该文介绍了WASP5的组成、功能、原理、应用步骤、适用范围、输入输出，并对其优缺点进行了评论，最后还介绍了WASP5在浦西河网水质模拟中的应用。     

焦点访谈特点分析

中央电视台1994年推出的《焦点访谈》栏目开创了我国电视新闻评论发展的新路子,并很快成为受众一致认可的名牌节目。在新闻评论课教学中,分析《焦点访谈》栏目的特点,总结栏目成功经验,对于学生更好地理解电视新闻评论很有必要。     

Scientists as policy actors: A study of the language of biofuel research

Theory suggests that the influence of science on policy will be greater when scientific discourse is aligned with the language and meaning of wider social concerns. Seeking to assess whether scientists may be guided by such propositions in a controversial environmental policy arena, we examine the language and content of public-facing, UK scientific research grant abstracts on biofuels for the period 2007–2011, comparing these to stakeholder position statements and newspaper articles of the same period. We find that UK scientists have indeed broadly reflected societal concerns about biofuels during this period. However we also find that both science and society have paid less attention to procedural issues. We comment on the implications of the findings for the role of science in environmental policy development.     

内梅罗指数法在地下水水质评价中的应用及存在问题

结合《地下水质量标准》(GB1 4848-93 )提供的地下水质量评价方法在梅河口宝山地下水水源工程环评工作中的应用 ,对该评价方法的优点及存在问题进行了初步探讨。该评价方法的优点是数学过程简捷、运算方便、物理概念清晰 ;存在问题为描述环境质量的非连结性、过于突出最大污染因子作用。本文对内梅罗指数法提出一种权重修正法 ,经试算 ,得出比较理想的结果     

美国环境监测QA/QC的进展及对我们的启示

本文着重介绍质量保证与质量控制在环境监测中(特别是有机物监测中)应用的意义。美国环境保护部门对质量保证与质量控制是如何认识和行动的,我国环境保护部门对质量保证与质量控制的认识,以及本文作者分别就自己的经验谈对QA/QC的体会,和在监测科研中对我国各级环境监测实验室推行QA/QC的建议。      

Isolation and Genomic Sequence of Hepatitis A Virus from Mixed Frozen Berries in Italy

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) was detected in two samples of mixed frozen berries linked to Italian hepatitis A outbreak in April and September 2013. Both viruses were fully sequenced by next-generation sequencing and the genomes clustered with HAV complete genomes of sub-genotype IA with nucleotide identities of 95–97 %.     

对二氯苯生产中的多氯联苯副产物排放与生成机制研究

对国内某化工企业一系列对二氯苯样品和日本某企业对二氯苯样品的PCBs副产物的含量和生成机制进行了研究.在该企业对二氯苯样品检测到了62～781 ng/g的PCBs,WHO-TEQ最高达到了0.24 pg/g,在日本样品中PCBs总量也达到了881 ng/g,说明PCBs副产物在对二氯苯生产中是一个比较普遍的现象.在对二氯苯样品中,PCB31是主要的PCBs单体,最高占到了PCBs总量的98.5%.对二氯苯样品中都是TrCBs含量最高,其次是TeCBs和DiCBs以及PeCBs;而氯苯样品中则是MoCBs含量最高,占到了PCBs总量的73.5%.本研究还对各主要PCBs化合物的生成机制进行了探索,发现多氯苯缩合生成PCBs的过程受到多氯苯的浓度和氯对苯环的定位影响,并得到了试验的证实.     

探索多媒体和网络技术在秘书写作教学中的运用

运用多媒体和网络技术进行秘书写作教学,其教改优势体现在以下几方面:教学手段新颖,加大了教学密度;优化了讲、写、评、阅等教学环节,师生对话得到进一步加强;使考试、评价、反馈系统的操作变得方便快捷,同时也有利于提高学生使用电脑综合处理文字的能力。     

1960年-2014年天山北麓气温和降水变化趋势及预测研究

利用天山北麓17个气象站点1960年-2014年的气温和降水资料,采用Morlet小波分析、R/S分析等,研究了天山北麓气温和降水的时间变化.结果表明,(1)天山北麓年平均气温和年降水量分别以0.035℃/a和0.881 mm/a的倾向率呈上升趋势;季节变化明显;(2)年平均气温和年降水量有明显的周期性,年平均气温在55 a尺度内存在13 a的强显著周期,年降水量在55 a尺度内存在8 a的强显著周期.(3)未来一段时间内,天山北麓气温和降水均呈上升趋势,且与过去的变化趋势持续性较强.     

The risks of early cordocentesis (12–21 weeks): Analysis of 500 procedures

Five hundred cordocenteses were performed between 12 and 21 weeks. The indications were thalassaemia (386), rapid karyotyping (97), feto-maternal allo-immunization (10), rubella (6), and toxoplasmosis (1). One hundred and ten pregnancies underwent termination on the basis of the result, while 20 of the 370 pregnancies intended to continue were lost to follow-up. Amongst these were 16 fetal losses (4·3 per cent) and 22 premature deliveries (5·9 per cent); no other complications were reported. Four adverse prognostic factors were identified: (a) cord bleeding; (b) fetal bradycardia; (c) prolonged procedure time; and (d) anterior insertion of the placenta. There was no‘obvious’ difference in fetal loss rate with advancing gestation until 19–21 weeks, when the risk of fetal loss decreased to 2·5 per cent.